Glinus hirtus (Thunb.) Sennikov & Sukhor., 2021

Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Sennikov, Alexander, Veranso-Libalah, Marie Claire, Kushunina, Maria, Nilova, Maya V., Heath, Roger, Heath, Alison, Mazei, Yuri & Zaika, Maxim A., 2021, Evolutionary relationships, biogeography and morphological characters of Glinus (Molluginaceae), with special emphasis on the genus composition in Sub-Saharan Africa, PhytoKeys 173, pp. 1-92 : 1

Glinus hirtus (Thunb.) Sennikov & Sukhor. comb. nov.

Mollugo hirta ≡ Mollugo hirta Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 24 (1794).

Pharnaceum hirtum ≡ Pharnaceum hirtum (Thunb.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 1: 949 (1824).

Glinus lotoides hirtus ≡ Glinus lotoides subsp. hirtus (Thunb.) M.R.Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 342 (1998) (as " Mollugo hirta ").

Glinus hirtus Lectotype (designated here): South Africa. "E Cap. bon. spei" [Cape of Good Hope], C.Thunberg (UPS-Thunb 2851!; isolectotype UPS-Thunb 2850!).

Glinus dahomensis = Glinus dahomensis A.Chev., Fl. Afrique Occ. Franc. 1: 323 (1938), nom. inval. (Art. 39.1).

Glinus hirtus Original material: [Benin] Dahomey, Kouandé à Kontobiri entre Quétécou et Firou [from Kouandé to Kontobiri between Quétécou and Firou], 29 Jun 1910, A. Chevalier 24288 (P00461735!).

Glinus congolanus - Glinus congolanus Hauman in herb. BR.

Description.

(Figs 16 , 17 ). Annual, highly branched, with prostrate or ascending stems up to 100 cm long, covered with stellate (sometimes very scattered) and branched hairs, prickles absent. Leaves rosulate, short-lived, and cauline, green or grayish-green turning red at senescence, sparsely to moderately pubescent, rarely glabrous, petiolate (petioles up to 10.0 mm), entire or slightly crisp or scarcely denticulate, ovoid, obovate or oblong-spatulate, 10.0-40.0(45.0) × 3.0-15.0(18.0) mm, acuminate, lateral veins neither recessed adaxially nor prominent abaxially. Flowers in clusters of 8-20, distant or approximated in the upper part of the inflorescence, 8-13 mm in diameter, sessile or with short pedicels up to 3.0(4.0-5.0) mm; buds and closed anthocarp cylindrical. Perianth segments in flowering 3.0-4.2 mm long, in fruiting (3.5)4.0-5.0(5.5) mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, dorsally green or with white margins and ventrally white or mauve; tips ± recurved at fruiting. Stamens (3-4)5(6-8), sometimes with sterile teeth; anthers 0.6-0.9 mm long. Stigmas 3, 0.5-1.0 mm long. Seeds reddish or brown-red, (0.35)0.40-0.50 × 0.25-0.30 mm, colliculate or rarely almost smooth, longitudinal ridges absent.

Note.

Mollugo hirta described from South Africa was very rarely accepted in old taxonomic literature, and only cited as a poorly known species ( Fenzl 1836). Otherwise, it has been commonly considered a synonym of G. lotoides (e.g., Fenzl 1840; Harvey and Sonder 1860; Just 1879; Adamson 1961; Hedge and Lamond 1975; Gonçalves 1978). We state for the first time that (1) Mollugo hirta must be resurrected in specific rank based on both molecular and morphological studies as G. hirtus , and (2) this species is conspecific with the name G. dahomensis . Specimens of this species were misidentified in collections with various names, particularly G. lotoides , G. lotoides var. virens , G. lotoides × G. oppositifolius , G. spergula , and Mollugo glinoides (both latter names belong to the synonymy of G. oppositifolius ). Almeida (1998) referred the Indian plants to G. lotoides subsp. hirtus in the belief that they differ from the European populations ( G. lotoides subsp. lotoides ), but he did not indicate any differences between them. However, his description of the subspecies rather belongs to G. lotoides based on the number of stamens (>10) and stigmas (5), while G. hirtus has up to eight stamens and three stigmas.

