Schizogalesus Kieffer, 1911: 832

MASNER, LUBOMÍR & GARCÍA R, JOSÉ LUIS, 2002, The Genera Of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) In The New World, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2002 (268), pp. 1-138 : 33-37

Schizogalesus Kieffer, 1911: 832 , 833.

DIAGNOSIS (♀ 3): Medium to large­ sized (3–7 mm) individuals, rarely body size smaller (1.5– 2 mm); body color deep black with appendages usually lighter; body predominantly smooth, highly shining, very rarely with dense, fine longitudinal microsculpture on mesonotum, body relatively glabrous, usually with hairy cushions but no foamy structures; occiput usually sharp posteriorly, steplike; labrum exposed, sclerotized, subtriangular; oral carina strongly developed permitting movement of mandible only along vertical axis; mandible long, falcate, bidentate, distinctly projecting diagonally backward; antenna apparently capable of rotation in socket permitting variable positions; A 1 in both sexes relatively short, highly modified, often with multiple sharp projections, always with distinct flaps apically; male A3 subequal in length to A4; female forewing always with longitudinal fold and apical excision, male forewing with or without fold or excision; forewing almost veinless, submarginal vein incomplete, reduced to short basal stem; T2 (macrotergite) with deep median cleft.

DESCRIPTION (♀ 3): HEAD. Head in dorsal view variously shaped, subglobular, often strongly elongate, rarely transverse, with shelf and toruli moderately to strongly protruding; frons always armed with multiple projections, points, ledges or carinae, often with scattered deep setigerous punctures; occiput usually steplike, sharply carinate, almost right angled above occipital flange; temple of variable length, subequal to shorter or longer than length of eye; head in lateral view subtriangular; antennal shelf moderately to distinctly developed; level of toruli at midpoint of eye; eye relatively large, subellipsoidal; oral carina strongly developed, semicircular, bladelike, permitting movement of mandible only along vertical axis; postgenal cushion usually well developed, rarely reduced or absent; occipital flange moderate­ ly developed, rarely almost absent, usually noncrenulate; head in frontal view with face strongly convex medially, depressed laterally; clypeus highly convex, as high as wide or higher; epistomal sulcus not developed; labrum exposed, sclerotized, perfectly triangular; malar sulcus not developed; gena between lower eye orbit and mandibular condyle usually distinctly shorter than eye height; tentorial pit large; mandible long, falcate, not clasped, parallel, bidentate, distinctly projecting diagonally backward; palpal formula 5–2; head in ventral view with hypostomal bridge not developed; antennal formula 12–14; A1 relatively short, highly modified, often with multiple sharp projections, always with distinct flaps apically; female antenna with nonabrupt, multisegmented clava, clavomeres often flattened ventrally, A12 often longest, without ventral pit; male antenna filiform, rarely beadlike, A3–A14 with dense, moderately long, nonverticillate hairs, A3 subequal in length to A4, A4 at most moderately modified, usually without carina. MESOSOMA. Mesosoma moderately to distinctly long, usually as wide as high, moderately convex dorsally; prothorax in dorsal view with cervix well developed; pronotal shoulders moderately to well developed, rounded or sharp; posterior margin of pronotum (in front of mesoscutum) usually with row of large crenulae or pits; side of pronotum flat or moderately concave, smooth and glabrous, with distinct pilosity along dorsal and anterior margins; epomium usually well developed, at least its lower part; spiracle on prothorax moderately to distinctly tubelike protruding; propleuron in lower half (above forecoxa) often with field carinate on all sides, propleuron generally densely hairy; mesoscutum about as long as wide, moderately to distinctly convex, with long scattered semierect setigerous punctures, exceptionally rarely with dense, fine longitudinal microsculpture; parapsidal and anterior parallel lines not developed; notaulus percurrent, deep, often slightly sinuate, noncrenulate, deeply pitted anteriorly, often dilated posteriorly, contiguous with transscutal articulation, very rarely notaulus abbreviate; humeral and suprahumeral sulci never developed; anterior scutellar pit large, always bifoveate, foveae separated by septum of various widths; scutellar disc subquadrate, with sharp lateral keels, posterolateral corners of disc sometimes sharply pointed, axillar pit usually not developed, lateral pit always developed, deeply impressed, posterior scutellar pits present in various configurations, usually two, or, rarely absent; posterior margin of axilla at most slightly arcuate, slanted diagonally, sharply bent; axillar depression relatively small, deep, with abundant pilosity; mesopleuron only slightly convex, smooth, shining and predominantly glabrous; median oblique depression not developed; epicnemial pit moderately to strongly developed, epicnemial carina well developed, rarely crenulate ventrally; sternaulus strong, percurrent, noncrenulate, in few species only weakly developed, posterior margin of mesopleuron smooth, noncrenulate; metanotum moderately developed, dorsellum with three low longitudinal keels; metapleuron rough rugulose, densely hairy; propodeum relatively long; median keel replaced by inverted Vshaped carina, rarely pointed anteriorly, plica developed or obscured by rough rugulosity; posterior margin of propodeum deeply excavate, posterolateral corners moderately to strongly projecting; nucha very short, usually concealed under anterior rim of petiole; female forewing always with longitudinal fold and apical excision, male forewing with or without fold or excision; forewing almost veinless, submarginal vein incomplete, reduced to short basal stem; marginal cilia in forewing moderately long; hind wing without tracheate submarginal vein; legs moderately elongate, especially trochanters; femora distinctly clavate, median and especially hind femur with moderate to distinct flaps. ME­ TASOMA. Metasoma long and pedunculate, petiole cylindrical, moderately to distinctly longer than wide (up to six times), with strong longitudinal carinae, glabrous dorsally, hairy ventrally and at sides, without distinct flap anteriorly; metasoma past petiole long and ovoid; anterior margin of T2 (macrotergite) with long deep median cleft, flanked sometimes with shallow lateral depressions, cleft very rarely absent; following tergites extremely short and compact, apical tergite frequently flexed under, not visible dorsally; S2 usually with two deep longitu­ dinal grooves filled with pilosity in basal part.

RECOGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS: Coptera was previously confused with Psilus (= Galesus ); Muesebeck (1980) emphasized the shape of the occiput and the reduction of venation in the forewing along with the ratio of A3 and A 4 in the male antenna as the principle characteristics of Coptera . Unlike Psilus , no Coptera species are known to be apterous or brachypterous. Coptera differs from Ortona by the structure of the mandibles and the structure of the female antennal clava, and from Aneuropria by the deeply notched anterior margin of T2 (macrotergite).

DISTRIBUTION: This is a large genus of almost worldwide distribution. Unlike Psilus the members of Coptera are predominantly tropical. Muesebeck (1980) recognized 29 Nearctic species; only a few Neotropical species are known, but we estimate that a potential of 150 species exists.

BIOLOGY: Several species were reared from various dipterous hosts ( Muesebeck, 1980); the most frequently attacked families include the fruit flies ( Tephritidae ), hereby demonstrating the importance in biocontrol ( Loiácono, 1981; Silvestri, 1914). Species are encountered in a multitude of habitats, from lowlands to highlands. Several species were collected in light traps in Brazil but none associated with ants.

Ortona , new genus Figures 78, 79

DIAGNOSIS (♀ 3): Small to medium­sized (1–3.5 mm) individuals; body color deep black with appendages usually lighter; body predominantly smooth, highly shining, relatively glabrous, with no hairy cushions or foamy structures; mandible relatively small not protruding, tightly clasped, bidentate; labrum exposed, sclerotized; antennal formula 11–13, A 11 in female remarkably enlarged, A 4 in male not modified; forewing almost veinless; anterior margin of T2 (macrotergite) with long median cleft.

