Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838)

Gosik, Rafal, Caldara, Roberto, Tosevski, Ivo & Skuhrovec, Jiri, 2024, Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels, ZooKeys 1195, pp. 1-94 : 1

14) Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838)

Material examined.

11 mature and 5 premature larvae; 8 ♂ and 6 ♀ pupae. Serbia, Mokra Gora , ex Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange, 10.08.2017, leg., det. I. Toševski.

Description of mature larva

(Figs 64A, B , 65A-E , 66A-C ). Measurements (in mm). Body length: 2.50-3.66 (avg. 2.83). The widest place in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 1.16. Head width: 0.43-0.50 (avg. 0.46).

General. Body elongate, slender, moderately curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 64A ). All thoracic segments equal in size. Meso- and metathorax each divided dorsally into two folds (prodorsal fold very small, postdorsal fold prominent). Pedal folds of thoracic segments conical. Abdominal segments I-V of similar size, next segments tapering towards posterior body end. Abdominal segments I-VII each divided dorsally into two folds almost identical in size. Segments VIII and IX dorsally undivided. Epipleural folds of segments I-VIII conical. Laterosternal and eusternal folds of segments I-VIII conical, poorly isolated. Abdominal segment X divided into four folds of equal size. Anus situated ventrally, almost completely hidden in segment IX.

Thoracic spiracle bicameral, all abdominal spiracles unicameral; thoracic spiracle (Fig. 64A ) placed laterally close to mesothorax; abdominal spiracles (Fig. 64A ) placed medially on segments I-VIII.

Colouration. Light to dark yellow head (Fig. 64B ). All thoracic and abdominal segments whitish (Fig. 64A ). Cuticle covered with asperities.

Vestiture. Setae on body thin, transparent, different in length (minute to medium).

Head capsule (Figs 64B , 65A ). Head suboval, endocarinal line present, reaching to 1/2 of the length of frons. Frontal sutures on head indistinct, very wide. Single pair of stemmata in the form of small dark spots (st) placed laterally, close to the end of the frontal suture. Des1 short, located in middle part of epicranium; long des2 located anteriorly; long des3 placed almost on the border of the frontal suture; very short des4 located laterally; very long des5 placed anterolaterally above stemma (Fig. 65A ). Fs1 minute, placed posteriorly; fs2 minute, located posterolaterally; fs3 absent; fs4 medium; and long fs5 located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig. 65A ). Les1 medium and les2 short; two short ves. Epicranial area with three pes.

Antennae placed distally of the frontal suture, on the inside; membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one conical elongate sensorium, plus two sensilla ampullacea (Fig. 65B ).

Clypeus (Fig. 65C ) trapezoidal, ~ 2.5 × as wide as long with two medium cls, localised posterolaterally, with one sensillum between them; anterior part distinctly less sclerotised than the basal part; anterior border slightly rounded towards the inside.

Mouth parts. Labrum (Fig. 65C ) ~ 2.2 × as wide as long, with three piliform lrs, various long; lrs1 and lrs2 elongated, located medially, and lrs3 medium, located anterolaterally; anterior border bi-sinuate. Epipharynx (Fig. 65C ) with two elongated finger-like als, identical in length; two piliform ams variable in length, and single finger-like mes; labral rods (lr) distinct, kidney-shaped. Mandibles (Fig. 65D ) bifid, cutting edge with small additional teeth; two medium piliform and short mds, both located close to lateral border. Maxillolabial complex: maxilla brownish sclerotised (Fig. 65E ) stipes with one stps, two pfs and one very short mbs, stps and both pfs1-2 elongated; mala with six finger-like dms variable in length; four medium piliform vms. Maxillary palpi two-segmented; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal one; basal palpomere with short mpxs and two sensilla, distal palpomere with a group of four apical sensilla in terminal receptive area. Prementum (Fig. 65E ) close to cup-shaped, with a single, medium prms; ligula with slightly sinuate margin and two short ligs; premental sclerite broad, sclerotised, posterior extension with elongated apex. Labial palpi one-segmented; palpi with a single pore, and four or five apical sensilla in terminal receptive area; surface of labium smooth. Postmentum (Fig. 65E ) with three pms, medium pms1 located posteromedially, long pms2 located mediolaterally, and medium pms3 located anterolaterally; membranous area partially covered with knobby asperities.

Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 66A ) with seven elongated and two medium prns; two medium ps; and single short eus. Mesothorax (Fig. 66A ) with a single minute prs; three pds (ordered: minute, medium and medium); one medium as; two medium and one minute ss; one medium eps; one medium ps; and single minute eus. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig. 66A ) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments with four medium and single minute pda.

