Kalotermes Hagen, 1853

Krishna, Kumar, Grimaldi, David A., Krishna, Valerie & Engel, Michael S., 2013, Treatise on the Isoptera of the World, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 377 (7), pp. 200-623 : 501-524

Kalotermes Hagen, 1853 . This designation is invalid since it was not an originally included

species]. ICZN, 2002: 209: All previous designations of type species set aside and Termes

flavicollis Fabricius, 1793 designated as type species under Plenary Powers of ICZN.

— Pictet-Baraban and Hagen, 1856: 49 • Kalotermes ; listed as Gruppe.

— Hagen, 1858b: 5 • Calotermes [part]; characters; species included.

— Hagen, 1858c: 32, 33–38 • Calotermes [part]; synonymy; characters; species included.

— Hagen, 1861b: 1 • Kalotermes [part]; characters.

— Hagen, 1862a: 58 • Kalotermes [part]; characters.

— Brauer, 1868: 392, 393 • Calotermes ; key.

— Froggatt, 1897a: 517, 521–522 • Calotermes ; characters.

— Wasmann, 1897b: 150 • Calotermes ; characters; Calotermes (Calotermes) ; characters; Termes

flavicollis as type species.

— Haviland, 1898: 371, 373–374 • Calotermes ; key; characters.

— Sjöstedt, 1900a: 35–36 • Calotermes ; characters.

— Silvestri, 1903: 20 • Calotermes [part]; synonymy; characters.

— Desneux, 1904b: 20–24 • Calotermes [part]; characters; species included.

— Desneux, 1904c: 283 • Calotermes ; remarks.

— Hudson, 1904: 2 • Calotermes [part]; characters.

— Jacobson, 1905: 75 • Calotermes ; key.

— Holmgren, 1910b: 285 • Calotermes ; listed; Calotermes (Calotermes) ; listed; flavicollis cited as

type species.

— Holmgren, 1910a: 137 • Calotermes (Calotermes) ; listed.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 49, 52, 53 • Calotermes ; characters; key; subgenera included; Calotermes

(Calotermes); characters; species included.

— Holmgren, 1913c: 37 • Calotermes (Calotermes) ; key.

— Pongrácz, 1917: 33, 35 • Calotermes ; comparisons; distribution.

— Warren, 1919: 2 • Calotermes ; distribution.

— Banks and Snyder, 1920: 16–17 • Kalotermes [part]; characters; key.

— Light, 1921b: 29–30 • Kalotermes [part]; diagnosis.

— Snyder, 1922: 1, 2 • Kalotermes [part]; remarks.

— Light, 1924: 52 • Kalotermes [part]; key.

— Snyder, 1925d: 156–157 • Kalotermes [part]; discussion; characters; distribution.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 22, 23 • Calotermes ; reference list; key.

— Bathellier, 1927: 126–127 • Kalotermes ; characters; Kalotermes (Kalotermes) ; listed.

— Emerson, 1928b: 405 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) ; distribution.

— Montalenti, 1928: 3–15 • Calotermes ; adipose tissue.

— Kemner, 1934b: 27, 29, 30 • Kalotermes [part]; synonymy; key.

— Silvestri, 1934: 33 • Calotermes ; characters.

— Hare, 1937: 461, 474, 475, pls. 1, 2 • Kalotermes ; phylogeny; Holmgren’s phylogeny compared.

— Harris, 1941: 202 • Calotermes ; key.

— Emerson, 1942: 10 • Kalotermes ; listed.

— Hill, 1942: 10, 14, 36–38 • Calotermes (Calotermes) [part]; type species flavicollis ; key; synonymy; imago, soldier diagnosed.

— Tembrock, 1944: fig. 7 • Kalotermes [part]; map; species distribution.

— Snyder, 1949a: 11–12, 358 • Kalotermes ; catalog; reference list; synonymy.

— Lal and Menon, 1953: 8, 9 • Kalotermes [part]; catalog; reference list; Kalotermes (Kalotermes) [part]; catalog; reference list; key.

— Stroud, 1953: 76–92 • Kalotermes ; multiple factor analysis; character evaluation; taxonomy.

— Emerson, 1955: 507, 508 • Kalotermes ; number of species; distribution.

— Weidner, 1955f: 46, 68 • Kalotermes ; key; number of species; distribution.

— Ahmad, 1958: 36 • Kalotermes [part]; key.

— Calaby and Gay, 1959: 212 • Kalotermes ; zoogeography; number of species.

— Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 98, 99 • Kalotermes ; characters; key; species included; distribution.

— Krishna, 1961: 331–335 • Kalotermes ; generic characters; key; reference list; phylogeny; distribution.

— Webb, 1961: 9 • Calotermes ; key.

— Bei-Bienko, 1964: 176 • Kalotermes ; characters.

— Tsai and Chen, 1964b: 42, 43 • Kalotermes ; key; characters.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 17, 80, 81, pl. 8: fig. 15f • Kalotermes ; key; characters; imago mandibles figured.

— Weesner, 1965: 34, 35, 36 • Kalotermes ; key; characters.

— Krishna, 1966: 1093, 1095 • Kalotermes ; key.

— Bei-Bienko, 1967: 207 • Kalotermes ; characters.

— Emerson, 1969: 28–31 • Kalotermes ; characters; discussion; distribution; paleontology; derivation of the name Kalotermes .

— Bess, 1970: 469 • Kalotermes ; number of species; distribution. Oceanic Islands.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1971: table • Kalotermes ; number of species in Ethiopian Region; soldier measurements.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1973: 232 • Kalotermes ; distribution. Indian region.

— Roonwal et al., 1974: 63 • Kalotermes ; wing cuticular structures.

— Sen-Sarma, 1974: 450 • Kalotermes ; ecology and biogeography.

— Chhotani, 1975b: 113 • Kalotermes ; Oriental species discussed.

— Morimoto, 1975b: 10, 11 • Kalotermes ; key.

— Araujo, 1977c: 19 • Kalotermes ; catalog.

— Roonwal and Rathore, 1978b: 228 • Kalotermes ; wing microsculpturing.

— Baccetti, 1979: 632 • Calotermes ; sperm morphology.

— Roonwal et al., 1979a: 126 • Kalotermes ; wing microsculpturing.

— Yamin, 1979: 17–18 • Kalotermes ; protozoa; species included.

— Chhotani, 1980: 3, 17 • Kalotermes ; Indian species listed; key.

— Quennedey, 1982: 463–467 • Kalotermes ; frontal, sternal gland; histology.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1983: 127 • Kalotermes ; distribution. Palaearctic Region.

— Prestwich, 1983b: 300 • Kalotermes ; trail pheromones.

— Prestwich, 1985b: 446 • Kalotermes ; trail pheromones.

— Watson and Sewell, 1985: 29–40 • Kalotermes ; caste development.

— Huang et al., 1989: 112, 196 • Kalotermes ; key; characters; distribution.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: 274–276 • Kalotermes ; synonymy; characters; distribution and composition.

— Carpenter, 1992: 139 • Kalotermes ; fossil distribution.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 2 • Kalotermes ; remarks; Australian species.

— Poole and Gentili, 1997: 494, 495 • Kalotermes ; listed.

— Constantino, 1998b: 150 • Kalotermes ; catalog.

— Fontes and Monteiro, 1998: 33 • Kalotermes ; etymology and pronunciation.

— Huang et al., 2000: 166, 178–179 • Kalotermes ; key; characters; distribution.

— Thorne et al., 2000: 80 • Kalotermes ; number of fossil species; age; distribution.

— Engel and Krishna, 2001a: 100–102 • Kalotermes ; proposed designation of Termes flavicollis as type species for Kalotermes Hagen, 1853 ; Calotermes Hagen, 1858 , unjustified emendation, designated as junior objective synonym of Kalotermes Hagen, 1853 .

— Constantino, 2002a: 16 • Kalotermes ; key.

— ICZN, 2002: 209 • Kalotermes ; placed on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, type species Termes flavicollis , designated by the Commission.

— Uys, 2002: 15, 20–22, fig. 30 • Kalotermes ; key; species included; diagnosis; biology; distribution. South Africa.

Calotermes Hagen, 1858c: 33 [unjustified emendation for Kalotermes Hagen, 1853 ].

— ICZN, 2002: 209 • Calotermes ; placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology; Kalotermes placed on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology.

Proglyptotermes Emerson, 1949a: 320 .

TYPE SPECIES: Kalotermes hilli Emerson, 1949 by original designation. — Krishna, 1961: 332, 334 • Proglyptotermes ; synonymized with Kalotermes .

▲ 20 living species, 7 fossil species.

   DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region; Ethiopian Region ; Nearctic Region ; Neotropical Region ;

Oriental Region; Palaearctic Region.

Kalotermes aemulus Sewell and Gay, 1978

Kalotermes aemulus Sewell and Gay, 1978: 44–45 (imago, soldier), figs. 5–8, 12–14.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: ANIC No. 9020 soldier. Paratypes: ANIC No. 10 8485 imagoes, soldiers,

workers.

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Western Australia: Victoria Park.

— Sewell and Watson, 1981: 243–323 • Kalotermes aemulus ; developmental pathways.

— Watson and Sewell, 1981: 107, fig. 3 • Kalotermes aemulus ; developmental pathways.

— Perry et al., 1985: 72, fig. 3C • Kalotermes aemulus ; characters; soldier figured; biology.

— Watson and Sewell, 1985: 27–40 • Kalotermes aemulus ; caste development.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 26, fig. 31 • Kalotermes aemulus ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 180–181 • Kalotermes aemulus ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Western Australia.

Kalotermes approximatus Snyder, 1920

Kalotermes approximatus Snyder, 1920a: 22 (soldier).

TYPE DATA: Holotype: USNM No. 22359 soldier.

TYPE LOCALITY: USA: Florida: Ortega, near Jacksonville.

— Snyder, 1924i: 6, pl. 1: fig. 1 • Kalotermes approximatus ; soldier described and figured. USA: Florida.