DESCRIPTION (♀ 3): HEAD. Head in dorsal view transverse, subrectangular, with shelf and toruli moderately protruding; temple distinctly shorter than length of eye; head in lat­ eral view moderately to distinctly depressed, always distinctly wider than high, antennal shelf moderately developed, almost effaced between toruli; level of torulus at midpoint of eye; eye subellipsoidal, with long scattered pilosity; oral carina only moderately developed; postgenal cushion not developed; occipital flange broad, always crenulate; head in frontal view with face broad, clypeus almost flat, epistomal sulcus well developed; labrum exposed, sclerotized, strongly transverse; anterior margin of clypeus not projecting, not flexed; malar sulcus not developed, malar space between lower eye orbit and mandibular condyle extremely narrow; tentorial pit moderate; mandible relatively small, not protruding, tightly clasped, bidentate; palpi relatively short, especially labial palpus, palpal formula 5–2; head in ventral view with hypostomal bridge not developed; antennal formula 11–13; A1 cylindrical, relatively long, apical rim not excavate ventrally, not produced into flaps; female clava abrupt, one­segmented (A11), long ovoid, only moderately flattened ventrally, without ventral pit; male antenna filiform, with moderately long, nonverticillate hairs, A4 not modified, without carina. MESOSOMA. Mesosoma moderately long, distinctly to remarkably wider than high, strongly flattened dorsally, mesoscutum, scutellum and propodeal keel almost at same level; prothorax in dorsal view with cervix moderately developed, pronotal shoulders moderately to distinctly rounded; side of pronotum moderately concave, smooth, shining and glabrous, with distinct pilosity only along anterior margin; epomium developed at least in vertical part, rarely epomium sharply angular with horizontal carina; spiracle on pronotum long, spikelike; propleuron in lower half (right above forecoxa) with smooth glabrous subrectangular field carinate on all sides, remaining part of propleuron hairy; mesoscutum almost semicircular, wider than long, with only few scattered hairs; parapsidal and anterior parallel lines absent; notaulus percurrent, deep, strongly arcuate, noncrenulate, nondilated posteriorly, usually separate from transscutal articulation by narrow septum; humeral and posthumeral sulci weakly developed or absent; anterior scutellar pit large, bifoveate, fovea separated by septum of var­ ious widths; scutellar disc subquadrate, with sharp lateral keels, axillar and lateral pits deeply impressed, posterior scutellar pits not developed; posterior margin of axilla sharp, strongly slanted diagonally; axillar depression relatively small, deep, with abundant pilosity; mesopleuron only slightly convex, smooth, shining and glabrous; median oblique depression not developed; sternaulus strong, broad, percurrent; epicnemial pit almost absent; epicnemial carina strong, noncrenulate, connecting ventrally (above mid coxa) with posterior apex of sternaulus; posterior margin of mesopleuron smooth, noncrenulate; metanotum relatively narrow; dorsellum weakly developed, narrow, with three low longitudinal keels; metapleuron rough rugose, entirely hairy; propodeum remarkably long and large; median keel strongly developed but not pointed anteriorly; plica well developed, space between plica and median keel perfectly smooth and glabrous; posterior margin of propodeum deeply excavate, margin rimlike, posterolateral corners moderately to distinctly projecting; side of propodeum rough rugose and hairy; nucha relatively short; forewing with apex rounded, not excised (i.e., without longitudinal fold), venation almost entirely absent, only short tracheate stem of submarginal vein present, lower half of wing with long crescentic whitish glabrous line, marginal cilia including foremargin of wing relatively long; hind wing without tracheate submarginal vein; legs moderately elongate, especially trochanters, femora distinctly clavate in posterior half. METASOMA. Metasoma long pedunculate; petiole cylindrical, moderately to distinctly longer than wide (up to 3 times), with strong, longitudinal carinae, glabrous dorsally, hairy ventrally and at sides, without distinct flap anteriorly; metasoma past petiole long ovoid; anterior margin of T2 with long, deep median cleft, T2 (macrotergite) extremely long, smooth and glabrous, following four tergites extremely narrow and compact, apical tergite relatively large, bluntly triangular in female, more rounded in male; base of S2 with one or two longitudinal keels; apical sternite, especially in female, expanding at sides, well visible in dorsal view, entire surface rough­punctate.

TYPE SPECIES: Ortona hansoni , new spe­ cies (described below), by present designation.

RECOGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS: Ortona is compared best with Aneuropria Kieffer and Coptera Say. With the former it shares normally clasped mandibles and unarmed A1, but differs from it principally by the antennal formula and by the structure of the antennal clava in the female, furthermore by the deeply grooved anterior part of T 2. From Coptera it differs primarily by the normally clasped mandibles, unarmed A1, also by the antennal formula. Ortona belongs to the tribe Psilini mainly because of the exposed sclerotized labrum, formation of a true macrotergite 2 of the metasoma, and the reduction of wing venation in the forewing.

ETYMOLOGY: The name is an arbitrary euphonic combination of letters; the gender is feminine.

DISTRIBUTION: About 10 species are known to us in the New World, from Arizona to Brazil; individuals are relatively rare in the collections.

BIOLOGY: Unknown; most individuals were collected in tropical rainforest.