The name G. dahomensis was originally introduced ( Chevalier 1938) with a description in French, whereas the nomenclatural code required a description or diagnosis in Latin. To date the name G. dahomensis remains invalidly published because of having been commonly placed in the synonymy of G. lotoides var. virens .

While considering G. hirtus distinct from G. lotoides , we resurrect the name published by Thunberg because it is the only one available for the species as circumscribed in our study.

Glinus hirtus is morphologically very close to G. ononoides Burm.f. described from India ( Burman 1768), a species completely forgotten in the past (Dizionario … 1842) and present. The differences between both species are minor and limited to the following characters: (1) the type of G. ononoides has stellate hairs that are mostly localized on the young stem parts and leaves and additionally very short (up to 0.4 mm) prickle-like simple hairs present on the stem. In contrast, G. hirtus has well-expressed stellate pubescence on stem and perianth, and no prickle-like hairs, and (2) the seeds of G. ononoides are smooth, whereas those of G. hirtus are usually colliculate (however, the seeds of the specimens from Senegal, [without date] Perrottet; Botswana, 1982, P.A. Smith; and Somalia, 1893, D. Riva, are smooth). The collections of G. ononoides are very scarce, and the variability of the characters mentioned and the distribution of the species in Asia require further investigations. The morphologically very similar, but phylogenetically distant G. radiatus distributed in South and Central America has shorter anthers (0.35-0.6 mm long) and stylodia (0.2-0.6 mm long) as well as smooth seeds; by contrast, G. hirtus has longer anthers (0.7-0.9 mm) and stylodia (0.5-1.0 mm) and its seeds are usually colliculate (rarely smooth). Also, the distribution areas of both species do not overlap.

Habitat.

River beds, wetlands, damp areas or as a weed, mostly on sandy soils at elevations 0-2400 m a.s.l. Sometimes, G. hirtus is found growing together with G. oppositifolius (collections of Cook 405 & 408 from Nigeria, K!). Observations in Botswana recorded the following associated plants (A. Heath & R. Heath 457, K): Cynodon dactylon , Sida cordifolia , Glinus bainesii , Portulaca oleracea , Cyperus polystachyos , C. compressus , C. longus , Pseudognaphalium luteo-album . Flowers in early and main rains (obs. in Botswana by A. Heath and R. Heath).

Distribution

(Fig. 18 ). The species was originally known as Mollugo hirta from South Africa ( Thunberg 1794) and not reported as a distinct species from any other African territory. Glinus dahomensis was described from Benin ( Chevalier 1938), and later reported from Belgian Congo (DR Congo) ( Hauman 1951). Hauman (1951) also noted the presence of the species in other territories of tropical Africa ("Du Dahomey au Transvaal"). However, he probably was not sure of that and did not reidentify the specimens from any other countries. We confirm that the range of G. hirtus is not restricted to Benin and DR Congo, but the species is distributed in all sub-Saharan Africa and seems to be a common weed in many regions according to the collector’s observations. Glinus hirtus has not been previously reported for almost any Sub-Saharan countries (e.g., Adamson 1961; Jeffrey 1961; Berhaut 1967; Gonçalves 1970, 1978; Sita and Moutsambote 1988; Barry and Celles 1991; Mapaura and Timberlake 2004; Phiri 2005; Setshogo 2005; Hassan et al. 2005; Sosef et al. 2006; Germishuizen et al. 2006; Darbyshire et al. 2015). In some West African checklists and manuals it was confused with the American G. radiatus ( Berhaut 1967, 1979; Boudet et al. 1986; Akoegninou et al. 2006; Lisowski 2009; Thiombiano et al. 2012; Brundu and Camarda 2013; Schmidt et al. 2017). Only a few specimens from Burkina Faso, DR Congo, and Nigeria were correctly identified as G. dahomensis .