— Snyder, 1924h: 207, 208 • Kalotermes approximatus ; imago (previously unknown) described. USA: Virginia.

— Snyder, 1925a: 14 • Kalotermes approximatus ; imago, soldier described. USA: Virginia.

— Light, 1934d: 130 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) approximatus ; distribution. USA: Florida, Louisana, Virginia.

— Light, 1934f: 208, 209 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) approximatus ; key.

— Snyder, 1934d: 269 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) approximatus ; swarming; distribution.

— Snyder, 1936: 27 • Kalotermes approximatus ; remarks.

— Waterston, 1940: 2 • Kalotermes approximatus ; checklist; distribution. Bermuda.

— Waterston, 1941: 16, 17, 19, 25, 30, 33, 39, 41, 44, 50, 56 • Kalotermes approximatus ; food plants; distribution. Bermuda.

— Emerson and Miller, 1943: 184, 186 • Kalotermes approximatus ; key. USA: Florida.

— Emerson and Miller, 1944: 108, 109 • Kalotermes approximatus ; key. USA: Florida.

— Miller and Miller, 1944: 101, 104 • Kalotermes approximatus ; biology; swarming. USA: Florida.

— Snyder, 1949a: 12 • Kalotermes approximatus ; catalog; reference list. Bermuda; USA: Florida, Louisiana, Virginia.

— Miller, 1949b: 10, 11, 16, 18, fig. 8 • Kalotermes approximatus ; key; soldier figured; biology. Florida.

— Snyder, 1956b: 189, 190, 191 • Kalotermes approximatus ; distribution. Bermuda.

— Krishna, 1961: 335 • Kalotermes approximatus ; listed.

— Harris, 1961a: 46, 114 • Kalotermes approximatus ; damage.

— Weesner, 1965: 42, 46, 48, 51 • Kalotermes approximatus ; key; characters; comparisons, biology. USA: Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia .

— Emerson, 1969: 51 • Kalotermes approximatus ; comparisons.

— Weesner, 1970: 492 • Kalotermes approximatus ; biology.

— Araujo, 1977c: 19, 20 • Kalotermes approximatus ; catalog. Bermuda; USA: Florida, Louisana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia .

— Vincke and Tilquin, 1978a: 152, table 1 • Kalotermes approximatus ; chromosome number.

— Luykx and Syren, 1979: 199–200 • Kalotermes approximatus ; chromosomes; cytology.

— Kevan, 1980: 5, 56–60, fig. 15 • Kalotermes approximatus ; reference list; soldier figured; localities. Bermuda.

— Luykx and Syren, 1981a: 563–573 • Kalotermes approximatus ; chromosomes; translocation; hybridization; cytology.

— Syren and Luykx, 1981: 65–88 • Kalotermes approximatus ; chromosomes; translocation; cytology.

— Tilquin and Vincke, 1982: 31–41 • Kalotermes approximatus ; chromosomes; outbreeding; inbreeding.

— Scheffrahn et al., 1988a: 616, 619 • Kalotermes approximatus ; checklist; distribution. USA: Florida.

— Nickle and Collins, 1989: 271–284 • Kalotermes approximatus ; key; imago, soldier measurements and figure; chromosome number.

— Scheffrahn and Su, 1994: 464, 469, figs. 14–15, 36 • Kalotermes approximatus ; key; soldier, imago forewing figured. USA: Florida.

— Scheffrahn et al., 1994: 215, 231 • Kalotermes approximatus ; distribution. Bermuda.

— Wheeler et al., 1996: 799–806 • Kalotermes approximatus ; methane production.

— Poole and Gentili, 1997: 494 • Kalotermes approximatus ; synonomy; distribution. North America.

— Constantino, 1998b: 150 • Kalotermes approximatus ; catalog. Bermuda; Southeastern USA.

— Fontes, 1998: 327 • Kalotermes approximatus ; catalog. — Nalepa, 1998: 251–254 • Kalotermes approximatus ; distribution. USA: North Carolina.

— Scheffrahn et al., 2001a: 109–113 • Kalotermes approximatus ; distribution. USA: Georgia.

— Constantino, 2002a: figs. 27–28 • Kalotermes approximatus ; soldier figured.

— Messenger et al., 2002: 580–587 • Kalotermes approximatus ; checklist; distribution. USA: Louisiana. — Bland et al., 2003: 91–104 • Kalotermes approximatus ; cuticular hydrocarbons.

 DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic Region— USA: Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia. ◆ Neotropical Region— Bermuda.

Kalotermes atratus Hill, 1933

Calotermes (Cryptotermes) atratus Hill, 1933b: 48–50 (imago, soldier), figs. 15–19.

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: ANIC No. 9034 soldier. Paralectotypes: ANIC No. 10 600 imagoes, soldiers, workers, AMNH imagoes, soldiers, nymphs, USNM imago (ex AMNH), NCIP imagoes, soldier, FRI imagoes, soldiers, pseudoworkers, ZSI imago, soldier.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Hill, 1942: 70 [inadvertent selection by inference of “ holotype ” (ICZN, 1999, art. 74.6)].

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: New South Wales, near Appin.

— Hill, 1942: 68–70, figs. 27, 28 • Calotermes (Cryptotermes) atratus ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. Australia.

— Snyder, 1949a: 12 • Kalotermes atratus ; catalog. Australia.

— Emerson, 1949a: 321 • Proglyptotermes atratus ; listed; new combination.

— Kirby, 1949b: 344, 382 • Proglyptotermes atratus ; protozoa.

— Ratcliffe et al., 1952: 71 • Calotermes (Cryptotermes) atratus ; characters; distribution.

— Roonwal and Pant, 1953: 42 • Kalotermes atratus ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Krishna, 1961: 335, 396 • Kalotermes atratus ; listed; protozoa.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 12 • Kalotermes atratus ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes atratus ; types listed.

— Gay and Watson, 1982: 41 • Kalotermes atratus ; key.

— Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 368 • Kalotermes atratus ; listed. New Zealand: interception.

— Watson and Gay, 1991: fig. 20.15D • Kalotermes atratus ; soldier figured.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 26, fig. 32 • Kalotermes atratus ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 181 • Kalotermes atratus ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Capital Territory, Fisher Island, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.

Kalotermes banksiae Hill, 1942

Calotermes banksiae Hill, 1942: 115–117 (imago, soldier), figs. 61, 62 [described as “ Calotermes (subgen.?) banksiae ”].

TYPE DATA: Holotype: ANIC No. 9037 soldier. Paratypes: ANIC No. 10 2412 imagoes, soldiers, workers, AMNH imagoes, soldiers, nymphs, USNM imagoes, soldiers, nymphs, NCIP imagoes, soldier, FRI imagoes, soldiers, pseudoworkers, ZSI imago, soldier.

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Victoria: Mallacoota.

— Snyder, 1949a: 13 • Kalotermes banksiae ; catalog. Australia; New Zealand: Kermadec Islands.

— Emerson, 1949a: 321 • Proglyptotermes banksiae ; listed; new combination.

— Kirby, 1949a: 354, 382 • Proglyptotermes banksiae ; protozoa.

— Krishna, 1961: 336, 395 • Kalotermes banksiae ; listed; protozoa.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 12 • Kalotermes banksiae ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Bess, 1970: 470 • Kalotermes banksiae ; listed; distribution. New Zealand: Kermadec Islands.

— Gay and Calaby, 1970: 404 • Kalotermes banksiae ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Kelsey, 1970: 65 • Kalotermes banksiae ; remarks; distribution. New Zealand.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes banksiae ; types listed.

— Sewell and Watson, 1981: 243–323 • Kalotermes banksiae ; developmental pathways.

— Watson and Sewell, 1981: 101–118, figs. 4, 5 • Kalotermes banksiae ; developmental pathways.

— Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 365–368 • Kalotermes banksiae ; distribution; presence in New Zealand confirmed.

— Watson and Sewell, 1985: 32 • Kalotermes banksiae ; caste development.

— Watson and Barrett, 1988: 1–13 • Kalotermes banksiae ; damage; biology.

— Watson, 1989: 4–5 • Kalotermes banksiae ; taxonomy; biology; distribution.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 27, fig. 33 • Kalotermes banksiae ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 181 • Kalotermes banksiae ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia; New Zealand.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, Norfolk Island, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria; New Zealand.

† Kalotermes bosniaskii Handlirsch, 1908 [nomen nudum]

† Calotermes bosniaskii Handlirsch, 1908: 699 (imago) [nomen nudum; “ syntypes ” in NHMW fide Ponomarenko and Schultz , 1988, from Gabbro , Tuscany, Italy (Miocene: Messinien)].

— Handlirsch, 1907: 699 • “ Calotermes ” Bosniaskii; nomen nudum; listed; synonymy.

— Snyder, 1925d: chart 1 • Kalotermes bosniaskii ; listed.

— Snyder, 1949a: 358 • Kalotermes bosniaskii ; catalog; reference list.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes bosniaskii ; listed.

— Emerson, 1969: 31, fig. 7 • Kalotermes bosniaskii ; map; distribution.

— Ponomarenko and Schultz, 1988: 20 • Calotermes bosniaskii (nomen nudum); “ syntypes ” listed; paleontology; distribution.

— Nel and Paicheler, 1993: 120 • Kalotermes bosniaskii ; “ type ” data; paleontology; distribution.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— Italy: Mainland. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Neogene: Miocene: Messinian.

Kalotermes brouni Froggatt, 1897

Calotermes brouni Froggatt, 1897a: 531–532 (imago, soldier, worker), pl. 36: figs. 1, 1a.

TYPE DATA: Neotype: ANIC soldier.

NEOTYPE DESIGNATION: Hill, 1942: 102 “Holoneotype” [= neotype] designated.

TYPE LOCALITY: New Zealand: Westfield, near Auckland.

— Brauer, 1866: 45 • Calotermes improbus [misidentification]; imago described [ New Zealand only].

— Wasmann, 1902d: 139 • Calotermes brouni ; locality. New Zealand: Chatham Island.

