Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2022, Systematics of Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): an integrative approach, Zootaxa 5216 (1), pp. 1-278 : 35-43

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae ( Linnaeus, 1758)

( Figs 20–22 , 28–41 )

(no name) Merian, 1705. Metamorph. Insectorum Surinamen., p. 32, pl. 32 (larva, pupa, d, v); biol.

Papilio cassiae Linnaeus, 1758 . Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 471, illustrated by Merian (1705); MLU.— Linnaeus, 1764. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. Anim. rar. exot., p. 265, illustrated by Merian (1705) and Clerck (1764).— Fabricius, 1775. Syst. Ent., p. 483 (partim).— Cramer, 1777. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 13, pl. 105, figs A, B, (female d, v).—Schneider, 1785 Nomencl. Ent., p. 35.—Jones, 1785. Jones Icones, pl. 66 (female d, v).— Herbst, 1793, in Jablonsky, Natursyst. Schmett. 6, p. 54, n. 29, pl. 129, figs 1, 2 [female d, v].— Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 76.— Honey & Scoble, 2001. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 132 (3): 309; LECTOTYPUS.

(no name) Clerck, 1764. Icones Insec. Rarior., pl. 34, figs 3, 4 (female d, v).

Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 . Mant. Ins. 2, p. 36; India Orientali, Dom. Boeber.

Brassolis cassiae ; Fabricius, 1807. S yst. Glossat., p. 282.—Hübner, [1819]. Verz. bek. Schmett. (2–8), p. 50.

Potamis cassiae ; Hübner, [1813]. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1, pls. [74], figs 1, 2 (male d, v), [75], figs 3, 4 (female d, v).

Papilio (Brasssolis) cassiae ; Latreille, 1809. Gen. Crust. Ins. 4, p. 195.

Pavonia cassiae ; Godart, [1824], in Latreille & Godart. Enc. Méth. 9 (2), p. 438, 454; syn.: glycerie , quiteria .—Doubleday, 1844. List Lep. Brit. Mus. 1, p. 118.

Opsiphanes cassiae ; Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 346; syn.: quiteria .— Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.—Prittwitz, 1865. Stett. ent. Zeit. 26 (10/12): 309.—Butler, [1870]. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabricius, p. 41.— Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 126.—Kirby, 1877. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 716.—F. Müller, 1877. Jena. Ztschr. Naturw. 11 (1): 102, 106, 107.— Dewitz, 1878. Arch. Naturg. 44 (1): 6, 36, pl. 1, figs 8 (larva), 9 (pupa); biol.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107.— Godman & Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 127.—Godman, 1901, in Godman & Salvin. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 (164), p. 664.— Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 76.—Glaser, 1887. Cat. etymol. Col. Lep., p. 304; etymol.—Schatz, 1888, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (4), pl. 32 (venation).— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 190, fig. 4 (larva, head capsule).—Bönninghausen, 1896. Verhandl. Ver. naturw. Unterh. Hamburg 9: 39; host plant.— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 506, 523; syn.: glycerie .— Röber, 1906. Soc. ent. 21 (4): 27.—Fruhstorfer, 1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 135.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 53.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Campos, 1921. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 4: 31.— Campos, 1927. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 9 (27–28): 46.—Eltringham, 1935. Proc. r. Soc. B 117 (806): 478; scent organs.—F. Hoffmann, 1937. Int. ent. Ztschr. 50 (6): 57; biol.—Hall, 1939. Agric. Jour. Brit. Guiana 10 (1): 35.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 220; syn.: glycerie , crameri .—L. Miller, 1968. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. 24: 24.— Hayward, 1969. Inst. Miguel Lillo, Misc. 31: 74; biol., host plant.—Lewis, 1973. Butt. World, p. 29, fig. 18 (male d).— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 7, 25, fig. 2 (male d, v).—Gómez, 1977. Jour. Lep. Soc. 31 (3): 203.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 169, 173, 185, 194; biogeogr.—Kesselring & Ebert, [1982]. Rev. Nordestina Biol. 2 (1/2): 107.— Álvarez-Sierra & Álvarez-Corral, 1984. Marip. Venezuela, p. 122; biol.— Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; host plant.— Otero & Marigo, 1990. Borbol. Beleza e Comportamento, p. 108 (fig. male v), 109 (fig. larva); biol.—O. Mielke & Casagrande, 1992. Acta Amaz. 21: 182.—Casagrande, 1995. Rev. bras. Zool. 12 (3): 682, 683, figs 2 (antenna), 15 (male gen.).—Kesselring, 1996. Galathea 12 (3): 91.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 149; host plant.—Murray, 2000. Jour. Res. Lep. 35: 56.—Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162.—Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 1738; host plant.— Austin et al., 2007. Bull. Allyn Mus. 150: 15, 17.—Garwood et al., 2007. Butt. South. Amaz., p. 108 (figs male d, v).—Garwood et al., 2009. Butt. South. Amaz. (2 nd ed.), p. 230 (figs male d, v).— Specht et al., 2011. Rev. Bioc., Taubaté, 17 (1): 28, 29, 30, fig. 1c (larva d); host plant.— Penz et al., 2011. Zootaxa 2897: 16.—Shirai et al., 2017. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 110 (2): 147, 155, fig. 5 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.—Vélez-Estrada & Ríos-Málaver, 2018. Colombia País Marip., p. 464 (fig. v).— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021, Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.

(no genus) cassiae ; Zeller, 1853. Stett. ent. Ztg. 14 (6): 294.

Opsiphanes crameri C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 . Wien. ent. Monatsschr. 6 (4): 123; Bahia, [Brazil].—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.— Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 126.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107.—Reuter, 1896. Acta Soc. Sc. Fenn. 22 (1): 113; morph.—Godman, 1901, in Godman & Salvin. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 (164), p. 664.— Campos, 1927. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 9 (27–28): 46.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 7. Syn. rest.

Caligo cassiae ; Boisduval, 1870. Consid. Lép. env. Guatemala, p. 54.

Opsiphanes glycerie ; Butler, [1870]. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabricius, p. 41.

Opsiphanes tamarindi [misidentification]; W. Müller, 1886. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (3/4): 170, pl. 2, figs 30a (larva head scales), 31, 32 (larva, head capsule); biol.— Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 329; biol., host plant.— Orlandin, 2016, in Orlandin et al., Borb. Marip. S. Catarina , p. 111.

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 18.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 168; syn.: lucullus .— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 52, 64, figs 14 (venation), 16 (male d, v); syn.: crameri .— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 158; biol.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 32; syn.: glycerie , crameri , f. cassiculus, pseudocassiae.—Bryk, 1953. Ark. Zool. 5 (1): 67.—Boos, 1985- 1986. Living World 1986: 32.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410 (fig. male d), 411 (figs male v, female d).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 213; syn.: glycerie .— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: glycerie , cassiculus, pseudocassiae.— Cock, 2020. Living World 2020: 89, figs 2 (male, female d, v), 4 (female v), 6 (larva); biol.

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus Stichel, 1904 , in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 19; Surinam, 2 males, 2 females, types collection Stichel.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 168; syn.: pseudocassiae.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 211, figs 3a (male d, v), 4a (female d, v); LECTOTY- PUS.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 149; host plant.

Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus Stichel, 1904 , in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 19; 2 males, Coca, [Napo], Ecuador, types collection Stichel.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 168.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 64, 67.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 35.— Blandin & Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 7.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 213, 218, figs 5d (male d, v), 5f (female d, v); LECTOTYPUS.—Moreno et al., 1998. Marip. Ecuador, p. 155.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204.—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Brasil 2, p. 1465 (fig. v). Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes cassiae f. pudicus Fruhstorfer, 1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 136; male, female, Bahia, [ Brazil].— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 167.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.

Opsiphanes cassiae f. decentius Fruhstorfer, 1907. Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 137; Minas Geraes, [ Brazil], R. Haensch leg.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 167.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 66.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.

Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus Fruhstorfer, 1907 . Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 137; 2 males, 3 females, Espiritu Santo, [Brazil], collection Fruhstorfer.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 65.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296, pl. 61a (male d).— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 311, pl. 5, figs 5 (pupa), 7 (larva); biol.—Zikán, 1928. Ent. Rdsch. 45 (3): 10.— Eltringham, 1929. Trans. ent. Soc. London 77 (1): 1, pl. 1; scent organs.— Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 158; biol.—F. Hoffmann, 1932. Int. ent. Ztschr. 25 (43): 116; biol.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 35.— Monte, 1934. Bol. Agric. Zoo. Vet. Sec. Agric., Minas Gerais, 21: 71, 72, fig. 68 (male d); biol.—F. Hoffmann, 1935. Ent. Anz. 15 (16/17): 118; biol.—Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 499.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 220.— Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 329; biol., host plant.—Boos, 1986. Living World 1985-1986: 32.

Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 . Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 137; male, V-1899, Coroico, [La Paz], Bolivia.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 168.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 64, 67.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. GrossSchmett. Erde 5, p. 296.— Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 67.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 35.—Lamas, 1985. Rev. peruana Ent. 27: 69.— D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 213, 220, figs 5c (male d, v), 5e (female d, v).—Lamas, 2003. Marip. Machu Picchu, p. 137, 181, fig. 212 (male d).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: cherocles.—Gareca et al., 2006, in Gareca & Reichle. Marip. diurn. Bolivia, p. 86, fig. 48 (male d, v).—Brown et al., 2007. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 92 (3): 472; genet. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos Fruhstorfer, 1907 . Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 140; 1 male [holotype], Venezuela; collection Fruhstorfer; syn.: tamarindi ; Kirby, 1871.— Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 169.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. GrossSchmett. Erde 5, p. 296, pl. 61b (male d).— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: terenzius, f. mesomerista. Syn. nov.

Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae Fruhstorfer, 1907 . Stett. ent. Ztg. 68 (1): 140; 1 male [holotype], Manaus, [Amazonas, Brazil], ex collection Wittkugel, collection Fruhstorfer.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 65.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 296.

Opsiphanes tamarindi tamarindi f. xiphos; Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 169.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 70.

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae f. cassiculus; Stichel, 1908. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 170.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 64, 66.

Opsiphanes cassiae f. pudica [sic]; Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 66.

Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912 . Ent. Rdsch. 29 (2): 15; Upper Rio Negro , [Meta], East Colombia, Fassl leg.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 297.—Fassl, 1915. Ent. Rdsch. 32 (8): 44.—Fassl, 1916. Ent. Rdsch. 33 (5): 26.— Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 67.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 37.

Opsiphanes lucullus ; Köhler, 1923. Ztschr. wiss. Insektenb. 18 (12), Sonderb., p. 21.—Köhler, 1928. Publ. Breyer, Buenos Aires, p. 2.

Opsiphanes cassiae decentius ; Stichel, 1925. Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenkunde. 3 (8/9): 68.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 34.

Opsiphanes rubigatus ; Campos, 1927. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 9 (27–28): 47.

Opsiphanes cassiae pudicus ; Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 34.

Opsiphanes cassiae appias J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968 . Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 50; Passa Quatro, Minas Gerais [ Brazil]; nom. nud. (ICZN, Art. 12.1—no description).— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 216.

Pavonia glyceria [sic]; Boos, 1986. Living World 1985-1986: 32; cit.

Opsiphanes cassiae crameri: D’Abrera, 1987 . Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 211, 216, figs 3c–f (male d, v), 4d–f (female d, v); syn.: f. pudicus, f. decentius, lucullus , terenzius; LECTOTYPUS.— Robbins et al., 1996, in Wilson & Sandoval. Manu, p. 230.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 204; syn.: f. pudicus, f. decentius, lucullus , appias.—Brown et al., 2007. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 92 (3): 472; genet.—Kerpel et al., 2014, in Bravo & Calor (eds). Arthrop. Semiárido Biodiv. Conserv., p. 266.—Orlandin, 2016, in Orlandin et al., Borb. Marip. S. Catarina , p. 111.— Neves & Paluch, 2016. Shilap Revta. lepid. 44 (176): 597.—Klimaitis et al., 2018. Marip. Argentina, p. 181 (figs male, female d, v); biol.—Orlandin et al., 2019. Pap. Avuls. Zool., São Paulo , 59: 18.—Melo et al., 2019. Can. Jour. Zool. 97 (7): 592.—Melo et al., 2019. Biota Neotrop. 19 (1): 5.— Orlandin et al., 2020. Borb. Meio-Oeste S. Catarina , p. 174, 325, 382, fig. 112 a, b (larva), c (pupae), d, e (male d, v); host plant., biol., ecol.

Opsiphanes cassiae xiphos ; D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 410.— Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 212, 220, figs 4b (female d, v), 5a (male d, v), 5b (male d, v); syn.: cherocles.

Opsiphanes cassiae pseudocassiae ; Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 211, figs 3b (male d, v), 4c (female d, v).

Opsiphanes cassiae cassia [sic]; Penz et al., 2011. Zootaxa 2897: 12, fig. 5a (venation).

Opsiphanes cassia [sic]; Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 180.

Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae ( Linnaeus, 1758) was described as Papilio cassiae based on a specimen deposited at the MLU and on plate 32 of Merian’s (1705) study. Linnaeus (1764) added to the information for Papilio cassiae the plate 29, fig. 3 by Clerck (1764), named “ cassiae ”, which actually illustrates a specimen of Amathusiini , a tribe that does not occur in the Neotropical region. Cramer (1777) correctly interpreted that Clerck (1764) illustrated Papilio cassiae on plate 34, figs 3, 4 (unnamed specimen), and not on plate 29, fig. 3 as stated by Linnaeus (1764). Cramer (1777) illustrated a male and a female as Papilio cassiae ; however, the male is compatible with the illustration on plate 32 by Merian (1705), a specimen with the DFW with a developed discal cell band and DHW with a submarginal band, while the female is compatible with the illustration in plate 34, figs 3, 4 by Clerck (1764), a specimen with DFW without a developed band inside the discal cell and DHW with a marginal band. Godart [1824] followed Cramer (1777) in the interpretation of Clerck’s plate 34 (1764).

Aurivillius (1882) alleged that Linnaeus (1758) described Papilio cassiae based on two distinct species; investigating the material deposited at the MLU, Aurivillius (1882) confirmed that the specimen agrees with that illustrated by Clerck (1764, pl. 34). There is no information on where the specimen illustrated by Merian (1705) is deposited and it is not possible to identify the species to which authors referred, except for studies that mentioned the illustrations in Merian (1705) and/or Clerck (1764) ( Godart [1824]; Fabricius 1775; Westwood 1851; Butler [1870]), used terms such as “bifurcated band” ( Godman & Salvin 1881), or illustrated the specimens ( Herbst 1793; Hübner [1813]).

Stichel (1902) followed the interpretation of Aurivillius (1882), in which plate 29 by Clerck (1764) illustrates an individual of Taenaris Hübner, 1821 (Amathusiini) , named “ cassiae ”, and reaffirmed that plate 34, by the same author and without a name, illustrates Papilio cassiae . In that same year, Stichel described Opsiphanes cassina merianae , for plate 32 by Merian (1705) and also specimens collected in Guyana, previously taken to be Papilio cassiae by Linnaeus (1764) and Cramer (1777). Since then, Opsiphanes cassiae has been used for the species in which DFW does not have a developed band inside the discal cell and DHW has a marginal band. Honey & Scoble (2001) designated as lectotype a female found at the MLU and that, according to them, was the specimen used by Clerck (1764) to illustrate his plate 34.

