Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) Drury, 1773

Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle & Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert, 2016, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae), Zootaxa 4128 (1), pp. 1-211 : 94-101

Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) n. comb.

( Figs. 167–182 , 351 , 371 , 375 , 388–391 )

Mantis jamaicensis Drury, 1773: 88 , pl. 49: 1 (♂). HT, ♂: Jamaica [not traced—believed lost]. Fabricius, 1787: 227.

Olivier, 1792: 634.

Fabricius, 1793: 15.

Aplopus jamaicensis, Rehn, 1903: 132 .

Brock, 1998b: 33.

Otte & Brock, 2003: 302.

Cyphocrana jamaicensis, St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825: 445 .

Diapherodes jamaicensis, Moxey, 1972: 102 (in litt.).

Haplopus jamaicensis, Westwood, 1859: 86 .

Kirby, 1904a: 363.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 430.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 151.

Phasma jamaicensis, Fabricius, 1798: 188 .

Phasma jamaicense, St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825: 101

Phasma (Platycrana) jamaicensis, Westwood, 1837: 99 , pl. 44: 1 (♂).

Platycrana jamaicensis, Gray, 1835: 38 .

Mantis bispinosa Fabricius, 1775: 274 . LT, ♂: “ America. Mus. Dom. Hunter” [specimen with wings open] [HMUG]; PLT, 2 ♂♂: same data as LT [HMUG]. [Synonymised by Redtenbacher, 1908: 430] Aplopus bispinosus Brock, 1998c: 33 . [Lectotype designation] Gmélin, 1789: 2054.

Olivier, 1792: 633.

Mantis 2 spinosa, Fabricius, 1787: 227.

Fabricius, 1793: 15.

Haplopus bispinosus, Westwood, 1859: 87 .

Kirby, 1904a: 430.

Otte & Brock, 2003: 303.

Phasma bispinosa, Fabricius, 1798: 188 .

Latreille, 1806: 87.

Phasma bispinosum, Audinet-Serville, 1831: 58 . Gray, 1835: 24.

Haplopus christopheri Westwood, 1859: 84 , pl. 33: 4, 4a (♀). LT (by present designation), ♀: St. Christopheri , W. Indies, E. Shepard; Diapherodes christopheri Westwood , p. 84, pl. 33 f4; Type—Westwood, Haplopus christopheri, Cat Phasm.

1859, p. 84, pl. 33 f. 4; Type Orth: 614 1/2, Diapherodes christopheri Westw., Hope Dept. Oxford [OXUM, No. 614]; PLT, ♀: St. Christopher, 1858, W. Indies, E. Shepard; Diapherodes christopheri Westwood, p. 84, pl. 33 f4; Cat Phasm. 1859, p. 84, pl. 33 f. 4; Type Orth: 614 2/2, Diapherodes christopheri Westw., Hope Dept. Oxford [OXUM, No. 614] n. syn.

Diapherodes christopheri, Kirby, 1904a: 462 .

Redtenbacher, 1908: 434.

Moxey, 1972: 94 (in litt.).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 120.

Diapherodes glabricollis Gray, 1835: 33 . HT, ♀: Type; Haplopus glabricollis G.R. Gray ,—?, glabricollis Gray 108, Diapherodes glabricollis Gray , HT; BMNH(E) #844944 [NHMUK]. n. syn. Brock et al., (in press)

Haplopus glabricollis, Westwood, 1859: 88 .

Kirby, 1904a: 364.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 430.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 151.

Diapherodes glabricollis, Burmeister, 1838: 575 .

Haplopus murinus Redtenbacher, 1908: 429 . LT, ♀ (by present designation): Coll. Br. v. W., Jamaika, Burr; Det. Br. v. W., Haplopus murinus ; 25.068; Stony Hill, Jamaica, July 29/93, Hwm; Lectotypus, Haplopus murinus Redt., P.D. Brock [NHMW, No. 834]; PLT, ♀: Cuming, Jan., Jamaica, Burr; det. Br. v. W. Haplopus murinus , Paralectotypus, Haplopus murinus Redt., P.D. Brock [NHMW, No. 834]. n. syn.

