Aplopus micropterus, Gray, 1835: 34

Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle & Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert, 2016, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley & Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae), Zootaxa 4128 (1), pp. 1-211 : 121-134

Aplopus micropterus, Gray, 1835: 34 .

Rehn, 1903: 136.

Wolcott, 1923: 23.

Wolcott, 1936: 35.

Wolcott, 1951: 50.

Diapherodes micropterus, Moxey, 1972: 107 (in litt.; in part).

Haplopus micropterus, Westwood, 1859: 87 .

Kirby, 1904a: 363.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 431.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 152.

Phasma (Haplopus) micropterum, de Haan, 1842: 128 .

Phasma angulata Palisot de Beauvois, 1805: 166 , pl. 14: 4 (♀). HT, ♀: St. Domingo [presumed lost]. [Junior homonym of Mantis angulata Fabricius, 1793 ]

Phasma angulata Stoll, 1813: 61 , pl. 21: 77 (♀). HT, ♀: St. Thomas [RMNH]. [Junior homonym of Mantis angulata Fabricius, 1793 ]

Haplopus angulatus, Burmeister, 1838: 577 .

Haplopus bituberculatum de Haan, 1842: 128 . HT, ♀: Bituberculatum de Haan ,?; RMNH Leiden; TYPE, Haplopus bituberculatum de Haan 1842 ; RMNH Holotype [RMNH]. n. syn. Kirby, 1904a: 364.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 433.

Aplopus bituberculatus, Bragg, 1996: 109 .

Bragg, 2001: 706.

Haplopus bituberculatus, Otte & Brock, 2005: 151 .

Haplopus cytherea Westwood, 1859: 86 , pl. 18: 5, 5a & b (♂). LT, ♂ (by present designation): St. Dom.; E Coll (1870-73) W. W. Saunders, Purchased and pres. ’73 by Mrs. F. W. Hope; Type ♂– Westwood, Haplopus cythereus Westw., Cat. Phasm. 1859 , p. 86, pl. 18 f. 5; Type Orth: 617, Haplopus cythereus Westw., Hope Dept. Oxford ; Haplopus cythereus Westwood , Lectotype, det. Brock, 1996 [OXUM, No. 617]; PLT, ♂: St. Dom.; Cytherea W.; Type ♂—Westwood, Haplopus cythereus Westw., Cat. Phasm. 1859 , p. 86, pl. 18 f. 5; Type Orth: 617, Haplopus cythereus Westw., Hope Dept. Oxford ; Haplopus cythereus Westwood ; Paralectotype, det. Brock, 1996 [OXUM, No. 617]. n. syn.

Kirby, 1904a: 363.

Moxey, 1972: 114 (in litt.). [Listed as a synonym of Diapherodes spinipes Gray, 1835 ]

Haplopus cythereus, Redtenbacher, 1908: 432 .

Otte & Brock, 2005: 151.

Aplopus cytherea, Rehn, 1904: 63 . [Description of ♂]

Haplopus ligia Westwood, 1859: 89 , pl. 11: 1, 1a, 1b (♂) & 2, 2a (♀). LT, ♂ (by present designation): St. Dom. 55.1, Haplopus ligia Westw. pl. 11 fig. 1, Westw. ♂, Haplopus ligia Westwood , ST [NHMUK]; PLT, ♂: St. Dom. 55.1 [NHMUK]; PLT, ♀: St. Dom. 55.1, Haplopus Ligia Westw. (St. Domingo) [NHMUK]; PLT, ♀: St. Dom. 55.1, Haplopus ligia Westw. pl. 11 fig. 2, Westw. ♀, Haplopus ligia Westwood , ST [NHMUK]. n. syn. Brock et al., (in press)

Kirby, 1904a: 364.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 432.

Moxey, 1972: 114 (in litt.).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 151.

Haplopus ligiolus Redtenbacher, 1908: 432 . LT, ♂ (by present designation): 104; Insel Mona, zw. Haiti u. Porto Rico, W. Bock leg. ded. 12.IX.1892; PHA 22, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]; PLT, ♀: 105; Ins. Mona b. Hayti, C. Bock leg. ded. 16.V. 184; cf. Stoll Taf. 21 fig. 17 Spectre à ailes petiter; PHA 26, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]; PLT, ♀: 106; 10; Ins. Mona b. Hayti, C. Bock leg. ded 16.V.1894; PHA 27, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]; PLT, ♀: “Westindien” [NHMB, No. VI.D.18]. n. syn.