Papilio cassiae was transferred to Brassolis by Fabricius (1807), to Potamis by Hübner ([1813]), to Pavonia by Godart ([1824]), and to Opsiphanes by Westwood (1851). Regarding synonyms, Godart ([1824]) considered Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 and Papilio quiteria Stoll, 1780 as synonymous with Pavonia cassiae ( Linnaeus, 1758) ; Westwood (1851) synonymized Papilio quiteria with Opsiphanes cassiae ; and Stichel (1902) and Bristow (1991) treated Papilio glycerie as synonymous with Opsiphanes cassiae .

Stichel (1908) synonymized Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos with Opsiphanes tamarindi and Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus with Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae . Stichel (1909) treated Opsiphanes crameri as a synonym of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae . Stichel (1925) considered Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos as a form of Opsiphanes tamarindi . Stichel (1932) synonymized Papilio glycerie , Opsiphanes crameri , Opsiphanes cassiae f. cassiculus, and Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae with Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae , and proposed Opsiphanes tamarindi f. xiphos as a synonym of Opsiphanes tamarindi . Casagrande (2004) considered Papilio glycerie , Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus , and Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae as synonyms of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae .

Type material. Papilio cassiae Linnaeus, 1758 was described based on at least two specimens of different species: the first refers to a specimen deposited at the MLU and the second refers to Merian’s (1705) plate 32. Aurivillius (1882) and Stichel (1902) claimed that Clerck (1764, pl. 34) illustrated the “fig. typica” and “fig. typ.” respectively, of Papilio cassiae . Honey & Scoble (2001, p. 309) selected as a lectotype a female “without abdomen, pinned upside-down, labelled “ Xanthus β” [by Aurivillius] on a black-edged label, [drawer labelled] “ Xanthus β, Mus. Gust. Adolph.” [by Thunberg], “ Opsiphanes Cassiae ”, “typus [added in a different hand], Auriv. 1881” [by Aurivillius] on a red-edged label, “ Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. Linnésamlingen nr. 1927, Papilio xanthus ””.

Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from “ India Orientali, Dom. Boeber”. Bristow (1991) did not find the type material of Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 . Horn & Kahle (1937, p. 321) report that the Lepidoptera collection of J. D. Boeber (St. Petesburg Russia) was destroyed: “Boeber, J. de. Russ. Coleopt. (spec. Südrussland) an Zool. Mus. Leningrad. — Lepidopt. vernichtet.”. Olaf H. H. Mielke who visited the collections of St. Petesburg also did no find the type material of Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 . Thus, a female neotype for Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 is hereby designated in order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The specimen selected as the neotype is the lectotype designated for Papilio cassiae Linnaeus, 1758 , as interpreted by Godart ([1824]), Stichel (1902, 1932), Bristow (1991), and Casagrande (2004) and which is deposited at the MLU, with the following information: ““ Xanthus β” [by Aurivillius] on a black-edged label, [drawer labelled] “ Xanthus β, Mus. Gust. Adolph.” [by Thunberg], “ Opsiphanes Cassiae ”, “typus [added in a different hand], Auriv. 1881” [by Aurivillius] on a red-edged label, “Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. Linnésamlingen nr. 1927, Papilio xanthus ””.

Opsiphanes crameri C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Bahia, [ Brazil]. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Holotype / Bahia Luschnath/ crameri n./ FELDER COLLN./ Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus Stichel, 1904 was described based on two males and two females from Suriname. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ LECTOTYPE / Surinam, Michaelis leg, e. c. H. Stichel/ Ops . c. cassiculus Stich. Type/ Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus Stichel, 1904 was described based on two males from Coca, [Napo], Ecuador deposited in the Stichel collection. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Typus/ Type/ LECTOTYPE / Ost-Ecuador Coca e.c. H. Stichel/ Ops . c. rubigatus Stich. / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939-1./.

Opsiphanes cassiae f. pudicus Fruhstorfer , 1907 was described based on a male and a female from Bahia, [ Brazil]. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ LECTOTYPE / Bahia Brasilia Fruhstorfer. / cassiae pudicus Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes cassiae f. decentius Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on an unknown number of specimens from Minas Geraes [sic], [ Brazil], collected by R. Haensch. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Holotype / Minas Geraes [sic] Fruhstorfer./ cassiae decentius Fruhst./ Fruhstorfer Coll . B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on two males and three females from Espiritu [sic] Santo, [ Brazil], deposited in the Fruhstorfer collection, also citing it as occurring in Rio de Janeiro. Bristow (1991) designated a male as the lectotype, deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ LECTO- TYPE/ Espirito-Santo Brasil ex coll. Fruhstorfer./ cassiae lucullus Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on an unknown number of males from Coroico, [La Paz], Bolivia, V-1899. Bristow (1991) mistakenly mentioned this specimen as a holotype; however, according to article 74.6 of the ICZN, this holotype should be interpreted as the lectotype designation. The fact that the lectotype already has a holotype label, typical of the NHMUK, suggests that it was affixed by someone in this museum for curatorship. The lectotype is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Holotype / COROICO, BOLIVIA MAY, 1899./ cassiae strophios Fruhst./ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./ and the following labels will also be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 , Bristow (1991); confirmed by Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on a male [holotype] from Venezuela, deposited in the Fruhstorfer collection and currently deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Holotype / Venezuela ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/ tamarindi xiphos Fruhst./ tamarindi Feld. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on a male [holotype] from Manaus, [Amazonas, Brazil], deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Holotype / Manaos Fruhstorfer / tamarindi pseudocassiae Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer coll. B.M. 1937-285./.

Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on an unknown number of specimens from Upper Rio Negro , [Meta], East Colombia, collected by Fassl. In the RMS collection, where part of the Fruhstorfer types are deposited, G. Lamas (pers. comm.) found a male syntype corresponding to the original description, with the following labels: / Ober. Rio Negro Ost. Colomb. 800 m Coll. Fassl/ tamarindi cherocles Fruhst./. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will also be attached: LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2022/.

Diagnosis. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae differs from Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis stat. nov. and Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi stat. nov. in having the DFW with the oblique band ranging from pale yellow to orange. VFW with the oblique band extending from the middle of the costal margin to CuA 1 with shades of light-yellow, and from this to the anal angle, intense yellow ( Figs 20–22 ).

Variation. FW, length: male: 37–49 mm (n=16), female: 46–54 mm (n=5). VFW and VHW with purple to light-brown shades. Marked variation occurs in females of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae from the Cerrado and Northeastern Brazil: in females from the Cerrado, the oblique band on the DFW and the marginal band on the DHW are lighter, whereas in females from the Northeast, the general color of the DFW and DHW is paler, with a washed-out appearance, while males do not differ in these characters. ( Figs 20–22 ).

Comments. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae shows variation in the wing pattern, which may explain the number of names proposed as subspecies. The results of DNA barcode analyses and examination of a series of specimens from several locations showed that many of the characters that supported the proposals of names, such as specimen size, coloration, width of the DFW oblique band, and length of the DHW marginal band are variable and/or appear in specimens that belong to different subspecies. Therefore, we consider as synonymous with Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae the following names: Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 , Opsiphanes crameri C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. rest., Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov., Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus Stichel, 1904 , Opsiphanes cassiae f. decentius Fruhstorfer, 1907, Opsiphanes cassiae f. pudicus Fruhstorfer, 1907, Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus Fruhstorfer, 1907 , Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae Fruhstorfer, 1907 , Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov., Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov., Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912 , and Opsiphanes cassiae appias J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968 . Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae is sympatric with the subspecies of Opsiphanes quiteria , Opsiphanes invirae and Opsiphanes merianae stat. rest.

Natural history. The larva and pupa of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae were illustrated by Dewitz (1878). Details of the development, from egg to pupa, can be found in W. Müller (1886). Other information and/or images were provided by Hoffmann (1932), Álvarez-Sierra & Álvarez-Corral (1984), Otero & Marigo (1990), and Orlandin et al. (2020).

