Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculata (Jacoby, 1888)

Lee, Chi-Feng & Hsieh, Chia-Hung, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of the leaf-beetle genus Gonioctena Chevrolat, 1836 in Taiwan (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae, Gonioctenini) reveals new synonymies and one new species, ZooKeys 1120, pp. 1-46 : 1

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1120.87526
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:711E0A82-82AB-43B5-9CC4-89BD87955061
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F48034F-4466-5EE1-9EAD-81AEF20F0BAA
treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculata (Jacoby, 1888)
status

Treatment

Figs 2D-F View Figure 2 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6 View Figure 6 , 7 View Figure 7

Phytodecta tredecimmaculata Jacoby, 1888: 347 (China: Fujian); Jacoby 1890: 118 (diagnosis with P. nigrosparsus Fairmaire).

Phytodecta tredecimmaculatus : Winkler 1930: 1296 (catalogue); Chen 1934: 74 (part).

Phytodecta (s. str.) tredecimmaculatus : Weise 1916: 180 (catalogue).

Phytodecta (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculatus : Chen 1935: 132 (part); Chen 1936: 88 (part); Chûjô 1958: 64 (part).

Asiphytodecta tredecimmaculatus : Chen and Young 1941: 206 (key).

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculata : Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 365 (part); Chûjô 1963: 386 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto 1966: 25 (one additional record in Taiwan); Kimoto 1967: 59 (China: Hong Kong); Kimoto 1969: 22 (additional records in Taiwan); Bezděk 2002: 9 (redefinition); Kippenberg 2010: 432 (catalogue); Yang et al. 2015: 54 (catalogue).

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculatus : Kimoto and Chu 1996: 53 (catalogue); Kimoto and Takizawa 1997: 369 (catalogue).

Gonioctena tredecimmaculata : Kimoto 1989: 247 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto 1991: 8 (additional records in Taiwan).

Phytodecta tredecimmaculatus var. taiwanensis Achard, 1924: 34 (Taiwan); synonymized by Chûjô (1958). Synonym confirmed

Phytodecta (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculatus var. taiwanensis : Chen 1935: 132 (catalogue); Chen 1936: 88 (catalogue); Chûjô 1958: 65 (redescription).

Asiphytodecta tredecimmaculatus taiwanicus [sic!]: Chen and Young 1941: 207 (key).

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculata taiwanica [sic!]: Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 359 (key)

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) taiwanensis : Cho et al. 2016: 363.

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) ohmomoi Cho et al. 2016: 365 (Taiwan: Hualien, Shoufeng (壽豐)). Syn. nov.

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) riyuetanensis Cho et al. 2016: 366 (Taiwan: Nantou, Sun Moon Lake (日月潭)) Syn. nov.

Types.

Phytodecta tredecimmaculata : two syntypes (1♂ + 1♀) deposited at the MCZC were studied by Bezděk (2002) and Cho et al. (2016).

Phytodecta tredecimmaculatus var. taiwanensis : one syntype (♀) deposited at the NMPC was studied by Bezděk (2002) and Cho et al. (2016).

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) ohmomoi : The holotype (♂) and one paratype (♀) was deposited at the SEHU ( Cho et al. 2016).

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) riyuetanensis : The holotype (♂) was deposited at the DBET ( Cho et al. 2016).

Other material (n = 128).