Angola (new records): [Moxico prov.] Chizanda, 23 Sep 1899, H. Baum 135 (BM, BR0000018269482, K, M); [Malanje prov.] Malange [Malanje], 21 Sep 1932, R.G.N. Young 846 (BM); Huila [prov.], Lubango, 11 Dec 1955, E.J. Mendes 1083 (BM, LISC032007); Luanda, Namuculungo, 1100 m, 13 Nov 1957, J.B. Teixeira 3185 (LISC032013); Huila prov., Canguelas, Vila Artur de Paiva, 1450 m, 30 Dec 1959, E.J. Mendes 1879 (M); Benguela prov., Ganda, 30 Jun 1960, J.M. Teixeira & A.M. Andrade 4988 (LISC032014); Cuanza Sul prov., Uaco-Cungo, 2 Nov 1961, J.M. Teixeira & J.M. Figueira 5956 (LISC032015); [Cunene prov.] Mucope, Tchica [river], 9 Nov 1963, C. Henriques 217 (BM, K, LISC032005); Huila prov., Gambos, 18 Nov 1970, R.M. Santos & E. Barroso 2874 (LISC032010); Huila prov., Quipungo, 1200 m, [without date] J.M. Teixeira 12580 (LISC032004);

Benin: see type of G. dahomensis ; Atakora [dept.], Toukountouna, 12 Apr 1999, A. Akoegninou et al. 2440 (WAG0235864); Atakora [dept.], Kérou, 16 Apr 1999, A. Akoegninou et al. 2568 (WAG0235868); [Donga dept.] Bassila, 460 m, 30 May 2001, A. Akoegninou 4810 (WAG0235872);

Botswana (new records): Northern distr., Nxauna Pan, 1 Jan 1973, P.A. Smith 318 (K); [North-West distr.] nr Tsau-XaiXai road, 19°55'2"S, 21°24'4"E, 21 Apr 1982, P.A. Smith 3847 (BR0000018269659; PRE0671232, PRE0520975); [Ngamiland distr.] Ngami Lake, 13 Dec 1982, P.A. Smith 3980 (BR0000018269666, E, G, PRE0671267); Ngamiland distr., between Caecae and Gwihaba Hills, 1000 m, 15 Mar 1987, D.Anonymous Long & D.A.H. Rae 300 (E, K); Zibalianja lagoon, 18°34.728'S, 23°32.145'E, 957 m, 23 Jan 2004, A. Heath & R. Heath 457 (BACH, K);

Burkina Faso (new records): Kompienga [prov.], 40 km E of Tindangou, 2 May 2003, L. Sanou & M. van Slageren 1352 (K); Houet [prov.], 18 km NW of Bobo Dioulasso, 12 May 2003, L. Sanou & M. van Slageren 1390 (K);

Burundi (new records): [Karuzi prov.] Nyabibuye, 4500 ft, 15 Nov 1960, R. Tanner 5602 (K, WAG1103206); [Ruyigi prov.] Ruyigi, 2°59'S, 30°28'E, alt. 1450 m, 27 Sep 1978, M. Reekmans 7098 (K);

Cameroon (new records): Southwest region, Mamfe distr., 15 Mar 1953, C.F.A. Onochie et al. 30889 (K); [Centre Province region] 62 km SE of Bafia, 27 Mar 1963, J. Raynal & A. Raynal 10537 (P0456668); [North region] nr Garoua, Benoue river, 18 Dec 1964, W.J.J.O. de Wilde et al. 4959 (WAG0180494); [Litoral region] plaine des Mbo, 7 km E of km 25 Melong-Dechang (Dschang) road, 5°11'24"N, 10°1'12"E, alt. 700 m, 14 Apr 1972, A.J.M. Leeuwenberg & C.C. Berg 9607 (BR0000018268621, K, P04576510, WAG0185131); North region, Bénoué NP, 7 May 1974, C. Geerling & J. Néné 4705 (BR0000018268591, WAG0330521); [Centre region] river Sanaga, bridge nr Nkol Ngok, 4°10'N, 11°01'E, alt. ~300 m, 15 Feb 1978, J. Lowe 17675 (K);

Central African Republic (new records): Kémo [pref.], 17 Feb 1892, Anonymous 691 (P04577135); Ouaka pref., Bambari, 7 May 1927, R.P. Tisserant 2180 (p04577138); [Haute-Kotto pref.] 300 m NW of Gounda, 9°18'N, 21°12'E, alt. 450 m, 28 Jul 1982, J.M. Fay 2763 (K001394828);

Chad (new record): [Logone Occidental region] Kim [Krim], 18 May 1969, Anonymous Fotius 1458 (P04576514);