Host plants: Heliconiaceae : Heliconia sp. ; Musaceae : Musa paradisiaca L. ( Orlandin et al. 2020), Musa sapientum L. ( Hayward 1969); Cannaceae : Canna indica L. ( Orlandin et al. 2020).

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Meta, Amazonas); Ecuador (Sucumbíos, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe); Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, San Martín, Junín, Madre de Dios, Cuzco); Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz ); Trinidad and Tobago (Tunapuna-Piarco, Arima, Sangre Grande); Venezuela (Distrito Capital, Bolívar, Mérida, Aragua, Carabobo, Caracas, Barinas, Táchira); Guyana (CuyuniMazaruni); Suriname (Saramacca); French Guiana (Cayenne); Brazil (Amapá, Roraima, Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná, Santa Catarina ); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Guairá); Argentina (Misiones) ( Fig. 30 ), at altitudes between sea level and 1,500 m.

Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.

Etymology. Unknown.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae ( Linnaeus, 1758) ; neotypus of Papilio glycerie Fabricius, 1787 ; lectotypus of Opsiphanes crameri C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. rest.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus Stichel, 1904 ; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov.; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae f. pudicus Fruhstorfer, 1907; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae f. decentius Fruhstorfer, 1907; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus Fruhstorfer, 1907 ; lectotypus of Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov.; [holotypus] of Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov.; [holotypus] of Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae Fruhstorfer, 1907 ; lectotypus of Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912 , and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: no data, 3 males, USNMENT01590881, 01590893, 01590894 (USNM), 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590879 (USNM). Meta —Alto Río Negro , 800 m, 1 female, 3 males, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590895, 01590880, 01590890, 01590892 (USNM); Río Negro , 8-XII-1966, 1 female, 2-V-1965, 2 males, 4-IV-1980, 1 male, Schmidt-Mumm leg., DZ 41.506 –41.509 (DZUP), 17-I-1971, 1 male, Brown leg., DZ 41.510 (DZUP); Villavicencio (La Unión),

