Scrapter, Lepeletier, 1841

Kuhlmann, Michael, 2014, Revision of the euryglossiform species of the Afrotropical bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae), European Journal of Taxonomy 95, pp. 1-69 : 65-67

Key to species of "euryglossiform" Scrapter

Due to their small size, the similarity of many species and the subtle, often gradual differences between some of them, identification can be very difficult, particularly in females. For males it is generally recommended to dissect genitalia and hidden sterna S7 and S8.

Females

The females of S. glareus and S. minutissimus sp. nov. are unknown.

1 Stigma bright yellow ( Fig. 11A ) …………………………………………… S. luteistigma sp. nov. – Stigma light to dark brown …………………………………………………………………………2

2 Apical tergal margins broadly brownish to yellowish translucent ( Figs 1B , 28B , 32E ); larger species ...……………………………………………………………………………………………3

– Apical tergal margins black or very narrowly brownish translucent; smaller species ……………5

3 Punctation on basal part of clypeus much finer than apically ( Fig. 28 C–D); foretibia entirely or predominantly yellowish to reddish brown ( Fig. 28A ) ………………………… S. sittybon Davies

– Punctation on clypeus more evenly sized ( Figs 1 C–D, 32B); foretibia dominantly dark blackishbrown ( Figs 1A , 32A ) ………………………………………………………………………………4

4 Metasomal terga between punctures smooth and shiny ( Fig. 1B ); clypeus distinctly convex ( Fig. 1 C–D) …………………………………………………………………… S. acanthophorus Davies

– Metasomal terga between punctures finely sculptured, slightly matt ( Fig. 32E ); clypeus more flat ( Fig. 32B ) ………………………………………………………………………… S. ulrikae sp. nov.

5 Scutum sparsely and finely punctured, looking almost impunctate and shiny ( Figs 6 E–F, 8E–F) ……6 – Scutum more densely and coarsely punctured ……………………………………………………8

6 Supraclypeal area, clypeus ( Fig. 6 C–D) and mesepisternum only partially and superficially reticulate, more shiny …………………………………………………………… S. exiguus sp. nov.

– Supraclypeal area apically, clypeus basally ( Fig. 8 C–D) and mesepisternum extensively and strongly reticulate, matt ………………………………………………………………………………7

7 Facial fovea slightly shorter than in S. gessorum sp. nov. ( Fig. 4 A–B); a variable species with respect to surface sculture and punctation ( Figs 3 C–F, 4A–D) ………… S. albitarsis (Friese)

– Facial fovea slightly longer than in S. albitarsis ( Fig. 8D ) ……………… S. gessorum sp. nov.

8 Clypeus and supraclypeal area matt, strongly reticulate, very sparsely, finely and shallowly punctate ( Fig. 10 C–D) ……………………………………………………… S. inexpectatus sp. nov.

– Clypeus and supraclypeal area more shiny, only partly or superficially sculptured, punctation usually stronger and denser …………………………………………………………………………9

9 Metasomal terga finely and densely punctate, between punctures completely smooth and shiny ( Fig. 18B ) …………………………………………………………………… S. nigerrimus sp. nov.

– Metasomal terga either impunctate or with more dispersed/coarser punctation; if punctation is similar (some specimens of S. punctatus sp. nov.) then terga at least basally with superficial sculpture and slightly matt ………………………………………………………………………………………10

10 Metasomal terga impunctate ( Figs 19E , 25E ); scutum distinctly reticulate and shallowly punctate ( Figs 19B , 25 C–D) ………………………………………………………………………………11

– Metasomal terga punctate, sometimes punctures minute ( Fig. 26E ); scutum either without reticulation or only very weakly reticulate ………………………………………………………12

11 Basal area of propodeum distinctly and largely carinate ( Fig. 19B ) …… S. nigritarsis sp. nov.

– Basal area of propodeum along anterior margin indistinctly carinate ( Fig. 25 C–D) ……………… ………………………………………………………………………………… S. pygmaeus sp. nov.