Werner, 1929: 7, fig. A (♂).

Moxey, 1972: 107 (in litt.). [Listed as a synonym of H. micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825) ] Hennemann & Conle, 1999: 11.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 151.

Haplopus obtusus Redtenbacher, 1908: 431 , pl. 19: 5 (♀). HT, ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., ex. coll. Sommer, Sta. Kruz, det. Br. v. W., Haplopus obtusus , 7646, 7646, P. angulata Fabr. , P. gigas Drury, Sta. Crux [NHMW, No. 835]. n. syn. Moxey, 1972: 107 (in litt.). [As a synonym of H. micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825) ]

Aplopus obtusus, Brock, 1998a: 47 .

Haplopus obtusus, Otte & Brock, 2005: 152 .

Diapherodes spinipes Gray, 1835: 34 . HT, ♀: no data [not traced—presumed lost]. [Replacement name for Phasma angulata Palisot de Beauvois, 1805: 166 ; not Fabricius, 1793, not Stoll, 1813] n. syn.

Diapherodes spinipes, Moxey, 1972: 114 (in litt.).

Haplopus spinipes, Westwood, 1859: 87 .

Kirby, 1904a: 363.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 431.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 152.

Aplopus sp., Wolcott, 1941: 40.

Ramos, 1946: 9.

Wolcott, 1948: 50.

Wolcott, 1951: 50.

[Not: Phasma angulata Fabricius, 1793: 13 , = Diapherodes angulata angulata (Fabricius, 1793) ]

[Not: Phasma angulata Fabricius, 1793: 13 , = Diapherodes angulata angulata (Fabricius, 1793) ]

Further material [86 ♂♂, 111 ♀♀, 51 nymphs, eggs]:

VIRGIN ISLANDS (ST. CROIX):

1 ♀: Annaly St. Croix, Virgin Is., on grass in field, Oct. 15,59, C.-W. Miskimen, 60 4291; USMNH; w0195; Diapherodes micropterus (St. F. & Serv.) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [USNM].

VIRGIN ISLANDS (ST. THOMAS):

1 ♀: 806; micropterus Gray, Westw. *, Cyphocr. microptera Serv. , angulata, St. Thomas, Moritz [MNHU]; 1 ♀: St. Thomas, W.- Ind., C. Calwood leg., ded. 28.XII.1895; PHA 25, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH].

VIRGIN ISLANDS ( ST. JOHN):

1 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): St. John [MNHU].

PUERTO RICO:

1 ♂: Guánica, P.R., 2.Oct.1937, W. García; USMNH; w0199 [USNM]; 1 ♀: Rincon, P.R., Nov. 1938, Coll. S.R. Sada; USMNH; w0196; Diapherodes micropterus (St. F. & Serv.) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [USNM]; 2 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, eggs: ex Zucht F. Hennemann, Herkunft: Puerto Rico, VI.1995 [coll. FH, No’s 0243-20 to 26 & E3].

MONA ISLAND:

1 ♂: Mona Island, Aug 10.1938, Coll. A. Palmer; USMNH; w0198; Diapherodes micropterus (St. F. & Serv.) det. C.F. Moxey 1972 [USNM].

HISPANIOLA ( DOMINICAN REPUBLIC):