4º03′43.3N, 73º42′04.6W, 500 m, 17-IV-2012, 1 female, G. Nielsen leg., DZ 41.511 (DZUP). Amazonas —La Pedrera ( Rio Caquetá), 3-V-1992, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.106 (DZUP—OM). ECUADOR: Ecuador Oriente —no locality, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115327 (AMNH). Sucumbíos —Puerto Libre (Lumbaquí—La Bonita rd. km 35), 0°13′N, 77°29′W, 750 m, 13–15-III-2004, 1 male, J. P. W. Hall & I. Aldas leg., USNMENT01590896 (USNM); Sacha Lodge, 00º28.0′S, 76º28.0′W, 200 m, VIII-IX-2010, 1 male, G. Gallice, leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103918 (MGCL); Lago Agrio, 1–6-VI-1990, 1 male, I. A. Villafuerte leg., ex-coll. J. D. Turn- er, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103919 (MGCL). Morona-Santiago —Gualaquiza (15 km S), 3º27.6′S, 78º83.1′W, 800 m, 16-IX-2000, 1 male, R. Godefroi, R. C. Busby leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103921 (MGCL); Macas, 1 female, G. H. H. Tate leg., AMNH_IZC 00115330 (AMNH). Napo — Río Napo, 250 m, 23-VI-1980, 1 female, C. M. Stevens leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103738 (MGCL), 500 m, 8-IX-2000, 2 males, 7-IX-2000, 1 male, 17-IX-1998, 1 male, 6-IX- 1998, 1 male, J. J. Bowe leg., ex-coll. J. J. Bowe, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103890–1103894 (MGCL), 400 m, 7–19-IX- 1997, 1 female, R. Leuschner leg., USNMENT01590915 (USNM); Puerto Napo (La Punta Rd. 30 km E), 550 m, 29-IX-2004, 1 male, 1 female, J. S. Miller & E. Tapia leg., AMNH_IZC 00115329, 00115331 (AMNH); Puerto Misahuallí, IV-1986, 2 males, Lefebre leg., OM 15.843, 15.842 (DZUP—OM), III-1980, 1 male, Lefebre leg., DZ 41.516 (DZUP), 6-XI-1983, 4 males, 20-I-1985, 1 male, D. & J. Jenkins leg., ex-coll. D. & J. Jenkins, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103899–1103903 (MGCL), 7-III-1971, 1 male, 8-III-1971, 2 males, T. Taylor leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103895–1103897 (MGCL), 6–12-X-2001, 1 male, 1 female, P. F. Milner leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103898, 1103741 (MGCL); Jatun Yacu, 1 male, USNMENT01590902 (USNM); Tena, 1 male, G. H. H. Tate leg., AMNH_ IZC 00115328 (AMNH); Jatun Sacha Biological Station, 13-IX-1994, 1 male, 6-XI-1994, 1 male, 15-IX-1994, 1 male, 1–6-II-1994, 1 male, K. Soria & I. Endara leg., USNMENT01590897, 01590899–01590901(USNM), 23-II- 1995, 4 males, 24-II-1995, 5 males, 25-II-1995, 1 male, P. B. Pearman leg., 01590904, 01590906–01590914 (USNM), 01º04′S, 77º37′W, 450 m, VIII-IX-2010, 3 males, G. Gallice, leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103904–1103906 (MGCL). Orellana —Estación Científica Yasuni, 00º39′S, 76º22′W, 200 m, 28-IV-2002, 1 male, 25-X-2002, 1 male, F. Checa leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103914, 1103915 (MGCL); Yasuni National Park, 20-IX–4-X-2003, 1 male, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103907, 1103739 (MGCL). Pastaza —Pitirishca, 1°49′S, 77°49′W, 900 m, 13-IX-1999, 1 male, Robbins & Busby leg., USNMENT01590903 (USNM). Tungurahua — Río Blanco , V-1977, 1 male, DZ 41.517 (DZUP). Zamora-Chinchipe —Zamora (Ridge S), 4º 04.04′S, 78º57.88′W, 1.300 –1.450 m, 12– 13-I-2002, 1 male, J. P. W. Hall & M. A. Solis leg., USNMENT01590905 (USNM). PERU: no department — Río Huallaga , 12-VII-1907, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115340 (AMNH), 4 males, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_ IZC 00115335, 00115336, 00115338, 00115339, 00115342, 00115343. Amazonas —Quebrada Cuija, 05º54′S, 77º58′W, 7-XI-1998, 1 female, 1 male, Robbins & Lamas leg., USNMENT01590916, 01590918 (USNM); Huam- pami ( Río Cenepa ), VII– VIII-1997, 1 male, R. McDiarmid leg., USNMENT01590917 (USNM). Loreto —no locality, 100 m, VI-1988, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 34.953 (DZUP—OM); Sucusari ( Río Napo—Explornapo camp, 65 km Upstream), 18-V-1982, 1 female, C. S. T. Brown leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103746 (MGCL); Río Amazonas (Explorama Inn— 40–80 km E), 200 m, 9–12-IX-1990, 1 male, B. P. Harris leg., USNMENT01590262 (USNM), 22–28-X-1989, 4 females, 6 males, L. & C. Harris leg., ex-coll. L. Harris, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103742–1103745, 1103922, 1103925–1103929 (MGCL), 6-VIII-1980, 1 male, 24-III-1981, 1 female, D. W. Jenkins leg., ex-coll. D. & J. Jenkins, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103747, 1103923 (MGCL); Iquitos, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115337 (AMNH), 1 male, G. Klug leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115333 (AMNH); San Martín — Moyobamba (Jepelacio), 2 males, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115332, 00115334, 00115341 (AMNH). Junín —Satipo, 750 m, 6-III-1939, 1 male, P. Paprzycki leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 3939 (DZUP), 1 male, OM 58.411 (DZUP—OM). Madre de Dios —Salvación ( Amazonia Lodge ), 500 m, 28-IX-2014, 1 male, 29-IX- 2014, 1 male, 9-XI-2012, 2 males, Kinyon leg., USNMENT01590924–01590927(USNM); Puerto Maldonado (30 km SW), 300 m, 23-X-1983, 1 male, S. S. Nicolay leg., USNMENT01590920 (USNM); Parque Nacional del Manu (Pakitza), 11º55′48″S, 71º15′18″W, 340 m, 20-X-1991, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., DZ 41.523 (DZUP); Reserva Nacional Tambopata, 12º50′S, 69º17′W, 300 m, 25-X-1991, 1 male, 26-X-1991, 1 male, 27-X-1991, 1 male, 14-X- 1991, 1 male, O. Mielke & M. Casagrande leg., DZ 41.524, 41.525, 41.526, 40.577 (DZUP). Cuzco —no locality, III-1992, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., ex-coll. L. Kassarov, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103924 (MGCL), 400 m, XII-1989, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.141 (DZUP—OM); Valle Cosñipata, 1,500 m, V-1990, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.219 (DZUP—OM). BOLIVIA: no data, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103936 (MGCL), 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00115372 (AMNH). Río Negro , VIII-1957, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103938 (MGCL). La Paz —no locality, 2 males, USNMENT01590921, 01590922 (USNM); Río Zongo , 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USN- MENT01590923 (USNM), 12–13-V-1980, 1 male, I. & J. Heindel leg., ex-coll. G. Harjes, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103937 (MGCL). Cochabamba — Río Cesarsama , XI-1977, 5 males, Kuscevic leg., DZ 41.518 –41.522 (DZUP); Chapare (Alto Palmar), 1,100 m, I-1952, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103942 (MGCL); Todos los Santos, XII- 1956, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103941 (MGCL). Santa Cruz —Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado (Los Fierros), 10-XII-1999, 1 male, L. Harris leg., ex-coll. L. Harris, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103939 (MGCL); Buenavista (Ichilo), 400 m, XI-1955, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103940 (MGCL). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: no locality, 1 male, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01590886 (USNM), 22-VIII-1968, 1 female, J. J. Bowe leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103751 (MGCL), 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115315 (AMNH). Macqueripe Bay, 22-VIII- 1974, 1 male, J. J. Bowe leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103947 (MGCL). Tunapuna-Piarco —Tunapuna, 1 male, UF- FLMNH MGCL 1103948 (MGCL). Saint Augustine ( Santa Margarita ), 21-I-1982, 1 male, J. & F. Preston leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092705 (MGCL). Arima —Arima (N), 500 m, 6-IX-2000, 1 female, T. Klein leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103750 (MGCL); Arima Valley, 8-I-1953, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00115319 (AMNH), 14-I-1962, 1 male, 30-III-1953, 1 male, B. Heineman leg., AMNH_IZC 00115314, 00115317 (AMNH), 180 m, 25-XII-1969, 2 females, Ehrlich & Gilbert leg., AMNH_IZC 00115346, 00115370 (AMNH). Sangre Grande —Sans Souci, 1 female, 22-I-1982, 1 male, C. Urich leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092703, 1092704 (MGCL). VENEZUELA: no data, 1 male, DZ 41.514 (DZUP), 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115320, 00115321 (AMNH). Distrito Capital — El Valle, 8-III-1939, 1 female, C. H. Ballou leg., USNMENT01590885 (USNM). Bolívar —Auyantepui ( Rio Carrrao , Río Ayavapa ), 1,500 m, III, 1 male, S. Fratello leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103945 (MGCL); Cachicamo (Reserva Florestal Caparo), 10-VIII-1968, 1 male, Salcedo & Zambrano leg., DZ 41.501 (DZUP). Mérida — no locality, X-1942 – II-1943, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115323 (AMNH), 1 male, ex-coll. S. P. Gabaldón, USNMENT01590884 (USNM). Aragua —Maracay (Choroní), 8-XII-1975, 1 male, J. J. Bowe leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1103944 (MGCL), 440 m, II-1970, 1 male, ex-coll. Tangerini, DZ 41.502 (DZUP); El Limón, 5-I- 1967, 1 female, D’Ascoli leg., DZ 41.500 (DZUP); Pozo del Diablo, 16-XII-1963, 1 male, Rosales leg., DZ 41.505 (DZUP). Carabobo —Valencia (Puerto Cabello—Esteban Valley), 22-XII-1920, 1 male, W. J. Kaye leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1103946 (MGCL). Caracas— 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115318 (AMNH). Barinas —Reserva Forestal Ticoporo, 230 m, 3–10-IV-1966, 1 male, 1 female, F. Fernández & L. Joly leg., DZ 41.498, 41.499 (DZUP). Táchira –San Juan de Colón (4 km), 700 m, 18-I-1976, 1 male, Salcedo-Brown leg., DZ 41.503 (DZUP), (Arriba) 1,000 m, 18-I-1976, 1 