DR Congo (selected): [nr Kinshasa] Stanley Pool [Pool Malebo], 1888, F. Hens 29 (BR0000018268034); [Kongo Central prov.] Kisantu, 1900, J. Gillet 1386 (BR000018268027); Kongo Central prov.] Kisantu, 1903, J. Gillet 3029 (BR000018268010); [Kasai prov.] Zambi vill., 27 Jun 1915, Bequaert 7885 (BR000018268003); [Kwilu prov.] Wombali [Bandundu], Oct 1915, H. Vanderyst 2316 (BR0000018268171); Haut-Katanga prov., Kafubu, 18 Nov 1927, Quarré 804 (BR0000018268386); [Mongala prov.] Bumba, 19 Feb 1931, R. Letouzey & J.F. Villiers 10386 (K, P04576657, WAG0185129); [Haut-Uele prov.] Garamba NP, 20 Feb 1950, H. de Saeger 147 (BR0000018268232); Orientale prov., Dungu, 2 Apr 1951, H. de Saeger 1084 (K); Orientale prov. [Haut-Uele prov.] Dungu, Garamba NP, 28 Mar 1951, H. de Saeger 1119 (K); [Lualaba prov.] Dikuluwe, 21 Aug 1956, J. Brynaert 520 (BR0000018268324, K); [Haut-Katanga prov.] Mitwaba, 2 Nov 1956, J. Brynaert 541 (BR0000018268317, K, LE, L1698856, M, W13591); [Tshopo prov.] Yangambi, 5 Feb 1958, R. Devred 2925 (WAG0185147); [Kasai-Oriental prov.] Katanda Territory, 17 Sep 1959, L. Liben 3701 (BR0000017455121); [Maniema prov.] Kabambare Territory, 10 Aug 1959, 570 m, A. Leonard 5736 (BR0000018268201, WAG0185149); [Maniema prov.] Kamisuku, 700 m, 20 Aug 1959, A. Leonard 6034 (BR0000018268218, P04576678, WAG0185148); Yangambi prov., Bangi, Ile Yangambi, 7 Sep 1959, P. Bamps 700 (BR0000018268188, K); [Haut-Lomami prov.] Bukama, Lualaba river, 570 m, 2 Oct 1970, M. Lukuesa 758 (BR0000018268355, WAG0185146); Kongo-Central prov., Kasangulu, Sabuka, 6 Apr 1972, C. Evrard 6929 (BR0000018269673); Haut-Katanga prov., Kumanua, 1150 m, 18 Dec 1975, F. Malaisse 8869 (BR0000018268379); [Eastern prov.] Waine-Rukula, 22 Oct 1978, J. Lejoly 4180 (BR0000017455336); [nr Kinshasa] Inkisi river, 17 Oct 2007, Nsimundele 2060 (BR0000000530230);

Ethiopia (new records): [Amhara region] Begember prov., [years] 1863-1868, Schimper 1340 (K); [Oromia region] Jimma, Apr 1957, Anonymous S2 (K); Godjam prov. [Amhara region], Bahir Dar, 1800 m, Jun 1968, O. Sebald 2166 & 2255 (M, STU);

Gabon (new records): Moyen-Ogooué prov., Lambaréné, 17 Oct 2012, Boupoya 760 (BRLU0026277); Ogooué-Maritime prov., Wonga-Wongué Reserve, 20 Oct 2014, A. Boupoya & al. 1087 (BRLU0026275); [ Moyen-Ogooué prov.] Onangué Lake, 35 km SE of Lambaréné, 22 Oct 2014, E. Bidault et al. 1820 (BR0000016174696, BRLU0026276, P00854718);

Gambia (new record): [North Bank Division] Albreda, 1839, Haudelot 100 (G);

Ghana: [Oti Region], on road to Oti from Kete Krachi, 18 May 1952, J.K. Morton 7294 (K); [Upper West region] Tumu, edge of Dam, 25 May 1952, J.K. Morton 7554 (K, WAG0185143); [North East region] Gambaga, 26 Dec 1954, J.K. Morton A1378 (K);

Guinea (new records): [Kankan region] Yri Kiri, 19 May 1955, Anonymous Roberty 18001 (G); [Kankan region] Kankan, Bordo, 26 Apr 1956, J.-Anonymous Adam 12119 (P00695349); [ Nzérékoré / Kankan Regions] Simandou Range, Oueléba swamp, alt. 1270 m, 19 Oct 2008, I. Darbyshire 495 (K000580882); [ Nzérékoré / Kankan Regions] Simandou Range, Canga East, May 2009, P.K. Haba 579 (K000024353, P00990780, WAG1476650);