Aplopus murinus, Brock, 1998a: 44 .

Haplopus murinus, Otte & Brock, 2005: 152 .

Diapherodes murinus, Moxey, 1972: 103 (in litt.).

Diapherodes pulverulentus Gray, 1835: 34 . HT, ♀: Diapherodes pulverulentus Gray ; pulverulentus Gray III Haplopus pulverulentus G. R. Gray ;—? Diapherodes pulverulentus Gray HT; BMNH(E) #844949 [NHMUK]. n. syn. Brock et al., (in press)

Haplopus pulverulentus, Kirby, 1904a: 364 .

Redtenbacher, 1908: 431.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 152.

Further material [70 ♂♂, 47 ♀♀, 7 nymphs, eggs]:

JAMAICA:

1 ♀ [brown form]: Kingston, Jamaica, C.R. Orcutt.; USMNH; w0214; Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [ USNM]; 1 ♀ [brown form]: Jam., Quick Step. nr. Aberdee, VIII.8. '41, W.G. Lynn; USDMNH; w0211; Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [ USNM]; 1 ♀: Jamaica, Recd. 1928, C.R. Orcutt; USMNH; w0210; Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [ USNM]; 1 ♂: Fellowship Rio Grande, July 27,1962, Farr, O. & R. Flint, Jamaica, Portland Parish; USMNH; Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [ USNM]; 1 ♂: Bath, Jamaica, July 1902; Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [ USNM]; 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Jamaica; det. Br. v. W., Haplopus jamaicensis [ NHMW, No. 833]; 1 ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Jamaica; det. Br. v. W., Haplopus jamaicensis ; Haplopus jamaicensis [18]93 [ NHMW, No. 833]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Cumming, Jan. 847; Mus. Caes. Vind., Jamaika, Cumming leg.; det. Redtenb. Haplopus jamaicensis [ NHMW, No. 833]; 1 ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Jamaica; det. Br. v. W., Haplopus jamaicensis ; 22.767; Haplopus jamaicensis Drury , Jamaica [ NHMW, No. 833]; 1 ♂: Jamaica; 45 110 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Jamaica; 46 84; Haplopus jamaicensis (Drury) , Jamaica [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Jamaica; 46 84 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Jamaica; 61 63 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Jamaica, Mandeville, L. J. Bertram, B. M. 1923-574 [ NHMUK]; 1 nymph (n1): Jamaica 96-220 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♀: Jamaica, Dr. Leon, Brit. Mus. 1922-162, Haplopus murinus Redt., Det. B. Uvarov ♀ [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: 54 76; Brasil [ NHMUK]; 1 ♀: 34J, Jamaica, Haplopus an foem. Jamaicensis ?, Jamaica [ NHMUK]; 1 ♀: Jamaica: Blaudeville, Da Careret College, 26.V.1969, K. Stanton, B. M. 1969-506, Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury) det. Moxey 1972 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Jamaica: Portland, Parrish, Millbank, 4-VIII-1985, C.B. & H.V. Weems Jr., G.B. Edwards [ FSCA]; 1 ♀: M. Delfosse, Jamaique, ♀ Elevage 02/04/2005 [ MNHN]; 1 ♀: M. Delfosse, Jamaique, ♀ Elevage 10/04/ 2005 [ MNHN]; 1 ♂: Haplopus jamaicensis T. Jourdan ♂ Elevage 06/2010 [ MNHN]; 5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 3 ♀♀ (nymphs), 1 ♂ (nymph), eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr. Jamaika, 2000–2002 [coll. FH, No’s 0428-1 to 11, 14 to 16, E & MP]; Right tegmen and ala of ♂: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr. Jamaika, 2000–2002 [coll. FH, No’s 0428-12 and 13]; 5 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (penultimate instar), 1 ♀ (n5), eggs: ex Zucht F. Hennemann 2008/09, Herkunft: Jamaica, Blue Mts., leg. T. & P. James (PSG No. 214) [coll. FH, No’s 0428-17 to 30 & 33]; 2 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂: ex Zucht F. Hennemann 2009, Herkunft: Jamaica, Blue Mts., leg. T. & P. James (PSG No. 214) [coll. FH, No’s 0428-31, 32 & 34-39]; 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂: Jamaica, F. Klages; Coll. W. Holland; A.N.S.P., Ex Carn. Mus., Bruner Cln. [ ANSP]; 1 ♂: Jamaica; wO222 [ ANSP]; 1 ♂: Jasmaica; wO217 [ ANSP]; 30 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀, eggs: ex Zucht O. Conle, Herkunft: Jamaika [coll. OC].

