Clepsis trivia (Meyrick, 1913), stat rev.

Zlatkov, Boyan & Huemer, Peter, 2019, Remarkable confusion in some Western Palearctic Clepsis leads to a revised taxonomic concept (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), ZooKeys 885, pp. 51-87 : 51

Clepsis trivia (Meyrick, 1913), stat rev.

Tortrix trivia Meyrick, 1913: 297 (Tunisia)

Material examined.

Holotype ♂, pinned, with 6 labels: "Tunis / 27.5 / Coll. O. Leonhard" "T / 29" "Tortrix / trivia Meyr. / type" “Holotypus” [red label] "DEI Müncheberg / Lep-00335" [green label] “Gen.-Präp. / 3145 / präp. Karisch, 2014".

TUNISIA • 1 ♂; 27 May; Leonhard leg.; GS 3145; SDEI Lep-00335.

Other material: GREECE • 1 ♀; Crete, Lassithi region, Agios Joannis; alt.250 m; 28 Apr. 2003; W. Ruckdeschel leg.; GS 1/12.10.2017; TLMF • 1 ♀; same collection data; 1 May 2003; GS 2/12.10.2017; TLMF • 2 ♂♂; Crete, Lassithi region, Koutsounari; alt. 100 m; 1 May 2003; W. Ruckdeschel leg.; GS 1/13.10.2017, 2/13.10.2017; TLMF • 1 ♀; Crete, Lassithi region, Achlia at Koutsouras; alt. 30 m; 5 Nov. 2004; W. Ruckdeschel leg.; GS 3/13.10.2017; TLMF • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data; 7 Nov. 2004; GS 4/13.10.2017, 5/13.10.2017, 6/13.10.2017; TLMF • 1 ♀; same collection data; 9 Apr. 2008; GS 1/14.10.2017; TLMF • 3 ♂♂; same collection data; 12 Apr. 2008; GS 1/15.10.2017, 2/15.10.2017, 3/15.10.2017; TLMF.

Diagnosis.

The species is most similar to C. acclivana . Externally the males differ in their wing markings, which are better defined in C. acclivana . The wings in C. trivia are also more elongated. The gnathos of C. trivia has angled arms, the sacculus is straighter, the brachiola is displaced dorsally, the phallic process has a different orientation but the vesica is very similar to C. acclivana . The wing pattern of C. trivia females is similar to those of both the C. consimilana and C. neglectana groups, but is C. trivia is paler. Clepsis trivia has the longest colliculum among the known females of the C. neglectana group.

Description.

Adult. Sexual dimorphism prominent. Male ( Fig. 2 H–J ). Head. Vertex pale fulvous, frons, palps and antennae with ochreous scales. Antennae with numerous sensilla trichodea as long as width of flagellomeres. Thorax dorsally fulvous, ventrally creamy, legs pale brown, tegula creamy with fulvous anterior part. Forewing relatively elongate, with length 6.1-7.9 mm (mean 7.3, N = 7). Costa convex basally and straight apically, with small costal fold extending from base to 0.4 –0.5× length of costal margin ( Fig. 3C ). Background pale yellowish with ill-defined reticulate pattern. Basal blotch ill-defined, consisting of small transverse fulvous markings. Median fascia brown or fulvous, widened at middle. Subapical blotch triangular, ill-defined, connected with median fascia. Underside pale grey-brown with creamy area in distal half of costa. Cilia concolourous with background. Hindwing upperside pale grey, underside whitish, cilia white. Abdomen pale grey. Male genitalia ( Fig. 4E, F ). Uncus wide, more or less round apically, with parallel lateral margins, gnathos with relatively large median part and angled arms, socius membranous. Valvae pointed laterally or slightly dorsolaterally when mounted on slide. Costal sclerite wide, with elongated labis covered with large acanthae ( Fig. 5D ). Apical part of sacculus 1.6 × longer than basal part, both forming an angle of 150-160°, saccular process pointed, relatively small. Membranous part of valva with protuberance lacking tuft of setae but has deciduous scales, terminal part with small dorsal and large ventral curvature, brachiola prominent, pointed dorsally. Posterior part of phallus slightly sinuate, with lateral process 0.24 × distance between anterior opening and tip of phallus, weakly curved dorsad or rarely parallel to tip. Anterior and posterior part of phallus form angle of 130°. Caulis small, diverging from coecum. Vesica bent at 110-130° dorsad, with basal widening and terminal diverticulum dorsally, slightly pointed to right ( Fig. 6C ). Three ventroapically located deciduous cornuti adjacent to gonopore ( Fig. 7C ). Female more unicolourous than male ( Fig. 2K ). Head as in male but sensilla trichodea less numerous and shorter. Thorax as in male but tegula fulvous. Forewing length 6.6-7.9 mm (mean 7.3, N = 5). Costa convex basally and slightly concave apically. Upperside background pale yellowish with pale fulvous reticulate pattern, without markings, underside pale grey-brown with creamy area in distal half of costa, cilia concolourous with upperside. Hindwings upperside pale grey, underside and cilia whitish. Abdomen grey. Female genitalia ( Fig. 8C ). Papillae anales not modified. Apophyses anteriores slightly longer (1.1 ×) than apophyses posteriores. Sterigma widened caudad, with small shallow lateral pockets cephalad and large excavation on dorsal wall, lamella antevaginalis narrow. Colliculum asymmetrical, with length 0.2 × length of ductus bursae, funnel-shaped, bent to left, with plicate longitudinal sclerotisation, large elongated protrusion at right and a small one at left both consisting of colourless thick cuticle. Ductus bursae long and narrow, emerging dorsally of cuticular protrusions. Cestum expanding for short distance on corpus bursae and extending along cranial part of ductus bursae for 0.9 × of its length. Ductus seminalis inserted dorsolaterally at caudal end of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae ovoid, with large falcate signum with capitulum and flat signum located near end of cestum consisting of sclerotised papillae ( Fig. 9C ).