male, Salcedo-Brown leg., DZ 41.504 (DZUP); La Morita, 300 m, 8–14- IV-1972, 2 males, Salcedo-Brown leg., DZ 41.512, 41.513 (DZUP). GUYANA: no subdivision — Rio Potaro, XI – XII, 1 female, 23-III, 1 female, C. B. Roberts leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103752, 1103753 (MGCL). Cuyuni-Mazaruni —Bartica, 1 male, W. J. Kaye leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103949 (MGCL). SURINAME: Saramacca —no locality, 1–6-VI-1922, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103950 (MGCL). FRENCH GUIANA: no data, 24-III-2012, 1 female, 17-V-2012, 1 female, 2 males, M. Benmesbah leg., DZ 40.575, 40.574, 40.578, 40.582 (DZUP); Cayenne, 2 females, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590887, 01590888 (USNM). BRAZIL: Amapá — Serra do Navio ( Rio Amapari ), 100 m, XI-1959, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.646 (DZUP). Roraima —Alto Alegre (Ilha de Maracá), 26-XI–2-XII-1987, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.644 (DZUP). Pará —Santo Antonio do Tauá (Reserva Sonho Azul), 9-XII-2004, 1 male, 15-XII-2004, 1 female, 17-XII-2004, 1 female, 21-XII- 2004, 1 female, 31-XII-2004, 1 male, 26-II-2005, 1 male, 3-III-2005, 1 female, 26-III-2005, 1 female, 6-V-2005, 1 male, 6-VI-2005, 1 male, 8-VI-2005, 1 female, 9-VI-2005, 1 female, 12-VI-2005, 1 female, 18-VII-2005, 1 male, 6-VIII-2005, 1 male, 10-VIII-2005, 1 male, 13-VIII-2005, 1 male, 14-VIII-2005, 1 female, 17-VIII-2005, 1 male, 24-VIII-2005, 1 male, 10-VI-2006, 1 male, 16-VI-2006, 1 male, 1-VII-2006, 3 males, 15-VII-2006, 1 male, 22-VII- 2006, 1 male, 15-IX-2006, 1 male, 23-IX-2006, 1 female, 10-II-2007, 1 male, 31-V-2007, 1 male, 3-VIII-2007, 1 male, 5-III-2008, 1 male, 28-III-2008, 1 female, 24-IV-2008, 1 male, 6-V-2008, 1 female, 8-V-2008, 1 female, P. Jauffret leg., DZ 40.623–40.628, 9.895, 40.622, 40.603, 40.600, 40.597, 40.592–40.596, 40.598, 40.599, 40.601, 40.602, 40.604–40.609, 40.611–40.621 (DZUP); Benevides (Neópolis), 1–3-VIII-1992, 3 females, 7 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.634 –40.643 (DZUP); Santarém ( Rio Arapiuns ), XI-1980, 1 male, IX-1981, 1 female, Kesselring leg., DZ 40.629, 40.630 (DZUP), V-1980, 2 males, Kesselring leg., OM 12.358, 12.357 (DZUP—OM); Óbidos—Oriximiná ( Rio Cuminá —Cachoeira da Paciência), 29-X-1936, 1 male, D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 40.645 (DZUP); Óbidos, V-1980, 1 male, 2 females, Kesselring leg., OM 12.359, 12.360, 12.298 (DZUP—OM), V-1981, 1 male, II-1969, 1 male, XI-1980, 1 male, Kesselring leg., DZ 40.631, 40.632, 40.633 (DZUP). Amazonas — Rio Madeira , 1 male, USNMENT01590929 (USNM); São Gabriel da Cachoeira ( Rio Uaupés ), 22-IX-1906, 1 male, 20-X-1906, 1 male, H. Schmidt leg., AMNH_IZC 00115344, 00115345 (AMNH); Barcelos ( Rio Aracá —Foz do Rio Curudurí ), 15–19-VI-2010, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 42.959 (DZUP); São Paulo de Olivença , IX-1958, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.653 (DZUP); Vila Nova, 20-IX-1992, 1 male, 5-X-1992, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.189, 35.483 (DZUP—OM); Canutama (estrada Porto Velho-Humaitá, km 90, 12 km O—Fazenda Três Coqueiros), 1–2-VII-2001, 3 males, O. Mielke leg., OM 53.542, 53.416, 53.423 (DZUP—OM); Tabatinga, 11-III-1977, 1 male, USNMENT00941299 (USNM); Ipixuna (Resex Rio Gregório , comunidade Lago Grande, margem esquerda), 18–23-V-2011, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 45.848 (DZUP). Acre —Mâncio Lima ( Rio Moa —Parque Nacional Serra do Divisor), 23–30-VIII-2014, 2 males, Mielke, Casagrande, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina, Siewert & Salik leg., DZ 45.850, 45.851 (DZUP); Santa Rosa do Purus (9,2 km SE), 6–8-VIII-2008, 1 male, Mielke & Carneiro leg., DZ 40.585 (DZUP); Porto Acre (Reserva Humaitá), 200 m, 8–10-IX-2004, 1 male, 28–31-VII-2008, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.586, 43.268 (DZUP); Bujari (50 km NO), 200 m, 18–20-IX-2003, 1 male, O. C. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.583 (DZUP); Senador Guiomard (Reserva Catuaba), 200 m, 2–5-IX-2004, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., 27-VIII-5–IX-2011, 3 males, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 40.584, 43.351, 43.361, 43.371 (DZUP). Rondônia —Porto Velho, 1 female, USNMENT01590941 (USNM); Candeias do Jamari (Balneário Rio Preto ), 1–7-IX-2001, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.590, 40.590 (DZUP); Cacaulândia (Fazenda Rancho Grande), 21-XI-1991, 2 males, 8–19-XI- 1994, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 28.194, 28.140, OM 38.175 (DZUP—OM); 10º32′S, 62º48′W, 160–350 m, 22-X- 1991, 1 male, J. MacDonald leg., USNMENT01590931 (USNM), 1-VI-1988, 1 male, Miers leg., OM 18.239 (DZUP—OM), 16-VII-1988, 1 male, Miers leg., DZ 3937 (DZUP), 10º33′S 62º48′W, 165 m, 18–26-IV-1991, 1 female, R. Leuschner leg., USNMENT01590928 (USNM), 27-XII-1993, 1 male, 14-V-1994, 1 male, 22-V-1994, 3 males, 1-V-1994, 1 male, 8-V-1994, 1 male, 26-VI-1994, 1 male, O. Gomes leg., ex-coll. G. T. Austin, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103958, 1103969, 1103972–1103974, 1103976, 1103978, 1103979 (MGCL), 19-IV-1992, 1 male, 140 m, 20-IV-1997, 1 male, L. & C. Harris leg., ex-coll. L. Harris, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103980, 1103981 (MGCL), 14-IV- 1991, 2 males, 5-V-1991, 1 male, 3-X-1992, 1 male, G. Bongiolo leg., ex-coll. G. T. Austin, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103962, 1103963, 1103959, 1103968 (MGCL), 24-IV-1991, 1 male, 23-IV-1991, 1 male, 30-XI-1991, 1 male, 3- XII-1991, 1 male, 4-XII-1991, 1 male, 6-XII-1991, 1 male, 19-IV-1992, 1 male, 19-IV-1992, 1 male, 24-IV-1992, 1 male, 18-IV-1992, 1 male, 19-XI-1992, 1 male, 14-XI-1992, 1 male, 17-VIII-1993, 1 male, 19-VIII-1993, 1 male, 7-I-1994, 1 male, 28-I-1994, 1 male, 26-II-1994, 1 male, G. T. Austin leg., ex-coll. G. T. Austin, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103951–1103957, 1103960, 1103961, 1103964–1103967, 1103970, 1103971, 1103975, 1103977 (MGCL); Ouro Preto D’ Oeste, 16–23-X-1987, 1 female, 17–30-VIII-1987, 1 male, 23–30-IX-1987, 1 male, C. Elias leg., DZ 40.587 –40.589 (DZUP). Mato Grosso —no locality, XI-1944, 1 male, F. Dismann leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 40.683 (DZUP), 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115347 (AMNH); Diamantino (Alto Rio Arinos —Fazenda São João ), 14-III-1982, 1 male, Furtado leg., DZ 40.685 (DZUP), 15-I-1993, 1 female, 28-V-1992, 1 male, E. Furtado leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103786, 1103984 (MGCL); Barra do Bugres (31 km NO), 200 m, 4-VII-1972, 1 male, Mielke & Brown leg., DZ 40.684 (DZUP); Cáceres, 12-XI-1984, 1 male, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.686 (DZUP); Chapada dos Guimarães , 700 m, 30-I-28, 1 female, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.682 (DZUP). Distrito Federal —Brasília (Fazenda Água Limpa), 8-V-1979, 1 female, 8-V-1976, 1 male, 9-V-1976, 1 male, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 40.689, 40.690, 40.691 (DZUP), ( Mata Zoológico ), 1 female, E. Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 42.931 (DZUP); Planaltina (Embrapa Cerrados), 17-VII-2017, 1 male, Piovesan, Madruga & Brito leg., DZ 40.692 (DZUP). Goiás —Vianópolis (Ponte Funda), 26-XII-1984, 1 female, 30-XII-1983, 1 female, Tangerini leg., DZ 40.687, 40.688 (DZUP); Pedro Afonso ( Rio Tocantins), IX-1962, 1 female, Kesselring leg., DZ 3950 (DZUP). Paraíba —João Pessoa, II-1980, 1 female, Kesselring leg., OM 12.361 (DZUP—OM), 21-VI- 1982, 1 female, 6-IX-1953, 1 male, Kesselring leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.647, 40.648 (DZUP), 20-VII-1952, 1 male, R. Diniz leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 40.649 (DZUP). Pernambuco —Recife, 24-III-1958, 1 female, 12- VIII-1958, 1 male, 15-II-1959, 1 female, 29-VII-1959, 1 female, 9-VIII-1959, 1 male, 25-VIII-1959, 2 males, 28- IX-1959, 1 male, 28-X-1959, 1 female, 10-IX-1960, 1 female, 1-IV-1961, 1 female, 23-IV-1961, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 3938, 40.650–40.652, 40.654–40.661 (DZUP); São Lourenço da Mata , 6-VI-1981, 1 male, Kesselring leg., DZ 40.662 (DZUP). Alagoas —Maceió, 11-XII-1971, 1 female, 5-V-1976, 1 female, 26-I- 1950, 1 female, 15-VIII-1973, 1 female, 3-VIII-1943, 1 female, 20-V-1955, 1 female, VIII-1971, 1 male, XII-1968, 1 male, 10-X-1943, 1 male, 29-V-1968, 1 male, 3 females, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg., ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 40.666– 40.673, 40.675–40.680 (DZUP); Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 25-VIII-2004, 1 female, I. M. Lima leg., 22-XI- 2004, 1 male, 20-XI-2004, 1 male, N. Santos leg., DZ 40.663, 40.66, 40.665 (DZUP); Riachão, 23-VII-1978, 1 female, Cardoso leg., DZ 40.674 (DZUP). Bahia —Salvador, 1951- IV-1952, 1 male, D. Albuquerque leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 40.681 (DZUP). Minas Gerais —Teófilo Otoni, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103788 (MGCL); Diamantina (Minas Serrinha), 2 males, E. Cohn leg., AMNH_IZC 00115348, 00115349 (AMNH); Paraopeba, 750 m, 12-XII-68, 1 male, K. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.706 (DZUP); Uberaba, 1 male, DZ 40.695 (DZUP); Carmo do Rio Claro , 28-XII-1983, 1 female, 1 male, Barbosa leg., DZ 40.702, 40.703 (DZUP), 26-I-1959, 1 female, Mielke leg., OM 2325 (DZUP—OM); Rio Doce , 400 m, 19-IX-1974, 1 female, 2 males, DZ 40.699, 40.700, 40.701 (DZUP); São João del Rei (Gebiet des Rio das Mortes ), 800– 1,000 m, 1-X-1955, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.705 (DZUP); Barbacena ( Serra da Mantiqueira ), 1,100 m, 14-XI-1952, 1 female, 20-XI-1952, 1 female, 2-XI-1952, 1 female, 26-X-1952, 1 male, 6-XI-1952, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.707, 40.708, 40.709, 40.710, 40.711 (DZUP); Juiz de Fora (Recanto dos Lagos ), 25-II-2010, 1 female, N. Tangerini leg., DZ 40.693 (DZUP); Cambuquira, 900 m, 7-XI-68, 1 male, 6-I-73, 1 male, 29-IX-68, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 40.696 –40.698 (DZUP); Virgínia (Fazenda dos Campos ), 1,500 m, 13–15-II-2010, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 40.694 (DZUP). Espírito Santo — 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115350 (AMNH), Linhares, VI-1972, 1 male, VIII-1973, 5 females, 20 males, IX-1973, 1 male, 1 female, P. C. Elias leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092230–1092233, 1092235–1092238, 1103780–1103785, 1103986–1103999 (MGCL), 10- VII-1974, 1 female, 6-VIII-1974, 1 male, 28-VIII-1974, 1 female, 1 male, 20-VIII-1974, 1 male, V-1981, 1 female, VII-1981, 5 females, 5 males, VIII-1981, 2 females, 3 males, IX-1981, 33 females, 35 males, P. C. Elias leg. DZ 40.712–40.753, 41.344–41.388 (DZUP); Baixo Guandu, X-1971, 2 males, P. C. Elias leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092234, 1092239 (MGCL), 11-XII-1972, 1 female, III-1971, 1 female, C. & C. T. Elias leg., DZ 41.389, DZ 41.391 (DZUP); Santa Teresa , 1 female, D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 41.390 (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro —no locality, 1 female, USNMENT01590940 (USNM), 1 female, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01590943 (USNM), IX-1927, 2 females, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103769, 1103770 (MGCL), 9-IX-1964, 1 female, K. Brown leg., AMNH_IZC 00115361 (AMNH); Casimiro de Abreu ( Barra de São João ), 10 m, 5-XI-1973, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.402 (DZUP); Petrópolis (Independência), 900 m, 1-III-1938, 1 female, 16-III-1961, 1 male, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 41.392, 2357 (DZUP); Duque de Caxias (Imbariê), 25 m, 2-I-1956, 1 male, 3-I-1956, 1 male, 4-I-1956, 1 male, 1 female, 7-I-1956, 1 male, 24-VI-1956, 1 female, 27-I-1957, 1 male, 9-II-1958, 1 male, 15-IX-1971, 1 female, 17-V-1980, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.406 –41.415 (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro (Botafogo) , 5-IX-1956, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 41.393 (DZUP), 21-VI-1961, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 41.396 (DZUP), 15-VI-1967, 1 female, 19-VI-1967, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 41.395, 41.394 (DZUP), (Jacarepaguá— Vargem Grande), 15-IX-1957, 2 males, O. Mielke leg., OM 80.238, 1576 (DZUP—OM), (Encantado), 11-VIII-1951, 1 male, Yedda Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 41.398 (DZUP), 25-VIII-1929, 1 female, F. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 41.400 (DZUP), ( Santa Teresa ), 100 m, 26-VI-1952, 1 male, 12-VII-1964, 1 female, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.416 –41.418 (DZUP), (Madureira), 30-VIII- 1957, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., OM 1512 (DZUP—OM), (Piedade), 25-VI-1921, 1 male, F. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 41.397 (DZUP), 13-VIII-1955, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 250 (DZUP—OM), (Lagoinha), 250 m, 11-IV-1956, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.405 (DZUP); Valença, 500 m, 27-I-1956, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.399 (DZUP); Itatiaia (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), 1,000 –1,200 m, 26-VIII- 63, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.401 (DZUP); Itatiaia (Penedo), 450 m, II-1957, 1 female, 1 male, 30-VII-1961, 1 male, ex-coll. R. Frey, DZ 2358, 41.403, 41.404 (DZUP). São Paulo —no locality, IX-1926, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103754 (MGCL); Mogi das Cruzes ( Vila Lar II ), 9-XI-2004, 1 female, A.V. Costa leg., DZ 41.437 (DZUP); Santos (Guarujá), 0 m, 18-IV-1910, 1 female, W. J. Kaye leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103772 (MGCL); Campinas, 7-II-2000, 1 female, 1 male, Teixeira & Lourenção leg., DZ 41.438, 41.439 (DZUP); Serra Negra , 27-IX-1957, 1 female, 1 male, 6-XII-1957, 1 male, 9-XII-1957, 1 female, 16-XII-1957, 1 female, N. F. D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 41.432, 41.430, 41.431, 41.433, 41.434 (DZUP), 20-XII-1957, 1 female, D’Almeida leg., OM 381 (DZUP—OM); Rio Claro , 600 m, 11-VI-1963, 1 female, 5-VI-1963, 1 male, 4-VII-1963, 1 male, 30-V-1966, 1 male, 20-V-1967, 2 males, 4-IV-1968, 1 male, 19-IV-1968, 1 female, 25-IV-1968, 1 female, 7-IV-1971, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 41.422, 41.425, 41.427, 41.428, 41.426, 41.429, 41.424, 41.420, 41.419, 41.421 (DZUP), 6-III-1981, 1 female, Moure leg., DZ 41.423 (DZUP); São Carlos , 3-XII-1981, 1 male, 11-IX-1982, 1 female, M. M. Dias leg., USNMENT01590936, 01590937 (USNM); Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, 15-XII-1981, 1 male, M.M Dias leg., USNMENT01590935 (USNM). Paraná —no locality, 3 males, excoll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115351–00115353 (AMNH); Morretes (Prainha), I-1949, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 41.442 (DZUP), (Engenheiro Lange), II-1947, 1 female, E. Gengnagel leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 41.440 (DZUP); Guaratuba, 9-I-1983, 1 female, 21-I-1981, 1 male, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 41.445, 41.446 (DZUP); Curitiba, 16-III-1984, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103779 (MGCL); Ponta Grossa, VI-1947, 1 female, E. Gengnagel leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 41.441 (DZUP); Cândido de Abreu, 10-XII-1994, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., OM 40.938 (DZUP—OM); Pinhão (Usina Hidroelétrica de Segredo), 10-III-1992, 1 male, S. Bazilio leg., DZ 41.447 (DZUP); Londrina, 10-IX-1985, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.443, DZ 41.444 (DZUP); Toledo, 17-I-1959, 1 male, VIII-IX-1959, 1 female, 1 male, Mohr leg., OM 2425, 1577, 3026 (DZUP—OM); Planaltina (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Duas Barras), 23º11′41″S, 53º00′20″O, 13-V-2009, 1 male, D. Dolibaina & E. Carneiro leg., DZ 41.448 (DZUP). Santa Catarina —no locality, 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. O. Buchholz, AMNH_IZC 00115355, 00115367 (AMNH), 1 male, 1 female, A. Maller leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_ IZC 00115356, 00115363 (AMNH); Joinville, IX-1964, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103777 (MGCL), XI-[19]75, 1 female, USNMENT00941125 (USNM), VIII-1978, 1 female, DZ 41.470, 20-XI-1970, 1 male, O. Mielke leg. DZ 41.476, 9-XII-1979, 1 male, 12-V-1980, 1 female, 15-X-1980, 1 male, 1-IX-1981, 1 male, 23-IX-1981, 1 female, 11-XI-1981, 1 male, 22-XI-1981, 1 female, 1 female, H. Miers leg. DZ 41.467–41.469, 41.471–41.475 (DZUP), 13-I-1994, 1 male, Miers & Mielke leg., OM 37.978 (DZUP—OM), XII-1987, 1 female, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg. UFFLMNH MGCL 1103775, 1092255 (MGCL); São Bento do Sul, 10-III-1984, 9 males, D. W. Jenkins leg., excoll. D. & J. Jenkins, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092241–1092249, X-1981, 1 male, ex-coll Flaspohler, UFFLMNH MGCL 1092250 (MGCL), ( Rio Vermelho ), 850 m, 10-IV-1971, 1 female, 16-XI-1971, 1 female, 17-IV-1972, 1 female, 7-V-1980, 1 female, 14-V-1980, 1 female, II-1986, 1 male, Rank leg., DZ 41.477 –41.482 (DZUP), ( Rio Natal ), 850 m, VII-2007, 1 female, IV-2008, 3 males, VII-2008, 1 male, Rank leg., DZ 41.484 –41.488, 500 m, III- 2009, 1 female, Rank leg., DZ 41.483 (DZUP); Jaraguá do Sul, 20-VIII-1981, 1 male, Silveira leg., DZ 41.491 (DZUP); Corupá, 1 male, 1 female, III-1948, 1 female, A. Maller leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00115354, 00115365, 00115360 (AMNH), III-1980, 1 male, X-1983, 1 female, 1 male, XII-1983, 1 male, VIII-1986, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103776, 1092251–1092254 (MGCL), IV-1983, 2 females, 1 male, L. Kassarov leg., UF- FLMNH MGCL 1103773, 1092258, 1103774; Massaranduba, 15-III-1932, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103778 (MGCL); Blumenau, 1 female, ex-coll. F. E. Church, AMNH_IZC 00115368 (AMNH); Brusque, 10-I-1968, 1 male, V. Becker leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1092257 (MGCL); Camboriú, 27-I-1984, 1 female, Mielke leg., DZ 41.490 (DZUP); Florianópolis, I-1947, 1 female, C. Gofferjé leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 41.489 (DZUP); Agrolândia, XII-1981, 2 females, Wulff leg., DZ 41.465, 41.466 (DZUP); Joaçaba (Nova Petrópolis), 800 m, 23-IV-2019, 1 male, E. Orlandin & M. Piovesan leg., DZ 40.092 (DZUP). PARAGUAY: no data, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103748 (MGCL). Alto Paraná —Itaipu, 1-IV-1977, 1 female, D. W. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1103749 (MGCL); Itakyry, 400 m, 15–20-I-1980, 10 males, 3 females, I-1980, 2 males, O. C. Mielke & Miers leg., DZ 41.449 –41.462, 3103 (DZUP). Caaguazú —no locality, IV-1960, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1103943 (MGCL). Guairá — Villarica (Colônia Independência), 1 male, B. Podtiaguin leg., AMNH_IZC 00115371 (AMNH). AR- GENTINA: Misiones —General Manuel Belgrano (Almirante Brown—Reserva Yacutinga), 2–5-III-2007, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 41.463, 41.464 (DZUP).