— Desneux, 1904b: 23 • Calotermes brouni ; reference list. New Zealand.

— Hudson, 1904: 2 • Calotermes brouni ; imago, soldier described. New Zealand.

— Froggatt, 1905: 7, 19, 20 • Calotermes brouni ; characters; biology. New Zealand.

— Miller, 1941: 333 • Calotermes brouni ; listed. New Zealand.

— Hill, 1942: 100–102, figs. 50, 51 • Calotermes (?) brouni ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. New Zealand.

— Kelsey, 1944b: 231, 232, 233, 236, 250, figs. 4D, 15C, D, 20B, 24B, 27A, 28E, 29D • Calotermes

brouni; synonymy; key; imago, soldier, wing micrasters described and figured; distribution. New

Zealand. — Nurse, 1945: 306, 309, 312 • Calotermes brouni ; protozoa. — Snyder, 1949a: 13 • Kalotermes brouni ; catalog; reference list. New Zealand. — Emerson, 1949a: 321 • Proglyptotermes brouni ; listed; new combination. — Kirby, 1949b: 328, 382 • Proglyptotermes brouni ; protozoa. — Roonwal and Pant, 1953: 43 • Kalotermes brouni ; collection catalog. Australia. — Krishna, 1961: 336, 395, 397 • Kalotermes brouni ; listed; protozoa. — Harris, 1961a: 154, 160 • Kalotermes brouni ; damage; distribution. — Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 12 • Kalotermes brouni ; collection catalog. Australia; New

Zealand. — Gay and Calaby, 1970: 403–404 • Kalotermes brouni ; biology; distribution. New Zealand. — Kelsey, 1970: 65 • Kalotermes brouni ; remarks; distribution. New Zealand. — Mathot, 1978: 53 • Kalotermes brouni ; collection catalog; types listed. — Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 368 • Kalotermes brouni ; distribution. New Zealand.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— New Zealand: Chatham Island.

Kalotermes capicola Coaton, 1949

Kalotermes capicola Coaton, 1949b: 43–48 (imago, soldier), fig. 7.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: NCIP No. TM 816 imago ♂. Paratypes: NCIP No. TM, 817 soldiers, AMNH soldier.

TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa: Cape Town: Botanical Gardens.

— Coaton, 1950: 29, 31 • Kalotermes capicola ; key.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes capicola ; listed.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 37 • Kalotermes capicola ; catalog. South Africa.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1971: table: no. 32 • Kalotermes capicola ; measurements.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes capicola ; types listed.

— Uys, 2002: figs. 26–28 • Kalotermes capicola ; imago wings, soldier figured.

 DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian Region— South Africa.

Kalotermes cognatus Gay, 1976

Kalotermes cognatus Gay, 1976c: 149–152 (imago, soldier), figs. 1–6.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: NZAC soldier. Paratypes: NZAC imagoes, soldiers, NZAC imagoes, NZAC imagoes, NZAC imagoes, soldiers, NZAC imagoes, soldiers.

TYPE LOCALITY: New Zealand: Kermadec Islands: Raoul Island.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island; New Zealand: Kermadec Islands.

Kalotermes convexus (Walker, 1853)

Termes convexus Walker, 1853: 527 (imago).

TYPE DATA: Holotype: BMNH No. (18)51 153 imago ♂ [holotype by monotypy].

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Tasmania.

— Hagen, 1855: 291 • Termes convexus ; discussion.

— Hagen, 1858b: 6–7 • Calotermes convexus ; imago described, measured; synonymy; distribution. [Tasmania only].

— Hagen, 1858c: 45–46, 241 • Calotermes convexus ; imago described; synonymy; distribution; new combination [Tasmania only].

— Girard, 1879: 268–269 • Calotermes convexus ; discussion.

— Froggatt, 1897a: 522–523 • Calotermes convexus [imago only]; described; locality. Australia [soldier, worker description = Porotermes adamsoni ].

— Desneux, 1904b: 23 • Calotermes convexus ; reference list; synonymy. Australia: Tasmania.

— Froggatt, 1905: 19, 21 • Calotermes convexus ; characters; biology; locality. Australia.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 55 •? Calotermes (Cryptotermes) convexus ; listed. Australia.

— Hill, 1921b: 442 • Calotermes convexus ; listed.

— Hill, 1925b: 208 • Calotermes (Calotermes) obscurus ; synonymy, imago only; discussion. [Tasmania only fide Emerson].

— Hill, 1933b: 38–39, pl. 1: fig. 1 • Calotermes (?) convexus ; imago described; wings figured; locality. Australia.

— Hill, 1942: 102–104, fig. 52 • Calotermes (?) convexus ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology.

— Snyder, 1949a: 14 • Kalotermes convexus ; catalog; reference list; synonymy; Kalotermes tillyardi listed as valid species. Australia.

— Calaby and Gay, 1959: 214 • Kalotermes convexus ; ecology; distribution.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes convexus ; listed.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 27, fig. 34 • Kalotermes convexus ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 181 • Kalotermes convexus ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

Calotermes tillyardi Hill, 1932a: 138–142 (imago, soldier), figs. 3–8].

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: ANIC No. 9036 imago ♀ [specific type locality of the lectotype not cited]. Paralectotypes: ANIC imagoes, soldiers, nymphs, AMNH imago, soldier, nymph [unclear if this is type locality or not], AMNH imagoes, soldiers, nymphs [unclear if this

is type locality or not], AMNH soldiers, nymphs [unclear if this is type locality or not].

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Watson et al., 1998: 181. Hill, 1942: 115 [by inference of holotype (ICZN, 1999, art. 74.6), but vial contained 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ alate fide Watson et al., 1998, and Hill’s designation is therefore invalid].

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: “Federal Capital Territory.”

— Hill, 1933b: 41, pl. 1: figs. 6, 7 • Calotermes (?) tillyardi ; imago described; wings figured; biology; locality. Australia.

— Hill, 1942: 113–115, figs. 59, 60 • Calotermes (?) tillyardi ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. Australia.

— Emerson, 1949a: 321 • Proglyptotermes tillyardi ; listed; new combination.

— Kirby, 1949b: 340, 382 • Kalotermes tillyardi ; protozoa.

— Roonwal and Pant, 1953: 43 • Kalotermes tillyardi ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Krishna, 1961: 336, 395 • Kalotermes tillyardi ; listed; protozoa.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 14 • Kalotermes tillyardi ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Gay and Calaby, 1970: 404 • Kalotermes tillyardi ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Watson et al., 1998: 181 • Calotermes tillyardi ; synonymized with convexus .

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.

Kalotermes dispar Grassé, 1938

Calotermes dispar Grassé, 1938: 291–295 (imago, soldier), figs. 1–10.

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: UPLE imagoes, soldiers, AMNH soldiers, nymphs, NCIP soldier [incorrectly cited as paratype by Ruelle, 1975b].

TYPE LOCALITY: Canary Islands: La Palma.

— Snyder, 1949a: 14 • Kalotermes dispar ; catalog. Canary Islands.

— Krishna, 1961: 336, 393 • Kalotermes dispar ; listed; protozoa.

— Harris, 1970b: 299 • Kalotermes dispar ; distribution. Canary Islands.

— Lamb, 1980: 54, figs. 20–22 • Kalotermes dispar ; soldier described and figured. Canary Islands.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region — Canary Islands.

† Kalotermes disruptus (Cockerell, 1917)

† Sisyra disrupta Cockerell, 1917b: 381–382 (imago), pl. 31, fig. 13 [described as “ Sisyra (?)

disrupta ”].

TYPE DATA: Holotype: BMNH No. I. 8644 imago.

TYPE LOCALITY: UK: Isle of Wight: Gurnet Bay.

— Jarzembowski, 1980: 249–251, figs. 8–13, 16–19 • Kalotermes disruptus ; imago described and figured; new combination. — Lewis and Heikes, 1989: 10 • Kalotermes disruptus ; bibliographic data. — Nel and Paicheler, 1993: 120 • Kalotermes disruptus ; type data; paleontology; distribution.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— UK: England. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Palaeogene: Eocene: Priabonian.

Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabricius, 1793)

Termes flavicolle Fabricius, 1793: 91 (imago).

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: ZMUC imago.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Zimsen, 1964: 613 [lectotype selection credited to Emerson].

TYPE LOCALITY: “Barbaria” [=? Algeria].

— Rossi, 1790: 13 • Hemorobius marginalis [misidentification]; description.

— Rossi, 1792: 107 • Termes lucifugus [part, only the var.]; description.

— Turton, 1802: 694 • Termes flavicolle ; description; locality. Barbary [=? Algeria].

— Latreille, 1804: 62 • Termes flavicolle (“ Termès flavicolle ”); description; discussion; locality. Algeria [Barbarie]; France; Italy.

— Latreille, 1805: 70 • termes [sic] flavicolle (“ T. flavicolle ”); description; locality. Algeria [Barbarie]; France.

— Latreille, 1819: 96 • Termes flavicolle (“ Termès flavicolle ”); description; discussion; locality. Algeria [Barbarie]; France; Italy.

— Latreille, 1831: 74 • Termes flavicolle ; characters. Spain.

— Latreille, 1836: 156 • Termes flavicolle ; characters. Spain.

— Kollar, 1837a: 411 • Termes flavicolle ; discussion.

— Burmeister, 1839: 764 • Termes flavicollis ; imago described; locality. France; Portugal. Termes lucifugus [part]; description; locality.

— Blanchard, 1840: 47 • Termes flavicolle ; imago characters. Barbarie Coast; “Europe Méridionale.”

— Blanchard, 1849: 105 • Termes flavicolle ; characters. Spain.

— Heer, 1849b: 23 • Termes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Lucas, 1849: 110 • Termes flavicollis ; synonymy; biology; locality. Algeria.

— Walker, 1853: 502–504, 505 • Termes flavicollis ; imago, soldier, worker described; synonymy; distribution [specimen (larva) from Marseille only; exclude descriptions without localities]. France. Termes lucifugus [misdentification; specimen No. 1 = flavicollis ].