Guinea-Bissau (new record): [ Bafatá Region], Bambadinca, 11 Jun 1945, Anonymous 2065 (K, WAG0185158);

Ivory Coast (new records): [ Vallée du Bandama distr.] Fétékro, 18 Jan 1947, Anonymous Roberty 6915 (G); [Bouna dept.] Bouna, 1 Dec 1986, P. Poilecot 3833 (G40376);

Kenya (new records): [Nairobi] Nairobi Dam, 31 Jan 1961, C. Teesdale 26 (K); Nairobi National Park, 1525 m, 7 Oct 1977, J.B. Gillett & W.T. Staam 21582 (BM, K); [Eastern prov.] 36 km from Embu town, 14 Nov 1979, AnonymousW. Gatheri et al. 79/1 (K);

Malawi (new records): [Northern region] nr Karonga, 1893-1894, AnonymousF. Scott-Elliot 8403 (BM, K); Zomba, 2500-3500 ft, A. Whyte s.n. (G, P04576503); Nyasaland [without exact location], 1895, J.Buchanan 15 (BM, BR0000018269611, E); [Central region] Dedza Distr., Chongoni Forest reserve, 18 Sep 1967, A.J. Salubeni 832 (K); [Central region] Kasungu distr., Kasungu NP, 12 Dec 1970, A.J. Hall-Martin 1283 (K); [Central region] Kasungu distr., Kasungu NP, 1000 m, 23 Dec 1976, J. Pawek 12032 (K, WAG1103230); [Southern region] Liwonde NP, 9 Oct 1978, A.J. Salubeni & E. Tawakali 2339 (WAG1103225); Central Region, Mchinji distr., 21 Nov 1983, A.J. Salubeni & I.H. Patel 3484 (BOL217407); [Central region] Lilongwe Distr., Nature Sanctuary, 8 Nov 1984, I.H. Patel & al. 1656 (K); Central Region, Nkhotakota distr., 13 May 1986, I.H. Patel & R.B. Kwatha 3184 (BRLU0026262); Northern region, Chitipa, 9°58'51"S, 33°25'37"E, 1528 m, 18 Dec 2007, H.T. Chapama & al. 788 (K);

Mali (new records): [Koulikoro region] Koulikoro, 11 May 1912, Vuillet 609 (P04577141); [Inner Niger Delta region] Mopti, 24 Apr 1932, J. Rogeon 76 (P04577146); [Gao region] Bamba, 1927, O. Hagerup 327 (BR0000018268447, K, P04576677); [Gao region] Gao, 21 Jun 1936, M. de Wailly 5070 (P04577142); [nr Bamako] Niger river, Sotuba, 4 Jul 1973, D. N’Golo 1291 (WAG0319754); [Sikasso region] Sikasso, Yanfolila, 7 Jul 2009, L. Sanou et al. 624 (K);

Mozambique (new records): [Nampula prov.] Nampula, Mutivasi river, 3 Nov 1942, F.A. Mendonça 1217 (K); [Zambezia prov.] Boroma, 4 miles from Zambesi river, 25 Jul 1950, N.C. Chase 2788 (BM); [Sofala prov.] Gorongosa distr., 300 ft, 26 Sep 1953, N.C. Chase 5087 (BM); Sofala prov., Gorongoza Game Reserve, 25 Aug 1958, N.C. Chase 6980 & 6981 (BR0000018269185, FT0007098, K); Sofala prov., Gorongosa NP, 3 Nov 1963, A.R. Torre & J. Paiva 9006 (BR0000018269161, M); [Sofala prov.] Beira, Jul 1970, K.L. Tinley 1936 (BR0000018269642); Sofala prov., Gorongosa NP, Jul 1970, K.L. Tinley 1938 (K); Gaza prov., Caniçado, 17 Nov 1970, M.F. Correia 2018 (WAG1103222); Niassa prov., Lugenda river, Marrupa to Mecula, 11 Aug 1981, P.C.M. Jansen et al. 225 (K, WAG0312529); Sofala prov., Gorongosa NP, 18°55'4.8"S, 34°30'38.04"E, 9 Nov 2007, P. Ballings & B. Wursten 944 & 958 (BR581135 & BR0000018269635);