12 Scutum covered with large punctures ( Figs 23 C–D, 30C–D) …………………………………13 – Scutum covered with smaller punctures ( Figs 14 E–F, 15C–D, 16E–F, 21C–F, 26C–D) ………14

13 Basal area of propodeum shorter, medially only slightly longer than metanotum; few, short and indistinct carinae ( Fig. 23 C–D) ……………………………………………… S. punctatus sp. nov.

– Basal area of propodeum longer, medially about 1.5 times as long as metanotum; carinae longer and more distinct than in S. punctatus ( Fig. 30 C–D) ……………………………… S. spinipes sp. nov.

14 Punctation of metasomal terga minute, almost invisible ( Fig. 26E ) ……… S. roggeveldi sp. nov. – Punctation of metasomal terga much coarser and clearly visible ( Figs 14B , 15E , 16B , 21 G–H) …15

15 Head distinctly broader than long ( Figs 14 C–D, 16C–D) ………………………………………16 – Head about as long as broad ( Figs 15B , 21B ) …………………………………………………17

16 Clypeus, supraclypeal area and T1 mostly polished and shiny, only partially very finely and superficially sculptured, slightly matt ( Fig. 14 B–D) ……………………… S. minutuloides sp. nov.

– Clypeus, supraclypeal area and T1 (particularly anteriorly) mostly finely sculptured and matt ( Fig. 16 B–D) …………………………………………………………………… S. nanus sp. nov.

17 Metanotum apically more evenly rounded, without distinct carinate depression ( Fig. 15D ); fore tibia anteriorly largely yellowish-brown …………………………… S. minutus sp. nov.

– Metanotum apically with a carinate depression ( Fig. 21D, F ); fore tibia anteriorly blackish, only at the base with a small yellowish spot ……………………………… S. papkuilsi sp. nov.

Males

The males of S. gessorum sp. nov., S. inexpectatus sp. nov., S. minutuloides sp. nov., S. minutus sp. nov., S. nigerrimus sp. nov. and S. pygmaeus sp. nov. are unknown.

1 Antennal flagellum medially broadened, entirely orange ( Fig. 12B ); stigma bright yellow ( Fig. 12A ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 12D, F …………………………………………… S. luteistigma sp. nov.

– Antennal flagellum not broadened, only partly yellowish; stigma darker …………………………2

2 Antenna long, last flagellar segment about twice as long as wide ( Fig. 24E ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 24D, F ………………………………………………………………………… S. punctatus sp. nov.

– Antenna shorter, last flagellar segment at most 1.5 times as long as wide ……………………………3

3 Hind tibia inside apically broadened, pointed ( Fig. 22E ) or forming either a spine ( Figs 2E , 31E ) or a ± right angle ( Fig. 27G ) ………………………………………………………………………4 – Hind tibia unmodified, if apically broadened then without spine or ± sharp edge ……………7

4 Hind tibia inside apically forming a ± right angle ( Fig. 27G ); S4–S5 with conspicuously long apical hair fringes ( Fig. 27E ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 27D, F ……… S. roggeveldi sp. nov.

– Hind tibia inside apically pointed ( Fig. 22E ) or forming a spine ( Figs 2E , 31E ) …………………5

5 Hind tibia inside apically pointed ( Fig. 22E ); scutum and metasomal terga finely punctate ( Fig. 22C ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 22D, F ……………………………………………… S. papkuilsi sp. nov.

– Hind tibia inside apically with spine ( Figs 2E , 31E ); scutum and metasomal terga coarsely punctate ( Figs 2C , 31C ) ……………………………………………………………………………6

6 Hind tibia apically with longer spine ( Fig. 31E ); metasomal terga densely punctate ( Fig. 31C ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 31D, F …………………………………………………… S. spinipes sp. nov.