— Hagen, 1854: 222 • Termes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Hagen, 1855: 116, 138, 140–141, 276–277, 281–282, 287–288, 290–291, 297–298, 309 • Termes flavicolle ; also as Kalotermes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Pictet-Baraban and Hagen, 1856: 49, 51 • Termes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Hagen, 1858c: 54–61, 240–242, pl. 1: fig. 12, pl. 2: fig. 15 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago described and figured; synonymy; distribution; new combination. Algeria; “Barbarei”; Dalmatia; Egypt; France; Italy; “Levante”; Portugal; Sardinia; Spain.

— Hagen, 1858b: 8–9 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago described, measured; synonymy; distribution. Algeria; “Barbarei”; Dalmatia; Egypt; France; Italy; “Levante”; Portugal; Sardinia; Spain; Syria.

— Hagen, 1862a: 58, 60 • Termes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Latreille, 1863: 579 • Termes flavicollis ; listed. France.

— Hagen, 1866: 283 • Calotermes flavicollis ; listed; distribution. Portugal; Spain.

— Perris, 1876: ccxvii • Eutermes flavicollis ; new combination.

— Girard, 1879: 268–270 • Calotermes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Grassi and Sandias, 1893: pl. 1: figs. 1.26, 4 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago, soldier, nymphs described and figured; biology; caste development.

— Sjöstedt, 1900a: 27, 38–39 • Calotermes flavicollis ; key; imago, soldier, worker described; reference list; distribution. Palaearctic Region: Algeria; Egypt.

— Sjöstedt, 1904: 9, 10, 11, 111, 113, 119 • Calotermes flavicollis ; key; distribution.

— Desneux, 1904b: 23 • Calotermes flavicollis ; reference list; synonymy. Europe.

— Froggatt, 1905: 4 • Termes flavicollis ; listed.

— Jacobson, 1905: 57, 72–74, 76, figs. 12, 13 • Calotermes marginalis [misidentification]; key; imago, soldier described and figured. Bosnia; Croatia; Dalmatia; Herzegovina; Yugoslavia; Russia: Sotschi.

— Jakobson [= Jacobson], 1907: 237 • Calotermes marginalis [misidentification]; locality. Russia: Sotschi.

— Seabra, 1907: 122 • Calotermes flavicollis ; biology.

— Holmgren, 1909b: 96, 120, 125, 167, figs. 31, 40, 44 • Calotermes flavicollis ; anatomy; head, wing venation, worker mandibles, gut figured.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 53, pl. 2: fig. 6, pl. 3: fig. 6 • Calotermes flavicollis ; listed; imago, wing figured.

— Silvestri, 1911: 105 • Calotermes flavicollis ; locality. Tunisia.

— Rosen, 1913b: 625–641 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sense organs; brain; histology.

— Desneux, 1915: 6 • Calotermes flavicollis ; reference list; remarks.

— Fuller, 1921: 28 • Calotermes flavicollis ; cited.

— Hegh, 1922: 41, 68, 69, 148, 191, 221, 331, 339, 683 • Calotermes flavicollis ; biology; reference list; distribution.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 23, 24, 26, pl. 1: figs. F1, F2, G • Calotermes flavicollis ; reference list; key; soldier figured; locality. Algeria; France.

— Montalenti, 1930: 3–31 • Calotermes flavicollis ; intestine; histology.

— Montalenti, 1931: 860–864 • Calotermes flavicollis ; intestine; histology; enzymes; protozoa.

— Perrier, 1934: 77 • Termes (Calotermes) flavicollis ; key. France.

— Silvestri, 1934: 33–35, figs. 17, 21, 22 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago, soldier described; imago, wings, soldier figured.

— Capra, 1935: 46 • Calotermes flavicollis ; locality. Libya: Tripolitania.

— Bonneville, 1936: 69, 70, 71, 72, 82 • Calotermes flavicollis ; histology; adipose tissues.

— Jucci, 1937: 302, 306 • Calotermes flavicollis ; biology; distribution.

— Martynov, 1937: 114–115, figs. 14, 15 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago wing figured.

— Zeuner, 1938: 117 • Calotermes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Martynov, 1938: 82 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago wing figured.

— Seabra, 1938: 208 • Calotermes flavicollis ; distribution. Portugal.

— Stella, 1939: 255, 259 • Calotermes flavicollis ; soldier gonads.

— Menozzi, 1940: 248, 250 • Calotermes flavicollis ; remarks; locality. Libya.

— Kirby, 1942b: 179, 195 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; protozoa.

— Becker, 1948: 407–444 • Calotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; development; ecology; breeding.

— Snyder, 1949a: 15 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; catalog; reference list; synonymy. Algeria to Egypt; Asia Minor: Syria; France; Italy; Levant: between Greece and west Egypt; Morocco; NW Caucasus; Portugal; Sardinia; Sicily; Spain; Yugoslavia.

— Grassé, 1949: 432, 451 ff., figs. 114a–c, 119, 128, 130, 131, 132 • Calotermes flavicollis ; gut, brain, soldier, neotenic, caste developmental pathways figured.

— Richard, 1949b: 77–84 • Calotermes flavicollis ; leg sensilla.

— Richard, 1949a: 49–52 • Calotermes flavicollis ; trachea.

— Ahmad, 1950: 81, fig. 5 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; imago mandibles figured.

— Richard, 1950a: 65–83 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sensilla; nerve innervations of legs.

— Richard, 1950b: 13–16 • Calotermes flavicollis ; leg regeneration.

— Ionescu, 1951: 18 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; listed; distribution.

— Lüscher, 1951b: 404–408 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste determination.

— Richard, 1951: 485–603 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; eye morphology; phototropism.

— Becker, 1952: 270–273 • Calotermes flavicollis ; copulation.

— Grassé, 1952b: 51–53, fig. 1 • Calotermes flavicollis ; caste development.

— Jucci and Springhetti, 1952: 130–131 • Calotermes flavicollis ; seminal vesicles.

— Lüscher, 1952a: 289–293 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste development; hormones.

— Lüscher, 1952b: 529–543 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Lüscher, 1952c: 123–141 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; inhibition, behavior.

— Richard, 1952: 397–412 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sensilla; nerve innervations of mouth parts.

— Lüscher, 1953: 74–78 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Richard, 1953: 415–421 • Calotermes flavicollis ; geotropism; phototropism.

— Harris, 1954d: 194, fig. 1 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; soldier figured; biology; distribution. Algeria; France; Italy; Portugal; Spain; Syria.

— Grassé, 1954: 17 • Calotermes flavicollis ; distribution.

— Richard, 1954: 177–187 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sensilla; trachea and nerve innervation in thorax and wings.

— Becker, 1955: 393–404, figs. 1–4 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago described and figured; color mutation described, figured, and given a new name, fuscicollis.

— Weidner, 1955c: 157, 158 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; distribution.

— Weidner, 1955f: fig. 31 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; listed; soldier figured.

— Lüscher, 1956a: 119–128 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste determination.

— Richard, 1956: 502–527 • Calotermes flavicollis ; geotropism.

— Schmidt, 1956b: 115–125 • Calotermes flavicollis ; mouth parts; worker mandibles; feeding biology.

— Grassé and Noirot, 1957c: 1789–1795 • Calotermes flavicollis ; caste development; biology.

— Richard, 1957: 107–111 • Calotermes flavicollis ; antennal sense organs.

— Springhetti, 1957: 333–349 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; corpora allata; reproductive organs.

— Verron, 1957: 25–30 • Calotermes flavicollis ; castes; olfaction.

— Denis. 1958: 171–188 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sense organs.

— Lüscher, 1958b: 144–150 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; corpora allata.

— Lüscher, 1958a: 372–377 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Lüscher and Karlson, 1958: 341–345 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; hormones.

— Bernardini-Mosconi, 1959: 307–311 • Calotermes flavicollis ; prothoracic gland similar to

Blattoidea.

— Geigy and Striebel, 1959: 474–477 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; embryonic development.

— Grassé and Noirot, 1959: 366, fig. 1 • Calotermes flavicollis ; gut figured; symbiosis.

— Lambinet, 1959: 166–177 • Calotermes flavicollis ; mandibular gland morphology.

— Weidner, 1959: 28 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; locality. Croatia: Dubrovnik.

— Lüscher, 1960b: 549–563 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; hormones.

— Grassé and Noirot, 1960b: 323–331 • Calotermes flavicollis ; caste determination; neotenics.

— Grassé and Noirot, 1960a: 109–124 • Calotermes flavicollis ; caste determination; neotenics.

— Lüscher, 1960a: 161–166 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Lüscher and Springhetti, 1960: 190–212 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; corpora allata.

— Striebel, 1960: 193–260 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; embryonic development.

— Krishna, 1961: 332–336, 393, 397, 398, figs. 19–22 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; listed; imago, soldier figured; protozoa.

— Harris, 1961a: 12, 19, 25, 28, 46, 58, 135, 154, 158, fig. 13 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; soldier figured; life cycle; damage; distribution.

— Lebrun, 1961: 235–242 • Calotermes flavicollis ; genital organs.

— Lüscher, 1961b: 57–67 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; pheromones.

— Becker and Seifert, 1962: 276 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; nest material chemistry.

— Ghilarov, 1962: 132 • Calotermes flavicollis ; distribution. “USSR”: European portion in Caucasus only.

— Harris, 1962a: 614, 615 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; damage; distribution.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 13 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; collection catalog. France; Germany; Italy.

— Springhetti and Oddone, 1962a: 1–9 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; oocytes in soldier testes.

— Springhetti and Oddone, 1962b: 321–330, figs. 19–26 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; male reproductive organs.

— Steinberg, 1962: 12 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; discussion. Central Asia.

— Lüscher, 1963: 244–250 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; corpora allata.

— Springhetti, 1963: 155–159 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; abnormal soldier morphology.

— Verron, 1963: 167–177, 185–296, 297–336 • Calotermes flavicollis ; behavior; chemical stumuli; trophallaxis.