NO / ERRONEOUS DATA:

2 ♀♀: Africa, J. E. Teede, B. W. 1928-311 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: bispinosum Fab. , 106 [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Brazil, 54, 76; Haplopus bispinosus (Fabr.) Brazil [ NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Brazil, 54, 70 [ NHMUK].

Diagnosis: This species differs from the other two representatives of the jamaicensis species-group by the slender body of ♀♀ in particular, which makes it resemble members of the genus Haplopus Burmeister, 1838 , and short alae of ♂♂, which merely reach to abdominal segment VI (VII in the other two species). From the Puerto Rican D. achalus (Rehn, 1904) ♀♀ furthermore differ by the spines and tubercles of the mesonotum and prominent cephalad horns, while they are at once distinguished from the second Jamaican species D. laevicollis Redtenbacher, 1908 by the just gently widened mesothorax, shorter alae, which merely reach half way along the median segment, and not broadly rounded abdominal tergum VII. Males differ from those of D. achalus by the plain green tegmina and anterior spines of the mesonotum and from D. laevicollis by the dorsally brown scapus and pedicellus, more sender body and much shorter terminal hook of the vomer ( Fig. 371 ).

Description: ♀ ( Figs. 167–170 , 390–391 ). Medium-sized to large (body length including subgenital plate 104.0– 164.5 mm) and moderately slender for the genus with a rather slender and almost parallel-sided abdomen and just slightly widened mesothorax. Colouration very variable and occurring in a green and brown colour-form, which are here described separately i) Green form ( Figs. 167, 169 , 390 ): Colour bright apple green, the ventral body surface dull green. Lateral margins of mesonotum ochre, meso- and metapleurae ochre with a white longitudinal stripe along lower margin; membranes along lateral margins of the abdomen whitish. Tegmina and costal region of alae bright green, the anterior margin of tegmina brown and interiorly bordered by an obscure yellow longitudinal stripe; basal portion of alae with a bold brown marking. Anal region of alae plain pink ( Figs. 167–168 ). Antennae pale brown dorsally, black ventrally and annulated in apical 1/3. Eyes reddish brown. Tips of the anterior mesonotal spines black. ii) Brown form ( Fig. 170 ): General colour greyish mid brown and often all over furnished with pale grey or whitish mottling and speckles; occasionally washed with some green. Tegmina and costal region of alae mid to purplish dark brown with the venations of a paler colour; anal region of alae dark red to purple with all veins marked by dark brown. Culture stock in Europe occasionally also produces intermediate forms, which are mostly green with the body to a variable degree furnished with well-defined bold chestnut-brown markings or with a brownish wash ( Figs. 168 , 391 ).

Head: Indistinctly longer than wide, strongly globose with cheeks parallel-sided. Vertex convex, covered with a variable number of differently sized tubercles and in centre armed with two ± prominent, pointed or blunt, conical horns; the dextral one carinate and the sinistral one considerably smaller ( Figs. 173–174 ). Near posterior margin usually with a transverse row of four spiniform tubercles, the exterior ones sometimes enlarged. Often two further small granules are present on the cheeks. Eyes of moderate size, sub-circular and their length contained about 2x in that of cheeks. Antennae slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum; consisting of about 45 antennomeres. Scapus dorsoventrally compressed, roundly rectangular and about 1.5x longer than wide. Pedicellus cylindrical, sub-spherical and less than half the length of scapus. Third antennomere slightly shorter than pedicellus.

Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter and narrower than head, 1.3x longer than wide, gently constricted medially and with the anterior margin slightly widened. Transverse median depression distinct, slightly curved and almost reaching lateral margins of segment. Surface close to posterior margin with a pair of minute spiniform tubercles and in centre often with four small tubercles, which roughly form a square ( Figs. 173–174 ). Mesothorax about 1.6x longer than head and pronotum combined, constricted anteriorly and gently widened towards the posterior. Mesonotum with a very faint longitudinal median carina and covered with a variable number of tubercles, which become more distinct towards the lateral margins and less numerous towards the posterior of segment; anteriorly with 1–3 pairs of ± prominent, forward directed spines ( Figs. 173–174 ). Mesopleurae with a marginal row of 8–14 spiniform tubercles; metapleurae smooth or with a few small tubercles. Meso- and metasternum sparsely granulose. Tegmina oval, scale-like, with a very shallow central hump and very slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae slightly shorter than tegmina and reaching about half way along median segment.

Abdomen: Median segment longer than metanotum, 1.3x longer than wide and very gently widening towards the posterior; smooth. Segments II–VII almost parallel-sided and of uniform length, about 1.3x longer than wide; III and IV slightly broader than remaining. Tergites II and III occasionally with two small spine-like projections at posterior margin, II–VI otherwise smooth except for a few scattered granules. VI with two and VII with four fine longitudinal carinae. Lateral margins of VII slightly expanded posteriorly and forming a narrow, triangular lobe or tooth. Sternites II–VII smooth except for two very faint and short sub-parallel carinae close to posterior margin. Praeopercular organ formed by an elongate brown median hump close to posterior margin of sternum VII ( Fig. 351 ). Tergites VIII–X roughly equal in width and considerably narrower than previous segments. VIII about 2/3 the length of VII and slightly constricted medially, IX quadrate and about 2/3 the length of VIII. Anal segment about as long as IX, with a slight longitudinal median carina, the posterior margin rounded and with a very small median indentation ( Fig. 178 ). Epiproct slightly projecting over anal segment, shield shaped and roughly semi-circular with a keel dorsally ( Fig. 178 ). Cerci very small, round in cross-section and conical with the apex pointed. Subgenital plate elongate and variable in length, lanceolate, longitudinally keeled and narrowed towards a rather acute apex; projecting over apex of abdomen by more than the length of anal segment ( Figs. 177–178 ).

Legs: All rather short and stocky. Profemora and mesofemora shorter than mesothorax, metafemora slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment III. Medioventral carina of profemora with 2–3 spines in apical portion, mesofemora with 4–6 and metafemora with 5–8 spines. Dorsal carinae of meso- and metafemora each with a ± prominent triangular lobe sub-apically (less distinct or sometimes lacking on metafemora), the posteroventral carina with one and the anteroventral carina with two pointed sub-apical spines. Anterodorsal carina of meso- and metatibiae occasionally with a ± distinct rounded to roundly triangular sub-basal and sub-apical expansion. Medioventral carina raised and rounded sub-basally and armed with a few small teeth in apical portion. Basitarsi about as long as following two tarsomeres combined.

♂ ( Figs. 171–172 , 388–389 ). Of moderate size (body length 63.0–94.0 mm) and rather slender for the jamaicensis species-group with well developed alae (32.0– 53.5 mm); body surface sub-glabrous. General colouration bright green, the mesonotum with a slight yellowish wash. Tegmina green with a bold longitudinal white stripe along anterior margin. Costal region of alae slightly translucent green with a white longitudinal stripe running along the basal 1/3 of the anterior margin. Anal region translucent pink to orange ( Fig. 171 ). Eyes reddish brown. Antennae reddish mid brown with the three or four basal antennomeres black ventrally. Pedicellus usually darker brown than all other antennomeres. Anterior spines of the mesonotum often black. Bases of all femora and tibiae ochre. Tarsi greenish brown.