Ortona hansoni , new species Figures 78, 79

DESCRIPTION: Holotype, ♀: Length 2.2 mm; head, mesosoma (including tegula and coxae), and metasoma deep black, palpi, A1– A3, legs (except coxae) orange­yellow, wings almost clear, with light yellowish tinge.: HEAD. Head in dorsal view wider than long (43:32); ocelli in very low triangle LOL:OOL = 4:6; crenulae on occipital flange largest in middle, crenulae diminishing toward sides; temple distinctly shorter than length of eye (8:15), strongly receding posteriorly; toruli separated by narrow space, subequal to half their diameter; head in lateral view slightly longer than high (32:29); eye distinctly higher than long (22:15), remarkably larger than malar space (22:3), distinctly longer than postgena (15:8); head in frontal view with face slightly convex, smooth, with few large setigerous punctures; space between toruli only slightly emarginate; epistomal sulcus well developed; tentorial pits large; clypeus along epistomal sulcus with three large setigerous punctures; anten­ nal segments in relative proportions (25:6), (7:5), (8:4), (8:4), (8:4.5), (8:5), (8:5), (8:5), (7:5.5), (7:6.5), (24:9). MESOSOMA. Mesosoma longer than wide (79:50); horizontal part of epomium not developed, shoulder rounded, vertical part of epomium simple, carinate, noncrenulate; pronotal shoulder distinctly rounded; posterior apex of notaulus not reaching transscutal articulation, space in between notauli subequal to maximum width of notaulus; humeral sulcus fine but distinctly impressed, suprahumeral sulcus not developed; anterior scutellar pits positioned diagonally, strongly converging anteriorly, septum between them as wide as width of axillar pit; posterolateral corners of scutellar disc (i.e., lower margin of lateral pits) not projecting. METASOMA. Petiole distinctly elongate (34:14); dorsal side of petiole with three strong longitudinal keels enclosing two depressions with fine irregular transverse microsculpture; median cleft on T2 not exceeding basal third of tergite (20:73).

MALE: Differs from female in following character states: A1 and A2 reddish orange, distinctly lighter than rest of antenna; antennal segments in relative proportions (26:6), (8:6), (11:5.5), (13:5.5), (13:5.5), (13:5.5), (13:6), (12:6), (12:6), (12:6), (11:6.5), (11:7), (16:7); A3–A13 with semierect dense hairs, hairs slightly shorter than maximum width of antennomeres; A3–A13 with fine irregular pustulate surface; anterior scutellar pits larg­ er than in female, septum between them narrower, smaller than maximum width of axillar pit; apical sternite distinctly excavate.

TYPE MATERIAL: 10♀ 3. Holotype, ♀ ( CNCI no. 22459), COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Prov., San Vito, Estación Biológica Las Alturas, 1500 m, November 1991, P. Hanson, MT. Allotype, 3, same data as holotype, but caught February 1992. Paratypes, 6♀, 23, same data as holotype, but some caught from January to October ( CNCI, MIZA, BNMH).

ETYMOLOGY: The species is named in hon­ or of Dr. Paul Hanson (Universidad de Costa Rica) in recognition of his pioneering work in surveys of microhymenoptera in Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica.

BIOLOGY: Unknown. The type series was collected in a cloud forest.

VARIATION: Very little variation was ob­ served in the type series; the three males are slightly larger than the females.

Psilus Panzer Figure 89

Figures

Figs. 70–79. 70, Myrmecopria mellea (Ashmead) female habitus, dorsal view; 71, M. mellea female, tarsomeres; 72, M. mellea female habitus, lateral view; 73, Neivapria penicillata Borgmeier, female habitus, lateral view; 74, Notoxoides sp. female head&ndash̍onotum, dorsal view; 75, Notoxoides sp. female mesosoma, dorsal view; 76, Notoxoides sp. female habitus, lateral view; 77, Omopria brevipalpis n. sp. female habitus, dorsal view; 78, Ortona hansoni n. sp. female habitus, dorsal view; 79, O. hansoni female habitus, lateral view.

Figs. 89–97. 89, Psilus sp. female habitus, lateral view; 90, Platymischus dilatatus, lateral view; 92, Psychopria hoguei n. sp. male metasoma, dorsal view; 93, P. hoguei male head, frontal view; 94, P. hoguei male habitus, lateral; 94a, P. hoguei male, A4–A5; 95, Szelenyisca sp. female head, lateral view; 96, Szelenyiopria sp. female habitus, lateral view; 97, Spilomicrus atriclavus Ashmead, female habitus, lateral view.