Holocentropus vetustus (Germar, 1813)

Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Perkovsky, Evgeny E. & Legalov, Andrei A., 2024, The new species and two new records of Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Eocene Rovno amber, Ecologica Montenegrina 75, pp. 1-11 : 6-11

Holocentropus vetustus (Germar, 1813)

New material: SIZK OL–393, male, Olevsk, Rovno amber, late Eocene.

Syninclusions: SIZK OL–394 Limoniidae ; SIZK OL–395, Holocentropus , female.

First record for Rovno amber; formerly known from the Baltic amber.

Remarks. The specimen was found in the clear piece with weight 16.9 g. dimensions 73x 24 mm and maximal thickness 18 mm.

Psychomyiidae Walker, 1852

1. Lype † essentia Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013

2. Lype † sericea (Pictet, 1856) *

Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903 3. † Archaeoneureclipsis martynovi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

4. † Electrocyrnus perpusillus Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

5. Holocentropus † affinis (Pictet, 1856) *

6. Holocentropus † atratus (Pictet, 1856) *

7. Holocentropus † curvatus Ulmer, 1912 *

8. Holocentropus † flexiflagrum Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

9. Holocentropus † incertus (Pictet, 1856) *

10. Holocentropus † kobodok Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 11. Holocentropus † tutkaktut Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2021 12. Holocentropus † totuttotam sp. nov.

13. Holocentropus † vetustus (Germar, 1813) *

14. Holocentropus † zhiltsovae Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 15. Nyctiophylax † terreusbos Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 16. Nyctiophylax † totaktoetak sp. nov.

17. Nyctiophylax † varians Ulmer, 1912 *

18. Plectrocnemia † aristovi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2023 19. Plectrocnemia † barbata Ulmer, 1912 *

20. Plectrocnemia † kirmikhia Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky, 2021 21. Plectrocnemia † lata (Pictet, 1856) *

22. Plectrocnemia † nastigermania Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 23. Plectrocnemia † ukrainica Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 24. Plectrocnemia † zolotuhini Melnitsky et Ivanov 2023 25. Polycentropus † grigorenkoi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

Ecnomidae Ulmer, 1903

26. † Archaeotinodes igneusaper Melnitsky, 2009 *

27. † Archaeotinodes reveraverus Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

28. † Archaeotinodes malickyi Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

Philopotamidae Stephens, 1829

29. Wormaldia † nasticentia Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

30. Wormaldia † pobeda Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

Hydroptilidae Stephens, 1836

31. Agraylea † electroscientia Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

32. † Electrotrichia rasnitsyni Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky 2021 33. Orthotrichia † umbra Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

34. Oxyethira † lurida Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

Phryganeidae Leach, 1815 35. † Eotrichostegia retrograda Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

Beraeidae Wallengren, 1891 36. Beraeodes † pectinatus Ulmer, 1912 *

Lepidostomatidae Ulmer, 1903 37. Lepidostoma † quasitypica Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013

Leptoceridae Leach, 1815

38. † Electroadicella unipetra Melnitsky, Ivanov, Perkovsky et Vasilenko 2024 39. Erotesis † aequalis Ulmer, 1912 *

40. Erotesis † bessylenon Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2016

41. Leptocerus † solifemella Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

42. Triplectides † palaeoslavicus Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010

Discussion

Polycentropodidae were dominant family of caddisflies in the microthermal regions of Eurasia at least since Upper Cretaceous ( Ivanov et al. 2016; Perkovsky 2022). Three genera dominate in the European ambers: Holocentropus , the most specious genus in Rovno amber (21 species in Baltic, 10 in Rovno, 5 endemic species in Bitterfeld amber), Nyctiophylax , the most specious genus in Baltic amber (26 species in Baltic, 3 in Rovno; 28 species in European ambers) and Plectrocnemia , the most specious genus in European amber (34 species: 21 species in Baltic, 8 in Rovno, 6 endemic species in Bitterfeld amber). Incidentally, Plectrocnemia is the most specious genus in the modern and fossil resins; according to Ross (2024), two additional species are known from mid-Cretaceous Kachin (Burmese) amber. Overall, these three genera include 32.3% of Baltic amber species, 52.3% in Bitterfeld and 47.6% in Rovno amber. Reasons for relative rarity of Nyctiophylax in the non-Baltic fossil resins require additional investigations. This genus is abundantly represented by Nyctiophylax varians Ulmer, 1912 in the Baltic amber making 30% of all specimens of the genus determined to the species level in the monograph of Ulmer (1912), while the same species occur in much lesser numbers, up to 5 specimens, also in the Rovno amber.