Figures

FIGURE 20. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758): Male, dorsal and ventral views: Bolivia: a. (FLMNH MGCL 1103937-MGCL) Rio Zongo; Brazil: b. (FLMNH MGCL 1092258-MGCL) Santa Catarina, Corupá, c. (DZ 41.443-DZUP) Paraná, Londrina, d. (FLMNH MGCL 1092234-MGCL) Espírito Santo, Linhares. White arrows indicate diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 21. Opsiphanes cassiaecassiae (Linnaeus, 1758):Male,dorsal and ventral views:French Guiana:a. (DZ 40578-DZUP; CMBUT1305-19); dorsal view: French Guiana: b. (DZ 40.582-DZUP); Venezuela: c. (FLMNH MGCL 1103946-MGCL), d. (FLMNH MGCL 1103945-MGCL), e. (DZ 41.503-DZUP); Brazil: f. (DZ 40.653-DZUP), g. (DZ 45.848-DZUP) Amazonas, i. (FLMNH MGCL 1103980-MGCL), j. (FLMNH MGCL 1103952-MGCL), k. (FLMNH MGCL 1103955-MGCL) Rondônia, n. (DZ 41.472-DZUP), o. (FLMNH MGCL 1092248-MGCL) Santa Catarina; Ecuador: h. (FLMNH MGCL 1103896-MGCL); Peru: l. (DZ 3939-DZUP); Argentina: m. (DZ 41.464-DZUP).

FIGURE 22. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758): Female, dorsal and ventral views: French Guiana: a. (USN- MENT01590887-USNM); dorsal view: Colombia: b. (DZ 41.511-DZUP) Meta; Peru: c. (FLMNH MGCL 1103742-MGCL) Iquitos; Brazil: d. (DZ 40.687-DZUP) Goiás, e. (FLMNH MGCL 1103775-MGCL) Santa Catarina, Joinville.

FIGURE 28. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758): Male: a. abdomen, lateral view, b. detail of the scent organ, lateral view; genitalia: c. dorsal view, d. ventral view, e. lateral view; aedeagus: f. dorsal view, g. ventral view, h. lateral view (DZ 40.578-DZUP; CMBUT1305-19); valva: i. (DZ 40.613-DZUP), j. (DZ 40.608-DZUP), k. (DZ 41.502-DZUP) variations of the dorso-distal portion.

FIGURE 29. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758): Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of the signa; c. ventral view (DZ 3950-DZUP).

FIGURE 30. Geographical distribution of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758), Opsiphanes cassiae incolumis Stichel, 1904 stat. nov. and Opsiphanes cassiae tamarindi C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861 stat. nov.

FIGURE 31. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758); a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 32. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes crameri C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 syn. rest.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 33. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae cassiculus Stichel, 1904; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 34. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae rubigatus Stichel, 1904 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 35. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae f. pudicus Fruhstorfer, 1907; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 36. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae f. decentius Fruhstorfer, 1907; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 37. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus Fruhstorfer, 1907; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 38. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes cassiae strophios Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 39. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). [Holotype] of Opsiphanes tamarindi xiphos Fruhstorfer, 1907 syn. nov.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 40. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). [Holotype] of Opsiphanes tamarindi pseudocassiae Fruhstorfer, 1907; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.

FIGURE 41. Opsiphanes cassiae cassiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype of Opsiphanes tamarindi cherocles Fruhstorfer, 1912; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.