Head: Similar in shape to ♀♀ but vertex much less convex and smooth except for two rounded unequal cephalad humps and two blunt tubercles close to the posterior margin; sometimes also with a few minute granules ( Figs. 175–176 ). Eyes very prominent, sub-circular and projecting hemispherically; their length contained hardly more than once in length of cheeks. Antennae projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment II and moderately robust; consisting of 57–60 antennomeres. Scapus oval in cross-section, roundly rectangular and about 1.3x longer than wide. Pedicellus cylindrical and about 2/3 the length of scapus.

Thorax: Pronotum somewhat shorter and narrower than the head, slightly trapezoidal and gradually narrowed towards the posterior; the posterior margin gently rounded. Median transverse depression distinct, gently curved and almost reaching lateral margin of segment. Surface smooth ( Figs. 175–176 ). Mesothorax about 2x longer than head and pronotum combined, mesonotum mostly with 1–4 pairs of prominent black, forward directed anterior spines ( Figs. 175–176 ); rarely lacking. Posterior 2/3 of mesonotum and mesosternum sometimes with a few minute granules. Meso- and metapleurae as well as metasternum smooth. Tegmina elongate, oval, reaching 1/3 along median segment and with a blunt central protuberance, which is slightly displaced towards the anterior . Alae reaching to abdominal tergum VI.

Abdomen: Median segment gently narrowed towards the posterior. Segments II–VII parallel-sided and gradually decreasing in length; II 3.5x, VII 2.5x longer than wide. Sternites II–VII smooth. Tergum VIII ¾ the length of VII, widened towards the posterior and slightly tectate. IX ¾ the length of VIII, about as long as wide and very slightly narrowed towards the posterior. Anal segment about as long as IX with a slight longitudinal median carina, the posterior portion narrowed and rounded on both sides of the triangular median emargination ( Fig. 180 ). Vomer with the base rather broad and roundly triangular, the terminal hook slightly up-curving and almost as long as basal portion ( Fig. 371 ). Cerci almost as long as anal segment, slender, narrowed towards a blunt apex and very slightly in-curving ( Fig. 371 ). Poculum convex, cymbiform, longitudinally carinate and with the posterior margin distinctly indented and bi-lobate medially ( Fig. 179 ).

Legs: Generally as in ♀♀ but relatively longer, more slender and lacking the dorsal armature of the meso- and metafemora and tibiae. Profemora roughly equal, mesofemora slightly shorter than mesothorax, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment IV. Basitarsi a little longer than following two tarsomeres combined.

Nymphs: Newly hatched nymphs are bright yellowish green with brown antennae. Later instars and ♀ nymphs in particular tend to be various shades of brown rather than green like the adults. From 3rd instar on the lateral margins of tergum VII are conspicuously elevated and form a rounded lobe. The sub-apical dorsal teeth of the meso- and metafemora and dorsal elevations of the tibiae of ♀ nymphs are more prominent than in adults. ♂ nymphs may have small granules on the mesonotum. ♀ nymphs are very similar in general appearance to those of certain Haplopus -species.

Variability: While ♂♂ merely show variability in the size and number of anterior spines of the mesonotum ( Figs. 175–176 ), ♀♀ exhibit considerable variability in several aspects. Features generally showing variation are the number and size of the anterior spines of the mesonotum and armature of the head ( Figs. 173–174 ), length of the subgenital plate and degree of the anterior armature of the mid and hind legs. Despite these morphological features ♀♀ occur in two distinct colour-forms described in detail above, which has caused the description of several synonyms. Specimens of the more common green form ( Figs. 167, 169 , 390 ) are averaging smaller than specimens of the more rarely encountered brown form ( Fig. 170 ). Culture stock in Europe occasionally also produces green intermediate forms which are to a variable degree prettily furnished with rather geometrical chestnut-brown markings and possess a brownish hue all over the body ( Fig. 168 , 391 ).

Egg ( Figs. 181–182 ): The following description is based on a large number of eggs in the first author's collection (coll. FH) laid by captive reared specimens.

