Panaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis, Kew Bull.

Melo, Roger Fagner Ribeiro, Chikowski, Renata Dos Santos, Miller, Andrew Nicholas & Maia, Leonor Costa, 2016, Coprophilous Agaricales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Brazil, Phytotaxa 266 (1), pp. 1-14 : 12

12. Panaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis, Kew Bull. 15(1): 124 (1961)

( Figure 6 , g–l)

Closed pileus subglobose to ovoid, white, smooth. Expanded pileus hemispheric to campanulate, 6–9 × 4–6 mm, white, pale gray to pale luteous, smooth to slightly scaly. Lamellae adnexed, white, with a conspicuous black punctation in mature basidiomata due to the non-simultaneous basidial maturation giving it a grayish coloration and a powdery texture to the naked eye. Lamellulae 0.2–0.4 mm thick, similar in morphology. Stipe central, cylindrical, slightly bulbous near the base, flat, 70–140 mm in height, 2–3 mm at the base, 1.2–1.5 mm wide close to the pileus, white, solid to strongly contorted. Ring absent. Volva absent. Pileipellis formed by a few globose to saccate cells, hyaline, smooth. Veil not observed in mature basidiomata. Cheilocystidia lageniform to utriform, 17.5–25 × 7.5–12.5 μm. Pleurocystidia chrysocystidioid, clavate to fusoid, occasionally slightly capitate, 22.5–50 × 7.5–12.5 μm, with a short stipe, usually with a golden to luteous refractive body. Clamps connections not observed. Basidia 4-spored, clavate, 27–32.5 × 12–20 μm, with sterigmata 7.5–8.5 μm in length. Basidiospores limoniform to subellipsoid, 15–20 × 7.5–10 μm, smooth, dark brown. Spore print violet to black.

Material examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco ( IPA), Caruaru, on horse dung, 05 Dec 2011, R.F. R. Melo ( URM86807 !), 11 Apr 2012, R.F. R. Melo ( URM86808 !) ; on cattle dung, 06 Feb 2012, R.F. R. Melo ( URM86809 !) ; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco ( UFRPE), Recife , on goat dung, 28 Nov 2012, R.F. R. Melo ( URM86810 !) ; on horse dung, 14 Jun 2012, R.F. R. Melo ( URM86811 a!, 86811b!) ; on cattle dung, 03 Feb 2013, R.F. R. Melo ( URM8612 !) .

Distribution: —Worldwide.

Notes: — Panaeolus antillarum is a common representative on herbivore dung, both collected in situ or on incubated dung, usually forming white or lightly colored mushrooms with campanullate pileus and dark basidiospores ( Ola’h 1969). It differs from P. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf. by the shape of the pileus, being more hemispherical, the absence of a ring and shape of pleurocystidia.

Figures

FIGURE 6. Coprinus patouillardii a. Habit of a basidioma on dung. b. Basidiomata. c. Lamellae and lamellulae, showing the stipe insertion. d. Globular elements of veil remnants. e. Cheilocystidia. f. Basidiospores. Panaeolus antillarum g. Habit of mature basidioma on incubated dung. h. Basidiomata. i. Lamellae and lamellulae, showing the conspicuous black punctation due to the maturation of basidia and basidiospores. j. Pleurocystidia. k. Basidia. l. Basidiospores. Scale bars: a, g= 200 mm. b= 2.5 mm. c= 2 mm. d= 25 μm. e, j, k= 10 μm. f= 2.5 μm. h= 25 mm. i= 20 mm. l= 7.5 μm. Figure: R.F.R. Melo.