Namibia (new records): [Otjozondjupa Region] Okahandja, Nov 1906, K. Dinter 301 (BM, BR0000018269222, E, G, K, P04577101, U139844, WU, Z-000092198); [Khomas region] Windhoek, 21 Dec 1929, C.E. Moss 18055 (BM); [Khomas region] Khomas Highland, Friedenau Farm, 2000 m, 6 Apr 1939, Anonymous Gassner 124 (M); [Erongo region] Swakopmund distr., Goabeb Research Station, 9 Oct 1963, C. Koch s.n. (K, PRE0403669); [Hardap region] 30 miles E of Maltahöhe, 4400 ft, 15 Feb 1950, E.C.Macdonald 369 (BM); [Kavango-East region] Rundu [between Kapuko & Sambiu], 22 Dec 1955, B. de Winter 4035 (K, M, PRE0403672); [Khomas region] Windhoek, 1575 m, 29 Apr 1961, R. Seydel 2819 (B101143626, G, L1693130); [Erongo region] Swakopmund, mouth of Swakop river, 11 Feb 1962, R. Seydel 3041 (B101143623, M); [Khomas region] Windhoek, Swakop river, 2000 m, 20 Feb 1965, R. Seydel 4194 (B101143629, B101143630, K);

Niger (new record): [ Tillabéri region] Kouré, 8 Mar 1897, Anonymous Roberty 2556 (P04577117);

Nigeria (new records): [Benue State] Abinsi, 29 May 1912, J.M. Dalziel 715 (K); [Jigawa State] Takara, 3200 ft, 4 May 1921, H.V. Lely 101 (K); Adamawa State, Jimeta (Yola), 29 Dec 1957, F.N. Hepper 1621 (K); [Niger State] Shagunu, 10 km N of Bussa, 25 Jul 1965, C.D.K. Cook 405 (K); Niger State, Bida distr., 1 Mar 1968, B.O. Daramola & A. Binuyo 61930 (K); [Taraba State] Sardauna area, Bissaula, 18 Dec 1968, B.O. Daramola 62328 (K); [Taraba State] Gashaka distr., Gashaka river, 1100 ft, 25 Mar 1970, Z.O. Gbile & B.O. Daramola 23888 (WAG0185150); Bauchi State, Yankari Game Reserve, 24 Mar 1971, C. Geerling 3486 (B100480213, BR0000017456135, WAG0083282); Gombe State, Dadin Kowa, Gongola river, 2 May 1972, Gbile et al. 65453 (K); Adamawa State, Yola distr., 6 May 1972, Gbile et al. 1303 (K); Enugu State, Amechi vill., 21 Feb 1973, Latilo & Oguntayo 67620 (K, WAG0185136); [Kogi State] Koton Karfe, Niger river, 22 Mar 1973, Eimunjeze et al. 70400 (K); Niger State, Kafin Koro, 23 May 1973, Eimunjeze et al. 66496 (K);

Republic of the Congo (new record): [Bouenza dept.] Jacob [Nkayi], 27 Sep 1969, Y. Attims 255 (WAG00034942);

Rwanda (new records): Mutara area, 1400 m a.s.l., 3 Oct 1956, Anonymous Troupin 2810 (BR0000017455824, K); [Eastern prov.] Nyagatare, 1450 m, 27 Jan 1958, Anonymous Michel 5077 (BR0000017455817);

Senegal (new records): [without exact location and date] Perrottet 373 (G, P04577123); Wab, 20 Dec 1824, Perrottet 51 (P04577122); [Waalo Region] N’ghiau, [without date] Lepier s.n. (G); Oussodou, 2 Jan 1954, R.P. Berhaut 4330 (P04577147); [Ziguinchor Region] Bignona, 22 May 1957, J.-Anonymous Adam 13656 (P04577113); Niokolo Koba NP, Feb 1960, J.-Anonymous Adam 17485 (P04577114); Basse Casamance [Ziguinchor], 11 Jul 1963, R.P. Berhaut 6084 (BR7000919, P04577119); Basse Casamance [Ziguinchor], 29 Jul 1977, C. Vanden Berghen 1915 (BR0000018268461, WAG0106332);