Abdomen. Segments I-VIII (Fig. 66B, C ) with a single minute prs; three pds of various length; one minute and one medium ss; one medium and one minute eps; one medium ps; one medium lsts; and two minute eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 66C ) with two medium and one minute ds; one medium and one minute ps; and two minute sts.

Description of pupa

(Figs 67A-C , 68A-C ). Measurements (in mm). Body length: 2.30-2.90; body width: 0.80-1.75; thorax width: 0.90-1.05; rostrum length: up to 0.75 ♂ and ♀.

Body. Integument white; moderately elongated. Head and pronotum with protuberances. Rostrum rather short, reaching to mesocoxae; on both sexes almost 2.2 × longer than wider. Pronotum trapezoidal 2 × as wide as long. Meso- and metanotum similar in size. Abdominal segments I-IV almost identical in size; segments V and VI tapering gradually, VII semicircular; segment VIII narrow; segment IX reduced. Abdominal segment VIII with, semicircular, weakly sclerotised abdominal protuberance (a-pr). Urogomphi vestigial, weakly sclerotised (Fig. 67A-C ).

Chaetotaxy. Well-developed setae, elongated to short, dark brown. Head with a single short os. Rostrum without seta (Fig. 68A ). Pronotum with a single as, single ds, four ls, and three pls; all pronotal setae elongated, equal in length. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with two elongated setae, placed medially (Fig. 68A-C ). Abdominal segments I-VIII dorsally with three medium (on segments VII and VIII elongated) setae dorsally, placed close to posterior margin of the segments. Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VIII with one short seta. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with three short setae, of which medial are robust, almost thorn-like. Abdominal segment IX without seta ventrally (Fig. 68A-C ).

Remarks and comparative notes.

This species is widely distributed, although uncommon, in southern, western, and central Europe ( Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2023). The apparent presence only in southern Spain and in the Pyrenees of adults of a form with a reddish elytral integument together with specimens with black elytra is unusual, although not unique in the genus Rhinusa . In fact, the same occurs in R. bipustulata (Rossi, 1792) and R. tetra , which live on Scrophularia and Verbascum and are unrelated to R. melas . It will surely be very interesting to confirm this distributional pattern through a molecular study.

Biological notes.

The host plant of R. melas is Chaenorhinum minus . Larvae develop in the seed capsules, where they pupate ( Hoffmann 1958; Smreczyński 1976). Adults were also collected on Linaria vulgaris , L. repens and L. spartea , but most likely as occasional visitors.

Key to mature larvae of selected Rhinusa species

The following key is for the larvae of 14 Rhinusa species treated in this paper plus one species ( R. bipustulata ) in a previously published paper ( Gosik 2010).