– Hind tibia apically with shorter spine ( Fig. 2E ); metasomal terga sparsely punctate ( Fig. 2C ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 2D, F ………………………………………………… S. acanthophorus Davies

7 Hind basitarsus brown to blackish …………………………………………………………………8 – Hind basitarsus yellowish …………………………………………………………………………11

8 Hind tibia apically slightly swollen and curved ( Fig. 29E ); scutum between punctures smooth and shiny; S7 and S8 as in Fig. 29D, F ………………………………………… S. sittybon Davies

– Hind tibia unmodified; scutum between punctures sculptured and matt ……………………………9

9 Basal half of T2–T4 densely covered with short, erect, silverish hair ( Fig 33C ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 33 D–E …………………………………………………………………………… S. ulrikae sp. nov.

– Basal half of T2–T4 almost hairless ( Figs 17C, E , 20C ) …………………………………………10

10 Discs of metasomal terga impunctate, very finely and regularly sculptured ( Fig. 20C ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 20 D–E ………………………………………………………… S. nigritarsis sp. nov.

– Discs of metasomal terga partly punctate, strongly to heavily and irregularly sculptured ( Fig. 17C, E ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 17D, F …………………………………………… S. nanus sp. nov.

11 Hind tibia yellow with a brown spot on the back side ( Fig. 9A, C ); S7 and S8 as in Fig. 9 D–E …………………………………………………………………………………… S. glareus Davies

– Hind tibia mostly black ( Figs 5A , 7A , 13A ) ………………………………………………………12

The males of the following three species are very similar and can be best separated by S7 and S8.

12 S7 without membraneous apicolateral lobes (Fig. 13D); S8 as in Fig. 13E … S. minutissimus sp. nov. – S7 with membraneous apicolateral lobes (Figs 5D, 7D) ………………………………………13

13 S7 apically with emargination slightly broader and shallower (Fig. 5D) …… S. albitarsis (Friese) – S7 apically with emargination slightly narrower and deeper (Fig. 7D) ……… S. exiguus sp. nov.

Figures

Fig. 11. Scrapter luteistigma sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1. Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005, ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 28. Scrapter sittybon Davies, 2005, ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 32. Scrapter ulrikae sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 6. Scrapter exiguus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1

Fig. 8. Scrapter gessorum sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), ♀, all SEM. A. Head. B. Head. C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head. C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). F. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 10. Scrapter inexpectatus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 18. Scrapter nigerrimus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 19. Scrapter nigritarsis sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 25. Scrapter pygmaeus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 26. Scrapter roggeveldi sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 23. Scrapter punctatus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 14. Scrapter minutuloides sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 30. Scrapter spinipes sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 15. Scrapter minutus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 16. Scrapter nanus sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Metasoma (dorsal view). C. Head. D. Head (SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 21. Scrapter papkuilsi sp. nov., ♀. A. Lateral view. B. Head (SEM). C. Thorax (dorsal view). D. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). E. Thorax (dorsal view). F. Thorax (dorsal view, SEM). G. Metasoma (dorsal view). H. Metasoma (dorsal view). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12. Scrapter luteistigma sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Antenna. C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 24. Scrapter punctatus sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Antenna. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 22. Scrapter papkuilsi sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2. Scrapter acanthophorus Davies, 2005, ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 31. Scrapter spinipes sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 27. Scrapter roggeveldi sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (ventral view). F. S8, apical end (SEM). G. Hind tibia. Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 29. Scrapter sittybon Davies, 2005, ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Hind tibia. F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 33. Scrapter ulrikae sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 17. Scrapter nanus sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. Metasoma (dorsal view). F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 20. Scrapter nigritarsis sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 9. Scrapter glareus Davies, ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5. Scrapter albitarsis (Friese, 1909), ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). F. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7. Scrapter exiguus sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view, SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 13. Scrapter minutissimus sp. nov., ♂. A. Lateral view. B. Genitalia (dorsal view, SEM). C. Metasoma (dorsal view). D. S7 (dorsal view), left half missing (SEM). E. S8, apical end (SEM). Scale bars: photos: 1 mm, SEM: 0.1 mm.