Sierra Leone (new records): [Northern prov.] Samaia, 10 May 1914, N.W. Thomas 245 (K); [Northern prov.] Mange, 21 Feb 1949, F.C. Deighton 4978 (K); [Northern prov.] Yifin, 23 Mar 1964, Norton & Gladhill 994 (K, WAG0185139); [Northern prov.] Koinadugu distr., SE of Fadugu, 21 May 2014, X.M. van der Burgt 1854 (K);

Somalia (new record): [Gedo prov.] nr Ganane, Mar 1893, D. Riva 736 (G, RO);

South Africa: [Gauteng prov.] Pretoria, Apies river, [without date] ex herb. J. Burtt Davy s.n. (K); [Gauteng prov.] Pretoria distr., Apies river, [without date] Zeyher 612 (K); [Western Cape] Clanwillam, Feb [no year] Zeyher & Ecklon 1818 (P04577109); [Western Cape] Clanvillam, secus fluvium Olifantsrivier ad villam Brackfontein, Jun 1847 Zeyher 612 (P04577110, P04577124); Cape of Good Hope, 1847, C.-L. Zeyher 612 (FR-0132679, G, LE, P04577110); Northern Cape, Henkries, 30 Nov 1897, B. Schlechter s.n. (BR0000018269291, G, LE, L1693128, P04576623, WAG1103197, Z-000092196); [Limpopo prov.] Musina, 2000 ft, [without date] F.A. Rogers 22240 (G); [KwaZulu-Natal prov.] Durban, Sep 1904, M. Wood s.n. (L1693126); [Limpopo province] Messina [Musina], Nov 1917, Moss & Rogers 57 (BM, K); [Mpumalanga prov.] Klipfontein, Nov 1937, J.P.H. Acocks 5145 (K); [Transvaal prov.] Zoutpansberg, Kruger Nat. Park, 800 ft, 2 Nov 1948, O’Dyer 4630 (K); [Northern Cape] Lokenburg, 2100 ft, 16 Mar 1957, J.P.H.Acocks 19196 (K, M, PRE0403696, PRE0403696-2); [Northern Cape prov.] Kimberley, Rooipoort, 3450 ft, 1 Dec 1958, O.A. Leistner 1210 (K); Cape Prov., [Northern Cape prov.] Warrenton, [without date] J.P.H.Acocks 15916 (K); [KwaZulu-Natal prov.] Ubombo Distr., Mkuzi Gane reserve, 9 Dec 1959, C.J.Ward 3353 (K, M); Transvaal prov., Kruger NP, 350 m a.s.l., 27 Jan 1982, J. Lambinon & M. Reekmans 82 (BR0000018269246, MSB-129442, PRE0626149); [Limpopo prov.] Giyani distr., 18 Oct 1988, S. Venter 13049 (PRE0810982);

South Sudan (new record): [Equatoria Region] Zande, 6 Mar 1940, J.W.AnonymousWyld 781 (BM);

Tanzania (new records): [Ruvuma region] 7 km W of Songea, 990 m, 18 Jan 1956, E. Milne-Redhead & P. Taylor 8355 (BR0000018269017, K); [Rukwa region] Sundu Lake, 1500 m, 13 Dec 1958, H.M. Richards 10316 (K); Kigoma region, Mugombasi, 1 Sep 1959, R.M. Harley 9495 (K); [Kagera region] Ngara, 4500 ft, 6 Sep 1960, R. Tanner 5126 (BR0000017454308, K, WAG1103204); [Singida region] Ruaha NP, Great Ruaha river, 840 m, 19 Jan 1966, M. Richards 21007 (K); Arusha region, Ngurdoto Crater NP, 22 Mar 1966, P.J. Greenway & Kanuri 12474 (BR0000017454285, K); Arusha region, Arusha NP, 1524 m, Nov 1969, M. Richards 24683 (K, M); [Singida region] Ruaha NP, 820 m, 12 Oct 1970, A. Bjørnstad 601 (K); [Arusha region] Ngorongoro Conservation area, 2200 m, 30 Dec 1988, T. Pocs & S. Chuwa 88308 (K); Mbeya region, 19 Dec 1989, J. Lovett et al. 3775 (L0717072, P04576671); [Kilimanjaro region] Kilimanjaro, 1220 m, 2 May 1994, J.M. Grimshaw s.n. (K);

