Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)

W. Christopher Wozencraft, 1993, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 279-348 : 287

Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) . Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:40.

TYPE LOCALITY: "Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens," restricted by Thomas (1911a), to " Sweden (Upsala)."

DISTRIBUTION: Europe and continental Asia except the tundra; N India and peninsular Indochina; Japan; Palearctic Africa; N America as far south as Texas and New Mexico ( USA), but absent in part of the Central Plains and the Arctic. Introduced to Australia; see Corbet and Hill (1980:93).

STATUS: CITES - Appendix III ( India) as V. v. griffithi , V. v. montana , and V. v. pusilla (= leucopus ).

SYNONYMS: abietorum Merriam, 1900; acaab Cabrera, 1916; aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816; alascensis Merriam, 1900; alba Borkhausen, 1797 ; algeriensis Loche, 1858; alopex Blanford, 1881; alpherakyi Satunin, 1906; alticola Ognev, 1926; anadyrensis J. A. Allen, 1903; anatolica Thomas, 1920; anubis Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; arabica Thomas, 1902; atlantica Wagner, 1841 ; aurantioluteus Matschie, 1907; bangsi Merriam, 1900; barbarus Shaw, 1800; beringiana Middendorff, 1875; cascadensis Merriam, 1900; caucasico Dinnik, 1914; cinera Bechstein, 1801; communis Burnett, 1830 ; crucigera Bechstein, 1789; daurica Ognev, 1931; deletrix Bangs, 1898; dolichocrania Ognev, 1926; dorsalis Gray, 1837 ; eckloni Jacobi, 1923; flavescens Gray, 1843 ; fulvus Desmarest, 1820 ; griffithii Blyth, 1854 ; harrimani Merriam, 1900; himalaicus Ogilby, 1836; hoole Swinhoe, 1870; huli Sowerby, 1923; hypomelas Wagner, 1841; ichnusae Miller, 1907; indutus Miller, 1907; jakutensis Ognev, 1923; japonica Gray, 1868 ; kamtschadensis Brass, 1911; karagan Erxleben, 1777; kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 ; kiyomasai Kishida and Mori, 1929; krimeamontana Brauner, 1914; kurdistanica Satunin, 1906; ladacensis Matschie, 1907; leucopus Blyth, 1854 ; lineatus Billberg, 1827; lineiventer Swinhoe, 1870; lutea Bechstein, 1801; macrourus Baird, 1852; melanogaster Bonaparte, 1832; melanotus Pallas, 1811; meridionalis Fitzinger, 1855; montana Pearson, 1836 ; necator Merriam, 1900; nepalensis Gray, 1837 ; nigra Borkhausen, 1797 ; nigro-argenteus Nillson, 1820; nigrocaudatus Billberg, 1827; niloticus Desmarest, 1820; ochroxantha Ognev, 1926; palaestina Thomas, 1920; peculiosa Kishida, 1924; pennsylvanicus Rhoads, 1894; persicus Blanford, 1875; pusilla Blyth, 1854 ; regalis Merriam, 1900; rubricosa Bangs, 1898; schrencki Kishida, 1924; silaceus Miller, 1907; sitkaensis Brass, 1911; splendens Thomas, 1902; splendidissima Kishida, 1924; stepensis Brauner, 1914; tobolica Ognev, 1926; tschiliensis Matschie, 1907; ussuriensis Dybowski, 1922; vafra Bangs, 1897; variagatus Billberg, 1827; vulgaris Oken, 1816 ; vulpecula Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; waddelli Bonhote, 1906.