Rather small, capsule 1.8x longer than wide and with dorsal surface more convex than ventral surface; polararea decidedly impressed if seen in lateral aspect. Capsule surface irregularly covered with raised ridge-like structures, tubercles and granules; a rather blunt longitudinal keel running from the micropylar plate to the polararea. Micropylar plate small, roughly heart-shaped and its length contained about 2.6x in that of capsule. Central portion of micropylar plate granulose, micropylar cup distinct and placed in posteromedian gap of plate. Operculum with a rim of irregularly raised tubercles; centre slightly lowered. General colour pale to mid brown, the outer margin of the micropylar plate and micropylar cup dark brown.

Measurements [mm]: Length 3.5–3.8, length (including operculum) 3.7–4.0, width 2.0–2.2, height 2.1–2.3, length of micropylar plate 1.3–1.4.

Comments: Drury's illustration of the ♂ HT does not show the anterior spines on the mesonotum mostly present and a very variable feature in D. jamaicensis . There are several old specimens in the collection NHMUK but none of these could be confirmed as Drury's holotype (personal communication with J. Marshall and P.D. Brock). Hence, the designation of a neotype may become necessary, but this deserves further evaluation and research in other collections, which are likely to contain specimens examined by Drury.

Diapherodes glabricollis Gray, 1835 was described from the ♀ and is the opposite sex of Drury's species (n. syn.). Examination of the holotype of Diapherodes christopheri Westwood, 1859 in OXUM leaves no doubt it is conspecific with D. jamaicensis (Drury) (n. syn.). The type-locality “St. Christopher” [= St. Kitts] is however very doubtful and most certainly erroneous. Former authors distinguished D. christopheri from D. jamaicensis by the smooth metapleurae, which however is a variable feature in ♀♀ of jamaicensis . Both, D. pulverulentus Gray, 1835 and H. murinus Redtenbacher, 1908 are ♀♀ of the brown form of D. jamaicensis , hence also synonyms (n. syn.).

D. jamaicensis is being successfully reared in captivity in Europe from stock imported by Tony and Pat James ( England) in the late 1990's and has subsequently been included on the Phasmid Study Group culture-list as culture No. 214 “ Haplopus jamaicensis ”. It readily accepts oak ( Quercus robur & Q. petraea , Fagaceae ), eucalyptus ( Eucalytus gunnii , Myrtaceae ), bramble ( Rubus fruticosus , Rosaceae ), raspberry ( Rubus idaeus , Rosaceae ), rose ( Rosa spp., Rosaceae ), salal ( Gaultheria shallon , Ericaceae ) and guava ( Psidium guajava , Myrtaceae ) as alternative food plants and does well in moderately humid but well ventilated conditions. If adults are disturbed, both ♀♀ and ♂♂ will spread their pink hindwings. Males are very quick moving and capable of active flight. Mating usually takes place at night.

Distribution: Jamaica: Batia [ANSP]; Bath [USNM]; Liguanea Plain [MCZC; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Quick Step nr. Aberdeen [USNM]; St. James, Montego Bay [NHMJ; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Snug Harbour [ANSP]; Fountain Hill [NHMJ; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Trelawny, Westwood [NHMJ; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Manchester, Mandeville [NHMJ; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Christiana [AMNH; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; St. Mary, Castleton Gardens [MCZC, Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; St. Catherine, Boston Town Postal Agency [NHMJ; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; St. Andrew; Hermitage Reservoir [NHMJ; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Blaudeville [NHMUK]; Cinchona [AMNH; Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]; Kingston [USNM]; Portland, Millbank [FSCA] & Portland Parish, Fellowship Rio Grande [USNM, NHMJ, Moxey, 1972: 104, in litt.]. Endemic.

Number of specimens examined: 134

......continued on the next page ** metanotum + median segment

Figures

FIGURES 167 – 170. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773). 167. ♀: captive reared from Jamaica (typical green specimen with a short subgenital plate) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 20]; 168. ♀: captive reared from Jamaica (green specimen with a brownish wash and a very short subgenital plate) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 19]; 169. ♀: captive reared from Jamaica (typical green specimen with a long subgenital plate and strongly developed leg-armature) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 17]; 170. ♀, PLT of synonym Haplopus murinus Redtenbacher, 1908: Jamaica (brown colour-form) [NHMW, No. 834].