Uganda (new record): [Western region] Kiryadongo, 3200 ft, Mar 1943, Anonymous 1338 (K);

Zambia (new records): [North-Western prov.] Mwinilunga distr., 6 Nov 1937, E. Milne-Redhead 3115 (BR0000017454414, K); [Southern prov.] Mapanza, 20 Sep 1953, E.A. Robinson 324 (BR0000018269109, K); [Copperbelt prov.] Ndola, 23 Jun 1955, D.B. Fanshawe 2343 (B101143625, BR0000018269604, K); [Lusaka prov.] S of Lusaka, Kafue river, 3000 ft, 11 Dec 1955, E.B. Best 121 (K); [Eastern prov.] Lundazi, Tigone Dam, 1200 m, 19 Nov 1958, N.K.B. Robson 655 (BM, K); [Southern province] Choma, 25 Oct 1958, E.A. Robinson 2900 (M); [Eastern prov.] stream beside Chadiza turn-off, Nsadzu to Fort Jameson [Chipata], 900 m, 25 Nov 1958, N.K.B. Robson 703 (BM, BR0000017454438, K); [Northern prov.] Kali Dambo, [without date], H.M. Richards 4091 (K); [Central prov.] Broken Hill [Kabwe], 14 Oct 1959, J.M. Mutimushi 74 (K); [Eastern prov.] Chimutengo/Petauke, 3 Oct 1966, J.M. Mutimushi 1542 (K); Lusaka prov., Chitendabunga, 1200 m, 13 Nov 1993, M.Anonymous Bingham 9795 (WAG1103214);

Zimbabwe (new records): Bulawayo, May 1898, R.F. Rand 331 (BM); Salisbury [Harare], Sep 1919, Eyles 1806 (K); [Matabeleland North prov.] Victoria Falls, Nov 1933, A. Meebold 11992 (M); [Matabeleland South prov.] Beitbridge, Limpopo river, 21 Dec 1935, Smuts & Gillett 3108 (PRE0800058); [North-Western prov.] Salisbury [Harare], Makabusi river, 4500 ft, 24 Oct 1945, H. Wild 269A (K); [Matabeleland South prov.] Bulalimamangwe distr., Tegwani, 8 Jan 1946, F.W.J. McKosh 14297 (K); [Manikaland prov.] nr Mutare, 3500 ft, 29 Dec 1946, B.S. Fisher 16533 (K); Nuanetsi, 1850 ft, Nov 1955, R. Davies 1610 (K); Bulawayo, 4800 ft, Dec 1956, O.B. Miller 4000 (BR0000018269628, K); [Mashonaland West prov.] Urungwe distr., Zwipani Vlei, 30 Nov 1957, R. Goodier 425 (K); [Matabeleland South prov.] Nuanetsi, 2050 ft, 6 May 1958, R.B. Drummond 5599 (K); [Matabeleland South prov.] Gwanda Distr., nr Chikwarakwara, 12 May 1958, R.B. Drummond 5789 (K); [Mashonaland Central prov.] Sipolilo, Angwa river, 3 Jun 1965, M.Anonymous Bingham 1548 (BR0000018269550); [Midlands prov.] Owelo [Gweru], 4200 ft, 30 Dec 1965, B.K. Simon 587 (K); [Midlands prov.] Kwekwe distr., Sable Park, 26 Feb 1976, J.M. Stephens 340 (M, WAG1103229);

General distribution.

Africa (Sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa: Egypt [WU!]; Madagascar: G! K!).

Figures

Figure 16. Glinus hirtus A an overview of the plant B close-up of the leaf C, D flowers. Photographers - Roger and Alison Heath (A, D Moremi Game Reserve, Ngamiland, Botswana, Nov 2010 B, C Selinda, Ngamiland, Botswana, 04 Nov 2004 (B), 23 Jan 2004 (C).

Figure 17. A herbarium specimen of Glinus hirtus (Central African Republic, 300 m NW of Gounda, 9 ° 18 ' N, 21 ° 12 ' E, alt. 450 m, 28 Jul 1982, J. M. Fay 2763, K 001394828 as G. dahomensis). Copyright of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Figure 18. Distribution map of Glinus hirtus in Sub-Saharan Africa (coloured in yellow).