— Bei-Bienko, 1964: 176, fig. 83 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; imago, soldier described and figured. “USSR”: Black Sea coast of Caucasus; Mediterranean.

— Bernardini-Mosconi, 1964: 72–78 • Calotermes flavicollis ; prothoracic and ventral glands.

— Lüscher, 1964: 79–90 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; inhibition; behavior.

— Sen-Sarma, 1964: 300–313 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; biology. Italy.

— Springhetti and Oddone, 1964: 147 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; male genital apparatus morphology.

— Springhetti, 1964a: 271–280 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; testes; seminal vesicles; sperm production in soldiers.

— Springhetti, 1964b: 213 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; seminal vesicles.

— Zimsen, 1964: 612, 613 • Termes flavicollis ; Fabricius’ types listed; Emerson credited with selection of lectotype, but published by Zimsen.

— Noirot and Noirot-Timothée, 1965b: 6202–6204 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sternal gland;

histology.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 80, pl. 8: fig. 15F • Kalotermes flavicollis ; listed.

— Noirot and Noirot-Timothée, 1965c: 265–267, fig. 1 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sternal gland; histology.

— Sen-Sarma and Chatterjee, 1965: 10 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; biology. India.

— Sen-Sarma and Kloft, 1965: 41–45 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; biology. India.

— Venturi, 1965: 1–16, figs. 1, 2 • Calotermes flavicollis ; imago, soldier figured; damage. Italy.

— Buchli, 1966: 592, 594 • Calotermes flavicollis ; fungal parasites.

— Nour et al., 1966: 321 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; key; distribution. Egypt.

— Sen-Sarma and Chatterjee, 1966a: 2 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; biology. India.

— Bei-Bienko, 1967: 208, fig. 83 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; imago, soldier described and figured. “USSR”: Black Sea coast of Caucasus; Mediterranean.

— Deligne, 1967: 131–132, fig. 1 • Calotermes flavicollis ; soldier mandibles; functional morphology; defense.

— Gay, 1967: 8, 15 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; intercepted in England; distribution.

— Lebrun, 1967: 867–871 • Calotermes flavicollis ; hormones; caste determination.

— Springhetti, 1967: 11–17 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; colony foundation by supplementary reproductives.

— Geigy and Wall, 1968: 271–272 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; tergal gland histology.

— Quennedey and Noirot, 1968: 2456–2458 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sternal gland; histology; histochemistry.

— Springhetti, 1968a: 49–64 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; colony foundation by supplementary reproductives.

— Springhetti, 1968c: 49–59 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; distribution. Italy.

— Springhetti, 1968b: 1–10 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; regional differences; supplementary reproductives; differentiation. Italy.

— Weidner, 1968b: 13 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; discussion.

— Emerson, 1969: 13, 28, 29, 31, 33, 51 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; characters; comparisons.

— Lüscher, 1969: 165–170 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; juvenile hormone.

— Miller, 1969: 289–297, 303–306 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Noirot and Noirot-Timothée, 1969: 53, fig. 3.1 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; digestive tube figured.

— Quennedey, 1969: 1807–1814 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sternal gland; trail pheromone; histology.

— Richard, 1969: 178, 181, 185, figs. 7, 8 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; sense organs.

— Ruppli, 1969: 235–248 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; supplementary reproductives.

— Springhetti, 1969: 73–96 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; pheromones.

— Wall, 1969: 295–297 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; tergal gland ultrastructure.

— Harris, 1970b: 297–299 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; biology; distribution. Algeria; Asia Minor south to Gaza; Balkan and Black Sea coast; Egypt; France; Italy; Libya; Morocco; Portugal; Spain; Tunisia.

— Lebrun, 1970: 159–176 • Calotermes flavicollis ; intercastes; corpora allata.

— Springhetti, 1970: 99–105 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Deligne, 1971b: 176–187, fig. 1A • Calotermes flavicollis ; soldier mandibles; functional morphology; defense.

— Quennedey, 1971b: 27–47 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; sternal gland; morphology; histochemistry.

— Springhetti, 1971: 101–110 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Wall, 1971: 17–60 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; reproductive system; development; behavior.

— Lüscher, 1972: 509–514 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; corpora allata; juvenile hormone.

— Schwenke, 1972: 87–88 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; soldier described and figured; biology; distribution. Europe.

— Springhetti, 1972b: 97–111 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Springhetti, 1972a: 83–87 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Weidner, 1972: 295, fig. 3 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; imago, soldier figured; locality. Turkey.

— Luppova, 1973: 16, 17 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; distribution.

— Springhetti, 1973b: 333–342 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; group effect.

— Springhetti, 1973a: 1–15 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Baccetti et al., 1974: 159–172 • Calotermes flavicollis ; sperm morphology.

— Belyaeva and Zhuzhikov, 1974: 27, 29, 30, fig. 4 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; key; imago, soldier figured; distribution.

— Fontana and Amorelli, 1975: 99–100 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; chromosome number.

— Morimoto, 1975b: 10, fig. 8 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; soldier figured.

— Roonwal, 1975f: 403 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; sex ratios.

— Roonwal, 1975a: 44 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; egg measurements.

— Sen-Sarma et al., 1975: 71 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; mention. Europe.

— Springhetti, 1975: 11–23 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Lenz, 1976: 73–89 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation.

— Lüscher, 1976: 91–103 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; developmental pathways.

— Matsuda, 1976: 180–187, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53F • Kalotermes flavicollis ; abdomen morphology; genitalia; reproductive system.

— Potenza, 1976: 247–258 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; distribution. Italy.

— Roonwal, 1977d: 34 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; wing microsculpturing.

— Lebrun, 1978a: 351–358 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; castes; hormones; corpora allata.

— Lebrun, 1978b: 111–116 • Calotermes flavicollis ; genital chamber histology; sensilla.

— Vincke and Tilquin, 1978a: 151, 152, table 1 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; chromosome number.

— Roonwal and Rathore, 1979: 10, 11, 13, 16 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; egg morphology.

— Shulepova, 1979: 74–83 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; taste chemoreceptors.

— Springhetti, 1979: 19–28 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; soldier allometry.

— Jarzembowski, 1980: 250, fig. 23 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; discussion; imago wing figured.

— Becker, 1980b: 107–118 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; temperature and development.

— Faucheux and Lebrun, 1980: 64–69 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; sensory organs.

— Hafez, 1980: 149 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; damage; distribution. Egypt.

— Johnson and Wood, 1980: 279–293 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; checklist; ecology; distribution.

— Springhetti, 1980: 53–61 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; nest; biology.

— Springhetti and Amorelli, 1981: 133–139 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; pseudergate behavior.

— Watson and Sewell, 1981: 106, fig. 2 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; developmental pathways.

— Fontana, 1982: 147–152 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; chromosomes; cytology.

— Springhetti and Amorelli, 1982: 155–164 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; interspecies aggression.

— Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 368 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; listed. New Zealand: interception.

— Lebrun and Lequet, 1983: 2, 8, pl. 3 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; gizzard histology.

— Leis and Sbrenna, 1983: 215–225 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; epidermal glands; histology.

— Sbrenna and Leis, 1983: 107–119 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; integumental glands; morphology; pheromones.

— Springhetti and Rossi, 1983: 143–151 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; biometrics.

— Faucheux, 1984: 9–19 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; antennal sensilla.

— Lebrun, 1984: 139–140 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; gizzard; morphology.

— Prestwich, 1984a: table 1 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; checklist; ecology; defense mode; chemicals; distribution.

— Springhetti and Sapigni, 1984: 1–7 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; pseudergates; interspecific trophallaxis.

— Lebrun, 1985a: 227–238 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; polymorphism; hormones; caste differentiation.

— Lebrun, 1985b: 43–44 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; gizzard; structures and food.

— Lebrun and Lequet, 1985: 126–139, pl. 1: figs. 1–3 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; gizzard; morphology.

— Springhetti, 1985: 165–175 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; king; queen; caste differentiation.

— Belousova et al., 1986: 20–24 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; antennae; ultrastructure.

— Springhetti and Sita, 1986: 11–23 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; nest construction.

— Springhetti, 1986: 17–23 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; pseudergates; aggression.

— Mishra and Sen-Sarma, 1987b: 311–319 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; gut pH.

— Soltani-Mazouni and Bordereau, 1987: 221–235 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; neoteny.

— Faucheux and Lebrun, 1988: 359–360 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; antennae; sensilla.

— Grandi, 1988: 279–292 • Calotermes flavicollis ; oogenesis.

— Jones et al., 1988: 92–93 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; biology; dispersal flight; sex ratios.

— Kugler, 1988: 270 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; distribution. Israel.

— Vieau, 1988: 177–193 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; accessory glands; reproductive system; morphology.

— Mannesmann and Piechowski, 1989: 161–177 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; bacterial hindgut flora.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: 79 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; egg sculpturing discussed.

— Springhetti and Sita, 1989b: 70–73 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; tunnelling behavior.

— Springhetti and Sita, 1989a: 55–59 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; behavior.

— Klochkov and Zhuzhikov, 1990: 40–43 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; trail pheromones.

— Lebrun et al., 1990: 1–14 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; protozoa; defaunation; digestion.

— Springhetti and Sapigni, 1990: 245–258 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; interspecies trophallaxis.

— Vieau, 1990: 169–180 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; reproduction; parthenogenesis.

— Fontana, 1991: 15, 16 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; chromosomes.

— Goldoni and Fontana, 1991: 25–27 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; chromosomes.

— Grandi, 1991: 29–32 • Calotermes flavicollis ; oogenesis.

— Lebrun, 1991: 9–13 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; caste differentiation; hormones.

— Sapigni and Springhetti, 1991: 21–23 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; interspecific trophallaxis.

— Grandi, 1992a: 225–238 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; testis; spermatogenesis; ultrastructure.

— Grandi, 1992b: 99–104 • Calotermes flavicollis ; spermatogenesis.

— Leis et al., 1992: 111–114 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; behavior; communication.