1	Pronotal spiracle bicameral (Figs 13A , 18A , 66A )	2
-	Pronotal spiracle unicameral (Figs 3A , 8A , 23A , 28A , 33A , 38A , 43A , 48A , 53A , 56A , 61A )	4
2	Endocarinal line reaching 1/2 of length of frons (Fig. 65A ). Postmentum partially covered with knobby asperities (Fig. 65E ). Premental sclerite broad, well sclerotised, its posterior extension elongated (Fig. 65E ). Mala with 6 dms (Fig. 65E )	R. melas
-	Endocarinal line reaching <2/3 of the length of the frons (Figs 12A , 17A ). Postmentum smooth (Figs 12E , 17E ). Premental sclerite weakly sclerotised, its posterior extension vestigial (Figs 12E , 17E ). Mala with 5 dms (Figs 12E , 17E )	3
3	Des1 present, des4 absent (Fig. 17A ). Antenna with 3 sensilla basiconica (Fig. 17B ). Cls very long (Fig. 17C ). Ligula with 3 ligs (Fig. 17E ). Mala with 5 vms (Fig. 17E ). Pronotum with 12 prns (Fig. 18A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 2 pds (Fig. 18B, C )	R. florum
-	Des1 absent, des4 present (Fig. 12A ). Antenna with 1 sensillum basiconicum and 4 sensilla ampullacea (Fig. 12B ). Cls very short (Fig. 12C ). Ligula with 2 ligs (Fig. 12E ). Mala with 4 vms (Fig. 12E ). Pronotum with 10 prns (Fig. 13A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 3 pds (Fig. 12B, C )	R. antirrhini
4	Frons covered with knobby protuberances (Figs 42A , 47A , 52A , 55A )	5
-	Frons smooth (Figs 2A , 7A , 22A , 27A , 32A , 37A , 60A )	8
5	Pronotum with 5 prns (Fig. 43A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 3 pds and single eps (Fig. 43B, C )	R. collina
-	Pronotum with 7 or more prns (Figs 48A , 53A , 56A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 4 pds and 3 eps (Figs 48B, C , 53B, C , 56B, C )	6
6	Postmentum smooth (Fig. 52E ). Fs2 and fs3 present (Fig. 52A )	R. incana
-	Postmentum partially covered with knobby asperities (Figs 47E , 55E ). Fs2 and fs3 absent (Figs 47A , 55A )	7
7	Des1 short (Fig. 55A ). Epipharynx with 3 ams (Fig. 55C ). Mala with 6 dms (Fig. 55E ). Premental sclerite without sclerotisation (Fig. 55E ). Pronotum with 7 prns (Fig. 56A ). Meso- and metathoracic segments with 3 pds (Fig. 56A ). Abdominal segment IX with 2 ds (Fig. 56B, C )	R. neta
-	Des1 elongate (Fig. 47A ). Epipharynx with 2 ams (Fig. 47C ). Mala with 5 dms (Fig. 47E ). Premental sclerite highly sclerotised (Fig. 47E ). Pronotum with 12 prns (Fig. 48A ). Meso- and metathoracic segments with 4 pds (Fig. 48A ). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds (Fig. 47B, C )	R. eversmanni
8	Posterior extension of premental sclerite very elongated (Fig. 60E ). Frons with 5 fs (Fig. 60A )	R. vestita
-	Posterior extension of premental sclerite very short, vestigial or even absent (Figs 2E , 7E , 22E , 27E , 32E , 37E ). Frons with 3 or 4 fs (Figs 2A , 7A , 22A , 27A , 32A , 37A )	9
9	Clypeus and labrum fused, anterior margin almost straight (Figs 22C , 27C , 32C ). Premental sclerite weakly sclerotised, posterior extension absent (Figs 22E , 27E , 32E ). Mala wit 4 dms (Figs 22E , 27E , 32E ). Postdorsal folds of abdominal segments I-VI distinct, conical, much higher than prodorsal folds (Figs 23B , 28B , 33B )	10
-	Clypeus and labrum separated, anterior margin of labrum round or sinuate (Figs 2C , 7C , 37C ). Premental sclerite well sclerotised, posterior extension present (Figs 2E , 7E , 37E ). Mala with 5-6 dms (Figs 2E , 7E , 37E ). Postdorsal folds of abdominal segments I-VI as high as prodorsal folds dorsally (or only slightly higher) (Figs 3B , 8B , 38B )	12
10	Labial palpi well developed and protruding past the outline of the prementum (Fig. 32E ). Ligula with 3 ligs (Fig. 32E ). Pronotum with 4 prns (Fig. 33A ). Each pedal area with 1 elongated and 3 minute setae (Fig. 33A ). Meso-, metathorax and abdominal segments I-VIII with 1 prs (Fig. 33A-C ). All abdominal setae minute, weakly visible (Fig. 33B, C ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 3 pds (Fig. 33B, C )	R. rara
-	Labial palpi small or vestigial, not protruding past the outline of the prementum (Figs 22E , 27E ). Ligula with 2 ligs (Figs 22E , 27E ). Pronotum with more than 7 prns (Figs 23A , 28A ). Each pedal area with 5 setae of various lengths (Figs 23A , 28A ). Meso-, metathorax and abdominal segments I-VIII without prs (Figs 23A-C , 28A-C ). All abdominal setae well visible, variable in length (Figs 23B, C , 28B, C ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 1 or 2 pds (Figs 23B, C , 28B, C )	11
11	Labial palpi vestigial, almost invisible (Fig. 22E ). Ligula with 1 ligs (Fig. 22E ). Postmentum partially covered with knobby asperities (Fig. 22E ). Clypeus with 1 cls (Fig. 22C ). Ams and als almost identical in size (Fig. 22C ). Sensorium elongated (Fig. 22B ). Thoracic and abdominal segments without eps (Fig. 23A-C ). Meso- and metathorax with 1 pds (Fig. 23A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 1 ss and 1 eus (Fig. 23B, C )	R. linariae
-	Labial palpi small, but still visible (Fig. 27E ). Ligula with 2 ligs (Fig. 27E ). Postmentum smooth (Fig. 27E ). Clypeus with 2 cls (Fig. 27C ). Als finger-like and distinctly larger than small and piliform ams (Fig. 27C ). Sensorium rather stout (Fig. 27B ). Thoracic and abdominal segments with 1 eps (Fig. 28A-C ). Meso- and metathorax with 2 pds (Fig. 28A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 2 ss and 2 eus (Fig. 28B, C )	R. pilosa
12	Prementum with 2 prms (Fig. 37E ). Epipharynx without mes (Fig. 37C ). Labral rods round (Fig. 37C ). Endocarinal line reaching to 2/3 of the frons (Fig. 37A ). Pronotum with 12 prns (Fig. 38A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII without prs and with 4 pds (Fig. 38B, C )	R. herbarum
-	Prementum with 1 prms (Figs 2E , 7E ). Epipharynx with 1 or 2 mes (Figs 2C , 7C ). Labral rods elongated or kidney-shaped (Figs 2C , 7C ). Endocarinal line reaching to 1/2 of frons (Figs 2A , 7A ). Pronotum with 6-9 prns (Figs 3A , 8A ). Abdominal segments I-VIII with 1-2 prs and with 1-3 pds (Figs 3B, C , 8B, C )	13
13	Epipharynx with 2 als (Fig. 7C ). Postmentum partially covered with knobbly asperities (Fig. 7E )	R. tetra
-	Epipharynx with 3 als (Fig. 2C ). Postmentum smooth (Fig. 2E )	14
14	Head with 2 pairs of stemmata (Fig. 2A ). Antenna with 2 sensilla basiconica and 2 styloconica (Fig. 2B ). Posterior extension of premental sclerite moderately elongated (Fig. 2E ). Ligula with 3 ligs (Fig. 2E ). Abdominal segment IX without ds (Fig. 3C )	R. asellus
-	Head with single pair of stemmata. Antenna with 7 sensilla styloconica. Posterior extension of premental sclerite short. Ligula with 2 ligs. Abdominal segment IX with 1 ds	R. bipustulata