FIGURES 171 – 176. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773). 171. ♂: captive reared from Jamaica [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 26]; 172. ♂: captive reared from Jamaica [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 35]; 173. ♀ head and pronotum: captive reared from Jamaica (specimen with large and irregularly tuberculose horns) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 31]; 174. ♀ head and pronotum: captive reared from Jamaica (specimen with moderately sized, conical horns) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 32]; 175. ♂ head and pronotum: Jamaica: Portland, Parrish (specimen two large anterior mesonotal spines) [FSCA]; 176. ♂ head and pronotum: captive reared from Jamaica (specimen with a cluster of six anterior mesonotal spines) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 37].

FIGURES 177 – 182. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773). 147. ♀ apex of abdomen (lateral view); 148. ♀ apex of abdomen (dorsal view); 149. ♂ apex of abdomen (lateral view); 150. ♂ apex of abdomen (dorsal view); 151. Egg: captive reared from Jamaica (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - E]; 152. Egg: captive reared from Jamaica (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0428 - E].

FIGURES 349 – 356. Ventral view of abdominal sternum VII of ♀♀ showing the praeopercular organ and anal segment of ♂♂ showing the vomer. 349. Diapherodes martinicensis Lelong & Langlois, 2005 ♀: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0750 - 1]; 350. Diapherodes achalus (Rehn, 1904) ♀: Puerto Rico, Mayaguez [ANSP]; 351. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♀: captive reared from Jamaica [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 17]; 352. Aploploides stenocephalum Rehn & Rehn, 1938 ♂ PT: NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio [ANSP]; 353. Cephaloplopus euchlorus n. gen., n. sp., ♂ PT: Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo Province, Sierra Prieta [USNM]; 354. Cephaloplopus pulchellus n. gen., n. sp., ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 355. Parhaplopus evadne (Westwood, 1859) n. gen., n. comb. ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo [NHMUK]; 356. Parhaplopus navarroi n. gen., n. sp. ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Monseñor Nouel Province, Bonao [USNM].

FIGURES 365 – 372. Ventral view of anal segment of ♂♂ showing the vomer. 365. Diapherodes angulata (Fabricius, 1793) ♂: Guadeloupe [MNHN]; 366. Diapherodes dominicae Rehn & Hebard, 1938 V: Guadeloupe, Picard River track [coll. ASPER]; 367. Diapherodes gigantea saintluciae n. ssp. ♂ PT: Saint Lucia, Barre de l’Isle Trail [coll. ASPER]; 368. Diapherodes gigantea gigantea (Gmélin, 1789) ♂: captive reared from Grenada [coll. FH, No. 0359 - 34]; 369. Diapherodes martinicensis Lelong & Langlois, 2005 ♂: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0750 - 5]; 370. Diapherodes achalus (Rehn, 1904) ♂: Puerto Rico, Parador, Casa Grande [FSCA]; 371. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: Jamaica, Portland [FSCA]; 372. Diapherodes laevicollis Redtenbacher, 1908, ♂: Jamaica, Saint Andrew [FSCA].

FIGURES 375 – 376. Maps. 375. Known distribution of Diapherodes Gray, 1835 and the two species-groups here defined: Gigantea - group [green] and Jamaicensis - group [red]; 376. Distribution of Haplopus Gray, 1835. Although there have not yet been definite records from the southern islands of the Bahamas Caicos and Turks Islands, Haplopus is most certainly also present on these islands. Hence, they are here included in the distribution range.

FIGURES 388 – 390. Live insects. 388. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: captive reared from Jamaica; 389. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: captive reared from Jamaica; 390. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♀: captive reared from Jamaica.

FIGURES 391 – 393. Live insects. 391. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♀ green specimen with brown markings: captive reared from Jamaica [Ó Mieke Duytschaever]; 392. Diapherodes gigantea gigantea (Gmélin, 1789) ♀: captive reared from Grenada; 393. Diapherodes gigantea gigantea (Gmélin, 1789) ♀: captive reared from Grenada.