China. Fujian: 1♀ (TARI), 崇安 (Chongan), 星村 (Xingcun), 掛墩 ( Guadun ), 950-1210m, 12.VI.1960, leg. 左丞 (C. Zuo), 1♀ (TARI), 建陽 (Jianyang), 黃坑 (Huangkeng), 大竹欄 (Dazhulan) - 先鋒嶺 (Xianfengling), 950-1170m, 2.V.1060, leg. 馬成林 (C.-L. Ma) ; Taiwan. Chiayi: 1♀ (TARI), Arisan (= Alishan , 阿里山), 17.V.1917, leg. T. Shiraki ; 1♂ (TARI), Hsiting (隙頂), 1.VIII.2018, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; Hsinchu: 2♀ (TARI), Shiigao (name of the tribe), Chikuto (= Maopu , 茅埔), 27-30.VI.1934, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♀ (TARI), Shinchiku (= Hsinchu, 新竹), 1-30.VII.1918, leg. J. Sonan, K. Miyake ; 1♂ (TARI), Talu trail (大鹿林道), 22.X.2008, leg. H.-J. Chen ; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 22.IX.2012, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; Hualien: 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), Chohsi (卓溪), 4.III.2016, leg. S.-P. Wu ; 3♂, 2♀ (KMNH), Hungyeh Wenchuan (紅葉溫泉), 14.VI.1976, leg. H. Makihara ; 1♀ (TARI), Mizuho (= Juisui , 瑞穗), 23.III.1935, leg. M. Chûjô ; Ilan: 2♂, 3♀ (TARI), Ebosiyama (= Umutzushan , 烏帽子山), 17-21.V.1933, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♀ (TARI), Yingtzuling (鶯仔嶺), 15.IV.2012, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; Kaohsiung: 1♀ (TARI), Chienshan (建山), 23.VI.2018, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 1♂ (TARI), Hsiaokuanshan (小關山), 15.V.2016, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 2♂ (KMNH), Liu Kui (六龜), 29.III.1986, leg. K. Baba ; 2♂ (TARI), Paiyunshan (白雲山), 25.IV.2016, leg. U. Ong ; 1♂ (TARI), Tengchih (藤枝), 4.VII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 18.IV.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “3.VIII.2013”; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 18.IV.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; Nantou: 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), Honbukei (= Penpuchi , 本部溪), 7.VII.1940, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♂ (TARI), Huisun Experimental Forest Station (惠蓀林場), 22.IV.2015, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 1♀ (TARI), Lugu (鹿谷), 10.IX.2-14, leg. H.-T. Shih; 1♀ (KMNH), Hsitou (溪頭), 31.III.1980, leg. K. Sugiyama ; 1♀ (TARI), Takeya (= Chienchityu , 乾溪仔), 8.VII.1940, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♂, 4♀ (TARI), Wanfengtsun (萬豐村), 2.IV.2008, leg. W.-T. Liu ; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “9.VII.2008”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “23.IV.2009”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “13.IV.2010”; 2♂ (TARI), Wushe (霧社), 17.VIII.1984, leg. K. C. Chou; Pingtung: 1♂ (TARI), Koshun (= Hengchun , 恆春), 25.IV.-25.V.1918, leg. J. Sonan, K. Miyake, M. Yoshino ; 1♂ (TARI), Nanjenshan (南仁山), 24.II.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 1♂ (TARI), Peihulushan (北湖呂山), 4.XI.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 2♂, 3♀ (TARI), Peitawushan (北大武山), 22.IV.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), same but with “8.V.2014”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “2.V.2016”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “10.X.2017”; 1♀ (TARI), Raisha (= Laiyi, 來義), 13.III.1926, leg. J. Sonan; 1♂ (TARI), Shouka (壽卡), 23.II.2013, leg. W.-C. Liao ; 1♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 17.VII.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 2♂ (TARI), same locality, 25.V.2008, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 28.VIII.2010, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 26.VI.2012, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “30.V.2014”; 2♀ (TARI), same but with “18.III.2016”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “6.IX.2017”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “28.VI.2020”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “10.V.2021”; 4♂, 4♀ (TARI), Taiwu (泰武), 14.IX.2017, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♀ (TARI), Wanlite (萬里得), 1.III.2010, leg. M.-L. Cheng ; Taichung: 1♂ (TARI), Hassenzan (= Pahsienshan , 八仙山), 4.VI.1942, leg. A. Mutuura ; 1♂ (TARI), Kukuan (谷關), 14.IV.2019, leg. C.-C. Guo ; 3♂ (TARI), same but with “28.IV.2019”; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Wushihkeng (烏石坑), 13.VII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 21.III.2013, leg. C.-F. Lee ; Tainan: 4♀ (TARI), Kantoushan (崁頭山), 13.III.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 5♂ (TARI), same but with “8.IV.2010”; 3♂, 3♀ (TARI), Meiling (梅嶺), 24.IV.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “5.X.2015”; 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 2.XI.2015, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; Taipei: 1♂ (TARI), Chungho (中和), 22.V.2010, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; 1♂ (TARI), Fushan (福山), 11.IV.2021, leg. I.-H. Ku ; 1♂ (TARI), Kotou (格頭), 27.III.2010, leg. H.-J. Chen ; 1♂ (TARI), Urai (= Wulai , 烏來), 14.V.1933, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 16.IV.2008, leg. J.-F. Tsai ; 1♀ (KMNH), Yangmingshan (陽明山), 28.IV.1970, leg. M. Yamamoto ; Taitung: 1♀ (TARI), Anshuo (安朔), 27.VII.2011, leg. W.-T. Liu ; 2♀ (TARI), Chipon (知本), 25.III.1935, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality (= Tipon ), 8.V.1943, leg. M. Chûjô ; 1♂ (KMNH), Kueitien (歸田), 17.VI.1976, leg. H. Makihara ; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 19.VI.2013, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 1♂ (TARI), Motien (摩天), 18.VI.2013, leg. J.-C. Chen ; 3♂, 1♀ (TARI), Taimali (太麻里), 20.III.2008, leg. P.-F. Wang ; 1♀ (TARI), Taito (= Taitung, 台東), 25.II.-27.III.1919, leg. S. Inamura ; Taoyuan: 1♂ (TARI), Hsuehwunao (雪霧鬧), 10.VI.2016, leg. Y.-L. Lin.

Redescription.