— Messeri, 1992: 99–103 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; dispersal flight; dealation.

— Messeri and DiBattista, 1992: 115–118 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; dispersal flight; dealation.

— Sbrenna et al., 1992: 233–238 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; sound emission; behavior.

— Faucheux, 1994: 10–19 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; exocrine glands; phylogeny.

— Grandi, 1994: 17–23 • Calotermes flavicollis ; spermatogenesis; oogenesis.

— Leis et al., 1994: 11–16 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; behavior, communication.

— Martinelli and Sbrenna, 1994: 25–30 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; proteins.

— Noirot, 1995b: 197–226 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; gut morphology.

— Maistrello and Sbrenna, 1996: 365–375 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; behavior; pheromones; vibratory movements.

— Maistrello and Sbrenna, 1998: 91–104 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; behavior; grooming.

— Deligne, 1999: figs. 5, 22 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; worker mandibles; functional morphology.

— Jamieson et al., 1999: 135–136, fig. 18.16C • Kalotermes flavicollis ; sperm described and figured.

— Kaib, 1999: 337 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; trail pheromones.

— Maistrello and Sbrenna, 1999: 186–191 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; behavior; polyethism; reproductives.

— Engel and Krishna, 2001a: 100–102 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; proposed designation of Termes flavicollis as type species for Kalotermes Hagen, 1853 .

— ICZN, 2002: 209 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; placed on Official List of Specific Names in Zoology.

— Kindl, 2004: 227–230 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; development; neotenics; replacement reproductives.

— Szalanski et al., 2004: 556–566 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; 16s rRNA sequences; morphology; phylogeny; distribution.

— Kindl and Hrdý, 2005: 307–311 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; neotenics; development; behavior.

— Luchetti et al., 2005a: 149–153 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; mtDNA analysis; genetic variation.

— Belyaeva and Dovgobrod, 2006: 503, fig. 2c • Kalotermes flavicollis ; female genitalia described and figured.

— Bergamaschi et al., 2007: 735–753 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; COII; karyotype; phylogeny.

— Engel et al., 2009: 22, 24, 25 figs. 3, 4 • Kalotermes flavicollis ; character-state coding; phylogeny.

Calotermes maroccoensis Sjöstedt, 1904: 17 (soldier).

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: MNHP soldiers.

TYPE LOCALITY: Morocco.

— Desneux, 1904b: 24 • Kalotermes maroccoensis ; reference list. Morocco. — Holmgren, 1911a: 53 • Calotermes ? (Neotermes) maroccoensis ; listed. — Hegh, 1922: 68, 345, 682 • Calotermes (Neotermes) maroccoensis ; biology; reference list;

distribution.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 24, 26, pl. 1: fig. G • Calotermes maroccoensis ; soldier figured; key; remarks; locality. Morocco.

— Snyder, 1949a: 17 • Kalotermes maroccoensis ; listed as valid; catalog; synonymy; distribution. Morocco.

— Krishna et al., this work • Calotermes maroccoensis ; synonymized with flavicollis . New Synonymy.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— Algeria to Egypt, Levant (between Greece and west Egypt); Asia minor: Syria, NW Caucasus; France; Israel; Italy: Sardinia, Sicily; Libya; Morocco; Portugal; Spain; Tunisia; Turkey; Yugoslavia.

† Kalotermes fossus Zhang, Sun, and Zhang, 1994

† Kalotermes fossus Zhang (J.-F.) et al., 1994 • 51–52 (imago), pl. 3: fig. 1. TYPE DATA: Holotype: SHNM imago.

TYPE LOCALITY: China: Shandong Province: Linqu County: Shanwang Village: Shanwang Formation: Middle Miocene.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— China: Shandong. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Neogene: Miocene.

Kalotermes gracilignathus Emerson, 1924

Kalotermes (Neotermes) gracilignathus Emerson, 1924: 392–394 (imago, soldier), figs. a–e.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: NHRM imago. Paratypes: AMNH imagoes, soldiers, nymph, NCIP imago,

soldier.

TYPE LOCALITY: Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands: Masatierra.

— Goetsch, 1933: 241 • Calotermes (Neotermes) gracilignathus ; characters; remarks. Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands.

— Snyder, 1949a: 25 • Neotermes gracilignathus ; catalog; new combination. West coast of South America; Juan Fernandez and Easter Island.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes gracilignathus ; listed.

— Dourojeanni, 1964: 77 • Neotermes gracilignathus ; synonymy; distribution.

— Guzmán, 1966: 4–5 • Kalotermes (Neotermes) gracilignathus ; locality. Juan Fernandez Islands.

— Emerson, 1969: 12 • Kalotermes gracilignathus ; cited.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes gracilignathus ; types listed.

— Araujo, 1977c: 20 • Kalotermes gracilignathus ; catalog. Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands.

— Camousseight 1980: 30 • Kalotermes gracilignathus ; collection catalog. Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands.

— Constantino, 1998b: 150 • Kalotermes gracilignathus ; catalog. Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands.

 DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical Region— Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands; Peru.

Kalotermes hilli (Emerson, 1949)

Proglyptotermes hilli Emerson, 1949a: 321 [nom. nov. for Termes obscurus Walker, 1853 ].

— Snyder, 1949a: 15 • Kalotermes hilli ; catalog; reference list; synonymy; incorrectly listed as a new name, as Emerson, 1949a preceded Synder, 1949a by several months; new combination.

Australia.

— Kirby, 1949b: 321, 357, 382 • Proglyptotermes hilli ; protozoa.

— Roonwal and Pant, 1953: 43 • Kalotermes hilli ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Calaby and Gay, 1959: 214 • Kalotermes hilli ; ecology.

— Krishna, 1961: 336, 396, 399 • Kalotermes hilli ; listed; protozoa.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 13 • Kalotermes hilli ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Emerson, 1969: 23 • Kalotermes hilli ; listed.

— Gay and Calaby, 1970: 404 • Kalotermes hilli ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Roonwal and Rathore, 1978b: 221, 223–224, figs. 1, 3 • Kalotermes hilli ; wing microsculpturing. — Sewell and Gay, 1978: 42, 44, figs. 1–4 • Kalotermes hilli ; key; imago, soldier described and

figured. Australia. — Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 368 • Kalotermes hilli ; listed. New Zealand: interception. — Perry et al., 1985: 72, fig. 3D • Kalotermes hilli ; characters; soldier figured; biology. — Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 28, fig. 35 • Kalotermes hilli ; distribution map. — Watson et al., 1998: 182 • Kalotermes hilli ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology.

Australia.

Termes obscurus Walker, 1853: 527 (imago) [junior homonym of Termes (Eutermes) obscurus

De Heer, 1849].

TYPE DATA: Holotype: BMNH No. (18) 43 14 imago ♀ [holotype by monotypy]; labeled as “ Termes obscurus Walker, 1853 .”

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Western Australia: Swan River.

— Walker, 1853: 526 • Termes australis [soldier, nymph only]; description.

— Hagen, 1855: 291 • Termes obscurus ; discussion.

— Hagen, 1858c: 45 • Calotermes convexus ; synonymy; new combination [imago from New Holland only].

— Hagen, 1858b: 6 • Calotermes convexus ; synonymy [imago from New Holland only].

— Froggatt, 1897a: 522 • Calotermes convexus [imago from West Australia only].

— Desneux, 1904e: 23 • Termes obscurus ; listed; Calotermes convexus ; listed [from Australia only].

— Froggatt, 1905: 19, 21 • Calotermes convexus ; remarks. [ Australia only].

— Holmgren, 1911a: 55 • Calotermes (Cryptotermes) convexus [part]; listed. [ Australia only].

— Hill, 1921b: 442–443 • Calotermes obscurus [remarks only; description of imago, soldier = rufinotum ].

— Hill, 1925b: 208–210, pl. 23, figs. 3–7 • Calotermes (Calotermes) obscurus ; synonymy; imago, soldier described and figured.

— Hill, 1942: 105–107, figs. 53, 54 • Calotermes (?) obscurus ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. Australia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Western Australia.

Kalotermes isaloensis (Cachan, 1949)

Neotermes isaloensis Cachan, 1949: 187 , 199–200 (soldier), fig. 6 [also as “ isaolensis ”].

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: RGMC soldiers, AMNH soldier, nymph, NCIP soldier [incorrectly cited as paratype by Ruelle, 1975b].

TYPE LOCALITY: Madagascar: Isalo. — Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes isaloensis ; listed; new combination. — Eggleton and Davies, 2003: 657, table 8.26 • Kalotermes isaloensis ; checklist; distribution. Madagascar and associated coastal Islands.

 DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian Region— Madagascar.

Kalotermes jepsoni Kemner, 1932

Kalotermes jepsoni Kemner, 1932c: 146–149 (imago, soldier), fig. 7.

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: ZMLU soldier. Paralectotypes: ZMLU imago, AMNH imago, soldier, nymph.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 121.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sri Lanka: Maskeliya.

— Jepson, 1931: 583 • Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) jepsoni ; nomen nudum.

— Pinto, 1941: 87 • Glyptotermes jepsoni ; distribution; new combination. Sri Lanka.

— Snyder, 1949a: 16 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; catalog. Sri Lanka.

— Lal and Menon, 1953: 14–15 • Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) jepsoni ; catalog; systematic and biological reference list. Sri Lanka.

— Ahmad, 1958: 37, 38 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; key [misspelled as jeposoni on p. 38].

— Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 101, 102, 117–122, 255, 258, 259, fig. 22, pl. 22 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; synonymy; key; imago, soldier, pseudoworker described and figured; distribution. Sri Lanka.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; listed.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 13 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; collection catalog. Sri Lanka.

— Ranaweera, 1962: 89, 95 • Glyptotermes jepsoni ; biology; damage; distribution. Sri Lanka.

— Roonwal, 1970c: 324 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; biology.

— Sen-Sarma, 1974: 451 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; ecology and biogeography. Sri Lanka.

— Chhotani, 1975b: 118 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; distribution. Sri Lanka.