Molecular data

( Fig. 16 ). BIN: BOLD:ACT3810. The intraspecific average distance of the barcode region is 0.08%, the maximum distance 0.16% (p-dist) (N = 4). The minimum distance to the nearest neighbour, C. eatoniana , is 3.34%.

Distribution

( Fig. 17 ). Known from Tunisia (type locality) and Crete.

Ecology.

The moths fly in the middle of April to late May and in early November, which may indicate two generations per year.

Remarks.

Meyrick (1913) described C. trivia from a single male. The name remained valid until Karisch and Blackstein (2014) dissected the holotype (by monotypy) and synonymised it with C. neglectana . Despite of proposed synonymy, they explicitly stated that C. acclivana and C. trivia are very similar to each other but differ from C. neglectana . We find very little support for synonymy between C. neglectana , C. trivia , and C. acclivana . The holotype of C. trivia has very similar wing pattern to the males collected in Crete, and the male genitalia (apart from the unstudied vesica of the holotype) appear identical, therefore the Cretan population can be assigned to C. trivia despite lacking barcode data for the holotype. There is a considerable DNA barcode gap between C. trivia (from Crete) and C. neglectana (from Europe) which also supports existence of two taxa.

Figures

Figure 2. Adults of Clepsis neglectana species group A-C C. neglectana: A lectotype of Tortrix neglectana B male, Southern Germany C Female, Germany D-G C. striolana: D lectotype of T. striolana E paralectotype of T. striolana F male, Austria, South Tyrol G female, Austria, South Tyrol H-K C. trivia: H holotype of T. trivia I-J males, Crete K female, Crete L-M C. acclivana: L lectotype of Cacoecia acclivana M paralectotype of C. acclivana N T. severana holotype O Cacoecia unifasciana var. semiana holotype. Scale bar: 5 mm, all to scale.

Figure 3. Costal folds of males of Clepsis spp. A C. neglectana, Germany B C. striolana, Austria C C. trivia, Crete D C. acclivana, lectotype of Cacoecia acclivana E C. consimilana, neotype of Tortrix consimilana F C. eatoniana, Spain. Scale bar: 1 mm, all to scale.

Figure 4. Male genitalia of the Clepsis neglectana species group (some without phallus) A, B C. neglectana: A Tortrix neglectana lectotype B C. neglectana, Southern Germany C, D C. striolana: C T. striolana lectotype D C. striolana, Austria, North Tyrol E, F C. trivia: E T. trivia holotype F C. trivia, Crete. Scale bar: 500 μm, all to scale.

Figure 5. Labides of Clepsis spp. A, B C. neglectana: A Southern Germany B Finland C C. striolana, Austria, North Tyrol D C. trivia, Crete E C. acclivana, paralectotype of Cacoecia acclivana F, G C. consimilana: F Germany, neotype of Tortrix consimilana G Italy H C. eatoniana, Spain. Scale bar: 100 μm, all to scale.

Figure 6. Phalli with vesicae everted of the Clepsis neglectana species group A C. neglectana, Germany B C. striolana, Austria C C. trivia, Crete D C. acclivana, paralectotype of Cacoecia acclivana. The phallus of each species is shown in three aspects from top to bottom: sclerotised phallic tube (without vesica) in dorsal view (viewpoint marked with black arrow), vesica in dorsal view (viewpoint marked with white arrow) and whole phallus in left view. 1 cornutus, 2 diverticulum, 3 location of gonopore, 4 phallic process, 5 caulis. Scale bar: 250 μm.

Figure 7. Specialised male setae in Clepsis spp. A-E cornuti: A C. neglectana, Finland B C. striolana, Austria C C. trivia, Crete D C. consimilana, neotype of Tortrix consimilana E C. eatoniana, Spain F modified large seta from the medial surface of valva of C. consimilana, Germany. Scale bar: 100 μm, all to scale.

Figure 8. Female genitalia of the Clepsis neglectana species group A C. neglectana, Finland B C. striolana, Austria C C. trivia, Crete. The top row shows the whole genitalia, the bottom row shows the sterigma and colliculum enlarged. 1 papilla analis, 2 apophysis posterior, 3 sterigma, 4 colliculum, 5 apophysis anterior, 6 ductus seminalis, 7 ductus bursae, 8 cestum, 9 corpus bursae, 10 falcate signum, 11 plate shaped signum, 12 ostium, 13 sclerotised plicae, 14 protrusion. Scale bars: 1 mm (top row), 250 μm (bottom row).

Figure 9. Signa of bursa copulatrix in Clepsis spp. A C. neglectana B C. striolana C C. trivia D C. consimilana E C. eatoniana F A detail of plate shaped signum of C. consimilana consisting of sclerotised papillae. 1 falcate signum, 2 plate shaped signum, 3 cestum. Scale bars: 250 μm (A-E, all to scale), 25 μm (F).

Figure 16. Neighbour-joining tree of Clepsis neglectana and C. consimilana species groups (Kimura 2 parameter, built with MEGA 6; cf. Tamura et al. 2013). Note: the scale bar only applies to internal branches between species. The width of the triangles represents the sample size, and the depth the relative genetic variation within the cluster (2 x scale bar). Source: DNA Barcode data from BOLD (Barcode of Life Database, cf. Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007).

Figure 17. Distribution map of examined material of Clepsis neglectana and C. consimilana species groups. Map created with SimpleMappr (http: // www. simplemappr. net).