In Rovno amber, the Polycentropodidae comprises 54.8% of all species; 34.8% of Rovno amber polycentropodid species (and only 21.1% species of all other caddisflies) are known from Baltic amber. The share of common Holocentropus species in the Baltic and Rovno amber is estimated as 50% on the recent findings; 4 of 5 common species, H. affinis (Pictet, 1856) , H. atratus (Pictet, 1856) , H. incertus (Pictet, 1856) , and H. vetustus (Germar, 1813) belong the most numerous species of this genus in Baltic amber comprising 86% of the material determined by Ulmer (1912) to the species level.

According to previously published hypothesis ( Legalov et al. 2024), the maximal species share in the Baltic and other fossil resins in Europe among the aquatic arthropods should be in the extant Holarctic genera widespread in the temperate regions. All extant European and North American species of Holocentropus reach the high latitudes with cold climate; H. picicornis (Stephens, 1836) is known from Northern Europe to Chukotka Peninsula, H. insignis Martynov, 1924 from Europe to Yakutia in Siberia, with North American part of areal from Alaska to NE United States. The Nearctic species are known to show similar dispersal pattern predominantly in the North-West of Canada and the USA ( Nimmo 1986). The climate of the Baltic Eocene amber forest seemed to be at least equally favorable for the temperate-adapted species as the climate of the Rovno ancient forest. Hence, the Holocentropus species of Rovno and Baltic faunas might have similarity in the most numerous components: the shared species are most common among the known from Baltic amber. The same is true for other frequent species from genera Plectrocnemia ( P. lata Ulmer, 1912 , P. barbata Ulmer, 1912 ), and Nyctiophylax varians of the two faunas. The species Holocentropus incertus known from the both, Baltic and Rovno faunas have two related more advanced Rovno species, H. kobodok Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2013 and H. flexiflagrum Melnitsky et Ivanov, 2010 , and one related H. proximorepertus Ivanov et Melnitsky, 2013 in the Baltic amber. The directions of speciation were different: the Rovno species developed the dorsal parts of genitalia, while the Baltic related species have advancements in ventral parts.

Limited size of the Trichoptera collection prevents the extended faunistic considerations for the Rovno amber. It is well known that larger samples bring material that is more diverse; only a fraction of all inclusions provides specimens for the determinations to the species level. Hence, the limited Rovno Trichoptera collection with some 400 pieces provides approximately 15% of specimens determined to the species level. A part of these species is represented by several specimens, e.g., in the collections that were studied by Ulmer (1912), 65% of all Polycentropodidae consists of 3 species. This results in a rule that for the mass material the most abundant genera become more diverse. A comparison shows that Polycentropodidae make 52.3% in Bitterfeld amber (21 species, Ivanov et al. 2016), 55% of all species in Klesov (29 species, this paper), 66.7% species and specimens in Olevsk (3 species, 6 specimens, Perkovsky 2017; Melnitsky et al. 2021b; this paper) and even 100% in Varash District (2 species, 3 specimens, this paper); their shares are larger than in the Baltic amber ( Ulmer 1912). The future sampling in Ukraine will probably extend this trend, especially for the genera Holocentropus and Plectrocnemia .

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn ( Paleontological Institute , Moscow, Russia) for the discussion of the first version of the manuscript and to Mykola R. Khomich (Rivne), that helped to obtain or donated majority of studied specimens, not mined in Klesov .

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