— Roonwal, 1977d: 32, 34 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; wing microsculpturing.

— Chhotani, 1980: 4, 17–18, fig. 3 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; imago, soldier described and figured; distribution; host and pest status; biology and ecology; key. Sri Lanka.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: 276–280, figs. 151–153 • Kalotermes ; imago, soldier, pseudoworker described and figured; synonymy; key. Sri Lanka.

— Ahmad and Akhtar, 2002: 6 • Kalotermes jepsoni ; catalog. Sri Lanka.

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— Sri Lanka.

Kalotermes monticola Sjöstedt, 1925

Kalotermes monticola brachycephala Sjöstedt, 1926

Calotermes monticola brachycephala Sjöstedt, 1926d: 26–27 (soldier, worker), pl. 1: figs. I1, I2.

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: NHRM soldiers, workers.

TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria: Massif de l’Edough.

— Snyder, 1949a: 19 • Kalotermes monticola form brachycephala; catalog. Algeria.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— Algeria.

Kalotermes monticola monticola Sjöstedt, 1925

Calotermes monticola Sjöstedt, 1925: 53 (soldier).

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: MNHP soldiers, NHRM worker.

TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria: Massif de l’Edough.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 24, 26, pl. 1: figs. H1, H2 • Calotermes monticola ; soldier described and figured; key; remarks; locality. Algeria.

— Snyder, 1949a: 19 • Kalotermes monticola ; catalog. Algeria.

† Kalotermes nigellus Zhang, Sun, and Zhang, 1994

† Kalotermes nigellus Zhang (J.-F.) et al., 1994: 49–50 (imago), figs. 16–17, pl. 2: fig. 3. TYPE DATA: Holotype: SHNM imago.

TYPE LOCALITY: China: Shandong Province: Linqu County: Shanwang Village: Shanwang Formation: Middle Miocene.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— China: Shandong. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Neogene: Miocene.

† Kalotermes nisus Zhang, Sun, and Zhang, 1994

† Kalotermes nisus Zhang (J.-F.) et al., 1994: 50–51 (imago), figs. 18–19, pl. 2: fig. 4. TYPE DATA: Holotype: SHNM imago.

TYPE LOCALITY: China: Shandong Province: Linqu County: Shanwang Village: Shanwang Formation: Middle Miocene.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— China: Shandong. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Neogene: Miocene.

† Kalotermes oeningensis Rosen, 1913

† Calotermes oeningensis Rosen, 1913a: 326 (imago).

TYPE DATA: Holotype (depository unknown): imago wing ( Upper Miocene.

TYPE LOCALITY: Germany: Baden: Oeningen.

— Snyder, 1925d: chart 1 • Kalotermes oeningensis ; listed.

— Statz, 1939: table 4 • Calotermes oehningensis [sic]; listed; paleontology.

— Armbruster, 1941: 19 • Calotermes oehningensis [sic]; discussion.

— Snyder, 1949a: 358 • Kalotermes oeningensis ; catalog; reference list. Germany: Miocene.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes oeningensis ; listed.

— Weidner, 1968b: 19 • Kalotermes oeningensis ; discussion.

— Nel and Paicheler, 1993: 120 • Kalotermes oeningensis ; type data; paleontology; distribution.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— Germany. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Neogene: Miocene.

Kalotermes pallidinotum Hill, 1942

Calotermes pallidinotum Hill, 1942: 117–119 (imago, soldier), figs. 63, 64 [described as Calotermes (subgen.?) pallidinotum ].

TYPE DATA: Holotype: ANIC No. 9038 imago. Paratypes: ANIC No. 10 2922 imagoes, soldiers, AMNH imagoes, soldiers, workers, NCIP imago, soldiers, FRI imagoes, soldier.

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: New South Wales: Pigeon House Range.

— Snyder, 1949a: 19 • Kalotermes pallidinotum ; catalog. Australia. — Emerson, 1949a: 321 • Proglyptotermes pallidinotum ; listed; new combination. — Kirby, 1949b: 340, 382 • Proglyptotermes pallidinotum ; protozoa. — Krishna, 1961: 336, 395 • Kalotermes pallidinotum ; listed; protozoa.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 14 • Kalotermes pallidinotum ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Gay and Calaby, 1970: 404 • Kalotermes pallidinotum ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes pallidonotum ; types listed.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 28, fig. 36 • Kalotermes pallidinotum ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 182 • Kalotermes pallidinotum ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: New South Wales.

† Kalotermes piacentinii (Piton and Théobald, 1937)

† Termopsis piacentinii Piton and Théobald, 1937: 80–81 (imago), fig. 4.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: MNHP No. IPM-R.07027 imago.

TYPE LOCALITY: France: Puy-de-Dôme, Menat.

— Statz, 1939: table 4 • Termopsis Piacentinii ; listed; paleontology.

— Piton, 1940: 144–145, fig. 20 • Termopsis Piacentinii ; imago described and figured.

— Snyder, 1949a: 358 • Kalotermes piacentinii ; catalog; reference list. France: Eocene.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes piacentinii ; listed.

— Nel and Paicheler, 1993: 121–122, figs. 15–17 • Kalotermes piacentinii ; as Insecta incertae sedis; imago described and figured; type data; paleontology; distribution.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— France. U FOSSIL RECORD: Cenozoic–Palaeogene: Eocene.

† Kalotermes rhenanus Hagen, 1863

† Calotermes rhenanus Hagen, 1863: 250–251 (imago), pl. 44, figs. 1–2.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: BMNH imago.

TYPE LOCALITY: Germany: Rott-am-Siebengebirge.

— Handlirsch, 1907: 698 • “ Calotermes ” rhenanus ; listed; synonymy.

— Rosen, 1913a: 323 • Calotermes rhenanus ; listed; characters; distribution.

— Cockerell and Snyder, 1925: 22 • Calotermes rhenanus ; discussion.

— Snyder, 1925d: chart 1 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; listed.

— Pongrácz, 1926: pl. 5 • Calotermes rhenanus ; phylogeny.

— Statz, 1939: 3–4, 6, 17–18, 35, 37, 40, 42, table 4, pl. 8: figs. 34–35 • Calotermes rhenanus [also

as rhenana]; imago described and figured.

— Armbruster, 1941: 17, 19, 39 • Calotermes rhenanus ; discussion.

— Snyder, 1949a: 358 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; catalog; reference list. Germany: Oligocene.

— Krishna, 1961: 336 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; listed.

— Weidner, 1968b: 19 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; discussion.

— Emerson, 1969: 31–34, fig. 8 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; imago described and figured; synonymy; paleontology; locality. Germany: Oligocene.

— Sphon, 1973: 21 • Calotermes rhenanus ; collection catalog; Statz specimens listed.

— Burnham, 1978: 88 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; listed.

— Jarzembowski, 1980: 250–251 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; discussion.

— Nel and Paicheler, 1993: 120 • Kalotermes rhenanus ; type data; paleontology; distribution.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— Germany.

Kalotermes rufinotum Hill, 1925

Calotermes (Calotermes) rufinotum Hill, 1925b: 207 (imago, soldier) [described as “nom. nov.”

for specimens misidentified by Hill, 1921b as C. obscurus Walker and therefore actually a

new species; no description but bibliographic reference to description in Hill, 1921b].

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: NMV No. T-10842 imago ♂. Paralectotypes: NMV imagoes, soldiers, workers, nymphs, AMNH imagoes, soldiers, workers, nymphs, NCIP imagoes, soldiers [incorrectly cited as paratypes by Ruelle, 1975b], FRI imago, soldier, pseudoworkers.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Hill, 1925b: 207 “Type imago and soldier” cited [= syntypes]. Hill, 1942: 110 [by inference of holotype (ICZN, 1999, art. 74.6)]. Watson et al., 1998: 182 Holotype incorrectly cited [by implication] as designated by Hill, 1925b.

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Victoria: Seaford. — Hill, 1921b: 439–443, figs. 20–29, pl. 36, figs. 23, 24) • Calotermes (Glyptotermes) ? obscurus [misidentification]; imago, soldier described and figured; locality. Australia [remarks only; p. 442 refers to obscurus ]. — Hill, 1925c: 87 • Calotermes rufinotum ; imago, soldier described. Australia. — Hill, 1932a: 136 • Calotermes (?) rufinotum ; biology; locality. Australia. — Hill, 1932b: 12, 17, fig. 11 • Calotermes rufinotum ; imago, soldier described and figured; key; distribution. Australia. — Hill, 1942: 107–110, figs. 55, 56 • Calotermes (?) rufinotum ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. Australia. — Snyder, 1949a: 20 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; catalog; reference list; synonymy. Australia. — Emerson, 1949a: 321 • Proglyptotermes rufinotum ; listed; new combination. — Kirby, 1949b: 354, 382 • Proglyptotermes rufinotum ; protozoa. — Roonwal and Pant, 1953: 43 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; collection catalog. Australia. — Krishna, 1961: 336, 395 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; listed; protozoa. — Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 14 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; collection catalog. Australia. — Gay and Calaby, 1970: 404 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; biology; distribution. Australia. — Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; types listed. — Jarzembowski, 1980: 250 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; discussion. — Sewell and Watson, 1981: 243–323 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; developmental pathways. — Watson and Sewell, 1981: 101–118, figs. 6, 7 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; developmental pathways. — Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 368 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; listed. New Zealand: interception. — Watson and Sewell, 1985: 30, figs. 3.2, 3.3 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; developmental pathways. — Watson and Gay, 1991: figs. 20.9, 20.15B • Kalotermes rufinotum ; soldier; developmental pathways figured. — Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 29, fig. 37 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; distribution map. — Watson et al., 1998: 182, fig. 6 • Kalotermes rufinotum ; catalog; soldier figured; distribution; ecology. Australia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Capital Territory, New South Wales, Victoria.

Kalotermes serrulatus Gay, 1977

Kalotermes serrulatus Gay, 1977b: 222–223 (imago, soldier), figs. 1–8.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: ANIC No. 9039 soldier. Paratypes: ANIC No. 10 15437 imagoes, soldiers, workers.