Length 6.9-8.4 mm, width 4.3-5.4 mm. Body color (Fig. 2D-F View Figure 2 ) yellowish brown, scutellum black, pronotum with three spots: one near apical margin at middle, and a pair of spots at sides; elytra with ten black spots, arranged as follows: two large spots along suture at apical 1/3 and near apices; one pair near base between suture and humeral calli; two pairs at basal 1/3, one large spot near lateral margin, another between it and suture; and one pair of large spots at apical 1/3 near lateral margins. Antennae (Fig. 5A View Figure 5 ) with antennomere III slender, IV-VI slightly swollen, VII moderately swollen, VIII-X strongly swollen, XI elongate oval, length ratios of antennomeres I-XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.5: 0.4: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I-XI 2.5: 1.9: 2.5: 1.6: 1.4: 1.3: 1.3: 1.3: 1.2: 1.2: 1.9. Pronotum 2.3 × wider than long, lateral margins widest at base, convergent anteriorly, anterior angles strongly produced; anterior and lateral margins bordered, lateral margins barely visible in dorsal view; trichobothria absent on both anterior and posterior angles; disc covered with dense coarse punctures, interspaces with fine punctures, both sides covered with much larger, denser punctures. Scutellum distinctly wider than long, narrowed posteriorly. Elytra 1.1-1.2 × longer than wide; lateral margins slightly wider posteriorly, widest near middle. Humeral calli well developed; disc covered with rather regular coarse punctures; interspaces covered with fine, sparse punctures. Hind wing well developed. Aedeagus (Fig. 5B, C View Figure 5 ) with apical process narrowly rounded in dorsal view, lateral margins slightly narrowed in apical 1/4, with dense short setae along lateral margins from near apex to apical 1/4; strongly curved at basal 1/3 in lateral view; endophallic sclerite extremely elongate. Gonocoxae (Fig. 5D View Figure 5 ) wide, but mesal margins subtruncate, with several long setae along apical and outer margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 5E View Figure 5 ) transverse, with dense long setae along outer margin. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 5F View Figure 5 ) slender, not separated from pump; pump short and curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct moderately long.

Variations.

Black spots on the dorsum are predominantly large in Chinese populations but extremely variable in Taiwanese populations. Diagnostic characters of Chinese populations (Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ) are similar to those in Taiwan, but without dense, short setae along lateral margins of the aedeagus from near apex to apical 1/4 (Fig. 6B, C View Figure 6 ); and mesally narrowed apical margins of gonocoxae (Fig. 6D View Figure 6 ).

Diagnosis.

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculata is easily distinguished from the other consubgeneric species, G. (A.) subgeminata by the following combination of the characters: three black spots on pronotum (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ) (without black spots on pronotum in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 )), black scutellum (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ) (yellowish-brown scutellum in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 )), two black spots on suture of elytra, one at apical 1/3 and the other near apices (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ) (three black spots on suture of elytra, one at basal-median 1/3 median and apical 1/3, the other at apices in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 )), punctures on elytra entirely confused (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ) (punctures on elytra arranged into longitudinal striae in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 )), apical process of aedeagus apically narrow and apical margin narrowly rounded (Figs 5B View Figure 5 , 6B View Figure 6 ) (apical process of aedeagus apically wider and apical margin widely rounded in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 )), wide gonocoxae with irregular apical margin (Figs 5D View Figure 5 , 6D View Figure 6 ) (slender goncoxae with angular apices in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 3D View Figure 3 )), dense, short setae along outer margins of ventrite VIII (Figs 5E View Figure 5 , 6E View Figure 6 ) (sparse short setae along outer margins of ventrite VIII in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 3E View Figure 3 )), more slender spermatheca (Figs 5F View Figure 5 , 6F View Figure 6 ) (relatively wider spermatheca in G. (A.) subgeminata (Fig. 3F View Figure 3 )).

Host plants.

Fabaceae : Pueraria sp. ( Lee and Cheng 2007) and Pueraria montana var. montana (Lour.) Merr. (Fig. 7A View Figure 7 ) ( Frye et al. 2007; present study).

Biology.

Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) tredecimmaculata populations are presumed to be univoltine and females are ovoviviparous. In Taiwan, overwintered adults appeared during early March. The females deposited larvae that were enclosed within the chorion (Fig. 7B View Figure 7 ), and they hatched after several hours (Fig. 7C View Figure 7 ). The larvae fed on leaves and the larval duration was eight days. Mature larvae (Fig. 7D View Figure 7 ) burrowed into soil and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage (Fig. 7E View Figure 7 ) was 12 days. Newly emerged adults (Fig. 7F View Figure 7 ) appeared in mid-April. The biology of this species in In Jiangxi, China ( Shen and Xue 1986) is similar to that of Taiwanese populations. However, overwintered adults appeared during late April. The larvae required ten to 12 days in May to mature and pupal duration was 13 to 16 days. The adults emerged during early June.

Remarks.

Genetic distance analyses showed that the genetic divergence between the China clade ( G. tredecimmaculata (Jacoby, 1888)) and Taiwan clade (including G. tredecimmaculatus var. taiwanensis Achard, 1924, G. ohmomoi Cho et al. 2016, and G. riyuetanensis Cho et al. 2016) of G. tredecimmmaculata has not reached to species level. In the field, adults of Taiwanese populations are found in lowlands and are monophagous on Pueraria montana . Thus, niche separation does not occur to these populations. The data support the hypothesis that they are members of the same species level lineage.

Distribution.

China, Taiwan.