Key to pupae of selected Rhinusa species

The following key is for the pupae described in this paper for 13 Rhinusa species plus the pupa of one species ( R. bipustulata ), described in a previously published paper ( Gosik 2010).

1	Pronotal and abdominal protuberances absent (Figs 30A-C , 35A-C )	2
-	Pronotal and/or abdominal protuberances present (Figs 5A-C , 10A-C , 15A-C , 20A-C , 25A-C , 40A-C , 45A-C , 50A-C , 58A-C , 63A-C , 68A-C )	3
2	Head and rostrum without seta (Fig. 35A, C ). Pronotum with 3 pls and without ls (Fig. 35A-C ). Abdominal segments I-VI with 4 setae dorsally (Fig. 35B )	R. rara
-	Head with 1 os and rostrum with 1 pas (Fig. 30A, C ). Pronotum with 2 pls and 1 ls (Fig. 30A-C ). Abdominal segments I-VI with 3 setae dorsally (Fig. 30B )	R. pilosa
3	All femora with 2 setae (Figs 5A-C , 10A-C )	4
-	All femora with 1 seta (Figs 15A-C , 20A-C , 25A-C , 40A-C , 45A-C , 50A-C , 58A-C , 63A-C , 68A-C )	6
4	Rostrum with 2 pas. Abdominal segments I-VII with 5 setae ventrally	R. bipustulata
-	Rostrum without or with 1 pas (Figs 5A,C , 10A,C ). Abdominal segments I-VII with 4 setae ventrally (Figs 5A , 10A )	5
5	P-pr elongated, sharply ended (Fig. 5A, C ). Rostrum up to 1.60 mm ♂ and 2.60 mm ♀. Rostrum with 1 pas, 2 rs, and 1 es (Fig. 5A, C ). Pronotum with 2 as and 4 pls (Fig. 5A-C ). Procoxae with 1 seta (Fig. 5A )	R. asellus
-	P-pr short, flattened (Fig. 10A, C ). Rostrum up to 0.70 mm ♂ and ♀. Rostrum without pas and es, with 1 rs (Fig. 10A, C ). Pronotum with 1 as and 3 pls (Fig. 10A-C ). Procoxae without seta (Fig. 10A )	R. tetra
6	Each of abdominal segments I-VII with 3 or more setae dorsally (Figs 15B , 20B , 40B , 45B , 50B , 58B , 63B , 68B )	7
-	Each of abdominal segments I-VII with 2 setae dorsally (Fig. 25B )	R. linariae
7	A-pr well developed, prominent, protruding past the outline of the body (Figs 15A-C , 20A-C , 40A-C )	8
-	A-pr vestigial (almost invisible) or absent (Figs 45A-C , 50A-C , 58A-C , 63A-C , 68A-C )	10
8	P-pr well developed, prominent (Figs 15A-C , 20A-C ). Clubs smooth (Figs 15A-C , 20A-C )	9
-	P-pr vestigial (almost invisible; Fig. 40A-C ). Clubs covered with knobby protuberances (Fig. 40A-C )	R. herbarum
9	Pronotum with 2 as, without ds, 4 ls, and 3 pls (Fig. 15A-C ). Rostrum without seta (Fig. 15A, C )	R. antirrhini
-	Pronotum with 2 as, 1 ds, 2 ls, and 4 pls (Fig. 20A-C ). Rostrum with 1 rs (Fig. 20A, C )	R. florum
10	Medial abdominal ventral seta much longer (or robust, spike-like) than the remaining ventral setae (Figs 63A , 68A )	11
-	All abdominal ventral setae similar in size (Figs 45A , 50A , 58A )	12
11	Pronotum with 2 as, 1 ds, 2 ls, and 4 pls (Fig. 63A-C ). Abdominal ventral setae robust, spike-like (Fig. 63A ). Abdominal segments I-VII with 6 setae dorsally (Fig. 63B )	R. vestita
-	Pronotum with 1 as, 1 ds, 4 ls, and 3 pls (Fig. 68A-C ). Abdominal ventral setae elongated, hair-like (Fig. 68A ). Abdominal segments I-VII with 3 setae dorsally (Fig. 68B )	R. melas
12	Abdominal segments I-VII with 4 setae dorsally (Figs 45B , 50B )	13
-	Abdominal segments I-VII with 5 setae dorsally (Fig. 58A )	R. neta
13	Rostrum with 1 pas, without rs (Fig. 45A, C ). Pronotum with 3 as, 1 ds, 2 ls, and 2 pls (Fig. 45A-C )	R. collina
-	Rostrum with 1 rs, without pas (Fig. 50A, C ). Pronotum with 3 as, without ds, 3 ls, and 3 pls (Fig. 50A-C )	R. eversmanni