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Queensland: 65 km WNW Townsville.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 29, fig. 38 • Kalotermes serrulatus ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 182 • Kalotermes serrulatus ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

Kalotermes sinaicus Kemner, 1932

Kalotermes sinaicus Kemner, 1932b: 87–91 (soldier, nymph), fig. 1.

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: BMNH soldiers, nymphs, AMNH nymphs.

TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt: Sinai Peninsula: Gabr. Amir.

— Snyder, 1949a: 20 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; catalog. Palestine: Sinai.

— Krishna, 1961: 336, 395, 399 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; listed; protozoa.

— Harris, 1961a: 155, 158 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; damage; distribution.

— Hafez, 1980: 149 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; damage; distribution. Egypt.

— Johnson and Wood, 1980: 279–293 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; checklist; ecology; distribution.

— Kugler, 1988: 270 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; distribution. Israel.

— Fontana et al., 1993: 111–114 • Kalotermes sinaicus ; chromosome number.

 DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic Region— Egypt; Israel.

Kalotermes umtatae (Coaton, 1949)

Glyptotermes umtatae Coaton, 1949b: 70–72 (soldier), fig. 12 [described as? Glyptotermes umtatae ].

TYPE DATA: Holotype: NCIP No. TM 841A soldier. Paratypes: NCIP No. TM 841 soldiers, nymphs, AMNH soldier, NCIP No. TM 842 soldiers, nymphs [not type locality].

TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa: Transkei: Mpane Forest, Umtata coastal belt. — Kirby, 1944: 198 • Kalotermes sp. nov.; protozoa. — Kirby, 1949b: 321, 336 • Proglyptotermes sp. nov.; protozoa. — Coaton, 1950: 28, 31 • Proglyptotermes umtatae ; key; new combination. — Krishna, 1961: 336, 395, 399 • Kalotermes umtatae ; listed; protozoa; new combination. — Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 14 • Kalotermes umtatae ; collection catalog. South Africa. — Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 17, 37, 80, 81, pl. 8: figs. 15a–15e • Kalotermes umtatae ; catalog; soldier figured. South Africa. — Bouillon and Mathot, 1971: table: no. 33 • Kalotermes umtatae ; measurements. — Ruelle, 1975b: 3 • Kalotermes umtatae ; types listed.

 DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian Region— South Africa.

Marginitermes Krishna, 1961

Marginitermes Krishna, 1961: 358 , 361.

TYPE SPECIES: Kalotermes hubbardi Banks, 1920 by original designation.

— Krishna, 1961: 358–361 • Marginitermes ; generic characters; key; reference list; phylogeny; distribution.

— Weesner, 1965: 34, 35 • Marginitermes ; key; characters.

— Morimoto, 1975b: 11 • Marginitermes ; key.

— Araujo, 1977c: 20 • Marginitermes ; catalog.

— Yamin, 1979: 18 • Marginitermes ; protozoa; species included.

— Araujo and Fontes, 1979: 31 • Marginitermes ; key.

— Nickle and Collins, 1990: 93, 107 • Marginitermes ; key; characters.

— Myles, 1997: 758–759 • Marginitermes ; characters.

— Poole and Gentili, 1997: 494 • Marginitermes ; listed.

— Constantino, 1998b: 150 • Marginitermes ; catalog.

— Fontes and Monteiro, 1998: 34 • Marginitermes ; etymology and pronunciation.

▲ 2 species.

 DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic Region; Neotropical Region.

Marginitermes cactiphagus Myles, 1997

Marginitermes cactiphagus Myles, 1997: 760–765 (soldier), figs. 1–6, table 1.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: ROMTE soldier. Paratypes: USNM soldiers, nymphs.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico: Baja California Sur, five km east of Cabo San Lukas.

— Constantino, 1998b: 150 • Marginitermes cactiphagus ; catalog. Mexico.

— Fontes, 1998: 327 • Marginitermes cactiphagus ; catalog.

— Méndez-Montiel and Equihua-Martínez, 2001: 173–187 • Marginitermes cactiphagus ; checklist; diversity; distribution. Mexico.

 DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic Region— Mexico: Baja California Sur.

Marginitermes hubbardi (Banks, 1920)

Kalotermes hubbardi Banks, 1920: 28–29 (imago), fig. 18, pl. 2: fig. 4.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: USNM No. 21855 imago. Paratypes: MCZ No. 10535 imagoes [not type

locality], AMNH imago, MCZ No. 10535 imago [not type locality].

TYPE LOCALITY: USA: Arizona: Tucson.

— Snyder, 1926f: 396, figs. 1, 2, 4 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; habitat figured; locality. USA: Arizona.

— Light, 1926: 141–158 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; protozoa.

— Light, 1929b: 67, 70 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; locality. Mexico: Baja California.

— Light, 1930e: 178, 179 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; measurements; locality. Mexico: Socorro Island.

— Light, 1933: 84, 88–91, figs. B–E • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) hubbardi ; imago described; nanitic soldier measurements; key; damage figured; biology; protozoa; distribution. Mexico.

— Light, 1934d: 130 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) hubbardi ; distribution. Mexico; USA: Arizona, California.

— Light, 1934f: 207, 208, 209 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; key; distribution. Mexico; USA: Arizona.

— Light, 1934g: 216, fig. 77a • Kalotermes hubbardi ; key; characters, soldier figured.

— Light, 1934j: 337, 338 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) hubbardi ; key; economic importance; distribution. Mexico.

— Light, 1934h: 266–267, fig. 84 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; biology; distribution.

— Light, 1935: 236 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) hubbardi ; locality. Mexico: Socorro Island.

— Browman, 1935: 122, fig. 11 • Kalotermes (Kalotermes) hubbardi ; female genitalia described and figured.

— Kirby, 1945: 274, 292, 310, 312 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; protozoa.

— Light and Weesner, 1948: 54, 56–57 • Kalotermes hubbardi ; swarming. USA: Arizona.

— Snyder, 1949a: 36 • Procryptotermes hubbardi ; catalog; new combination. Mexico; USA: Arizona, California.

— Krishna, 1961: 361, 396, 397, 398, figs. 52–55 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; listed; imago, soldier figured; protozoa; new combination.

— Harris, 1961a: 155, 161 • Procryptotermes hubbardi ; damage; distribution.

— Springhetti and Oddone, 1964: 146, 149, 150, 151, 155, figs. 5, 12 • Procryptotermes hubbardi ; seminal vesicles.

— Springhetti, 1964b: 213 • Procryptotermes hubbardi ; seminal vesicles.

— Weesner, 1965: 36, 57, 58, 59, fig. 17 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; key; characters; soldier figured; biology; distribution.

— Nutting, 1966c: 177 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; cited.

— Nutting, 1970a: 1107 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; colony size and composition. USA: Arizona.

— Weesner, 1970: 485–486 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; biology.

— Morimoto, 1975b: 11, fig. 13 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; soldier figured.

— Araujo, 1977c: 20 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; catalog. Mexico; USA: California, Arizona, Texas .

— La Fage and Nutting, 1979: 257–267 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; gas exchange.

— Nutting, 1979b: 143 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; swarming period.

— Jones and La Fage, 1980: 325–336 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; morphology; abdominal sterna.

— Roonwal, 1984: 11 • Procryptotermes hubbardi ; caudal abdominal sternites discussed.

— Jones et al., 1988: 96–97 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; biology; dispersal flight; sex ratios.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: 17, 46 • Marginitermes hubbardi [also as Procryptotermes hubbardi ]; soldier head characters and genitalia discussed.

— Nickle and Collins, 1990: 91, 96, 107, figs. 6G, 7C, E • Marginitermes hubbardi ; key; soldier figured; characters; distribution. Mexico.

— Lu, 1991: 155–158 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; digestive system.

— Bao, 1992: 243 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; third antennal segment.

— Myles, 1997: 760 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; soldier measurements; proventricular armature.

— Poole and Gentili, 1997: 494 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; distribution. North America.

— Constantino, 1998b: 150 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; catalog. Mexico; USA: Arizona.

— Fontes, 1998: 328 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; catalog.

— Méndez-Montiel and Equihua-Martínez, 2001: 173–187 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; checklist; diversity; distribution. Mexico.

— Haverty et al., 2005: 2119–2151 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; fecal pellets; cuticular hydrocarbons; chemotaxonomy.

— Scheffrahn et al., 2005c: 550, table 1 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; checklist; distribution. Nicaragua.

— Johnston and Wheeler, 2007: 383–387 • Marginitermes hubbardi ; hexamerin; biparental care; claustral founding.

 DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic Region — Mexico: Baja California Sur, Sonora ; USA: Arizona, California. Neotropical Region — Mexico: Colima, Socorro Island ; Nicaragua.

Neotermes Holmgren, 1911

Neotermes Holmgren, 1911a: 53 , 54 [first introduced as a subgenus of Calotermes Hagen, 1858 ]. TYPE SPECIES: Termes castaneus Burmeister, 1839 by original designation.

— Hagen, 1861b: 1 • Kalotermes [part]; characters.

— Desneux, 1904a: 20–22 • Calotermes [part]; characters; species included; biology.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 53 • Calotermes (Neotermes) ; characters; species included; distribution.

— Holmgren, 1913c: 36, 37 • Calotermes (Neotermes) ; key.

— Banks, 1919: 476 • Neotermes ; key.

— Banks and Snyder, 1920: 16, 32 • Neotermes ; key; characters.

— Fuller, 1921: 19, 23 • Neotermes ; key.

— Snyder, 1922: 8 • Neotermes ; remarks.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 22, 23, 33 • Neotermes ; reference list; key; forewing figured.

— Emerson, 1928b: 405, 418 • Kalotermes (Neotermes) ; key; distribution.

— Light, 1930f: 16, 18, 21 • Neotermes ; key.

— Kemner, 1934b: 30, 31 • Neotermes ; synonymy; key.

— Snyder, 1934a: 24, 27 • Kalotermes (Neotermes) ; key.