Figures

Figure 2. Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, st-sensillum styloconicum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 3. Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 5. Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, cs - coxal, d - dorsal, ds - discal, es - epistomal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral.

Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 10. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, sos - supraorbital, rs - rostral, v - ventral.

Figure 12. Rhinusa antirrhini (Paykull, 1800) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 13. Rhinusa antirrhini (Paykull, 1800) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 15. Rhinusa antirrhini (Paykull, 1800) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, v - ventral.

Figure 17. Rhinusa florum (Rubsaamen, 1895) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 18. Rhinusa florum (Rubsaamen, 1895) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 20. Rhinusa florum (Rubsaamen, 1895) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral.

Figure 22. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental ,, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 23. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural.

Figure 25. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1796) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral.

Figure 27. Rhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 28. Rhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 30. Rhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: h-pr-head protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, v - ventral.

Figure 32. Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, st-sensillum styloconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 33. Rhinusa rara Tosevski, Caldara, 2015 mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 35. Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: h-pr-head protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, fes - femoral, l - lateral, pls - posterolateral, v - ventral.

Figure 37. Rhinusa herbarum (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 38. Rhinusa herbarum (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 40. Rhinusa herbarum (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral.

Figure 42. Rhinusa collina (Gyllenhal, 1813) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 43. Rhinusa collina (Gyllenhal, 1813) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 45. Rhinusa collina (Gyllenhal, 1813) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral.

Figure 47. Rhinusa eversmanni (Rosenschoeld, 1838) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 48. Rhinusa eversmanni (Rosenschoeld, 1838) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 50. Rhinusa eversmanni (Rosenschoeld, 1838) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral.

Figure 52. Rhinusa incana (Kirsch, 1881) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 53. Rhinusa incana (Kirsch, 1881) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 55. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mes - medial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 56. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 58. Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sos - supraorbital, v - ventral.

Figure 60. Rhinusa vestita (Germar, 1821) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 61. Rhinusa vestita (Germar, 1821) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 63. Rhinusa vestita (Germar, 1821) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, v - ventral.

Figure 64. Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view.

Figure 65. Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sa-sensillum ampullaceum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar.

Figure 66. Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal.

Figure 67. Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view.

Figure 68. Rhinusa melas (Boheman, 1838) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, v - ventral.