2 ♂♂: Dominican Republic, Isla Beata, 27.VII.1977,? Eugenio Marcano, NHMUK(E) 2005-98, ex. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Sto. Domingo [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, Cerretera Romana—Bayahibe, 19.IX.1994, Kelvin A. Guerrero, NHMUK(E) 2005-98 [NHMUK]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, Punta Villa Mella, Distrito Nacional, 3.X.1993, Kelvin A. Guerrero, NHMUK(E) 2005-98 [NHMUK]; 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 4 eggs: Dominican Republic, RD-052 Pueblo Nuevo, Baní Peravia Prov., 27.VII.2002, 97 m (400 ft.), 18°17.757’N 70°19.601’W, D. Perez, R. Bastardo [USNM]; 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (nymph n4): Dominican Republic, RD-062 ~ 5 km W Las Américas, Santo Domingo, 18°28.158’N 69°43.601’W, 19.XI.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro [USNM]; 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 2 ♀♀ (penultimate instar), 4 ♀♀ (nymph n4), 2 ♀♀ (nymphs n3), 1 ♀ (nymph n2), 1 ♂ (penultimate inatar): Dominican Republic, RD-060 Monte Rio, ~ 70 m, dry scrub, 18°22.972’N 70°43.036’W, 17.XI.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, RD-091, Sierra Prieta, Santo Domingo Prov., 133 m, 18°39.010’N 69°58.409’W, 18.III.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (night) [USNM]; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 egg: Dominican Republic, RD-034 Boca de la Cañada, ~ 15 km S Oviedo, Pedernales Prov., 4.VII.2002, 17°54.901’n 71°30.067’W, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, D. Perez [USNM]; 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (nymph n3), 7 eggs: Dominican Republic, RD-153 La Poza de Agua Nueva, El Curro, Sierra Martín Garcia, Azua Prov., 18°18.324’N 70°57.176’W, ~ 800 m, 15–16.VII.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (day/night) [USNM]; 1 ♀, 3 eggs: Dominican Republic, RD-146 ~ 2 km S Pinosdel Edén, Sierra de Neiba, Independencia Prov., 18°34.758’n 71°45.804’w, 8.VII.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): Dominican Republic, RD-079 Isla Beata, trail to Cueva del Tubo, PNJ, 17°36.844’N 71°31.379’W, 3.XII.2002, Dperez, Bhierro, Rbastardo. (day/night). [USNM]; 1 ♀ (nymph n5): Dominican Republic, San Cristóbal Prov., Sabana de Hatillo, on Malpighia gossipifolia (cerazas), 13.XII.1994, D. E. Perez [USNM]; 1 ♂ (penultimate instar): Dominican Republic, RD-069 Km 54 Rd. Azua-Barahona, Barahona Prov., 70 m, 18°21.871’N 71°09.080’W, 24.XI,2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, H. Andújar. (night). [USNM]; 1 ♂ (nymph n5): Dominican Republic, RD-156 La Furnia, Berreras, Azua Prov., 18°19.289’N 70°54.755’W, 18.VII.2003, D. Perez, Rbastardo, Bhierro (n) [USNM]; 1 ♀ (n4): Dominican Republic, RD-063 Sierra Prieta, Santo Domingo Prov., 18°38.315’N 69°58.302’W, 20.XI.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro [USNM]; 1 ♀ (n4): Dominican Republic, RD- 0 25 1–2.II.02 km 10 on Rd. to Los Anones, Ocoa Prov., 1070 m, 347–605 mE 2052–511 mN. RB, BH, DP [USNM]; 1 ♀ (n3): Dominican Republic RD-210 Mirador del Hoyo de Pelempito, P. N. Sierra de Bahoruco, Pedernales Prov., 1.250 m, 18°05.396’N 71°30.663’W, 5.IV.2004, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (d/n) [USNM]; 1 ♂: El Choco, Puerto Plata 2-IV- 2000 en Bidens cynapiifolia R. H. Bastardo [USNM]; 4 ♀♀: Dominican Republic, 200 m N Puente Coronel Barahona Prov., 22.ix.2000 D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro [USNM]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, La Altagracia Prov., Bayahibe, 2001, D. E. Perez [USNM]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, RD-219 Sierra Prieta, Villa Mella, Santo Domingo Prov., 142 m, 18º38.925’N 69º58.303’W, 12.iv.2004, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo. (n) [USNM]; 2 ♂♂ (nymphs): Dominican Republic, RD-153 La Poza de Agua Nueva, El Curro, Sierra Martín García, Azua Prov., 18°18.324’N 70°57.176’W, ~ 800 m, 15–16.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (day/night) [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, Azua Prov., Rd. Monte Rio—Puerto Viejo, 18°23.570’N 70°42.758’W, 120 m, 15.viii.2006, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro, S. Medrano (night) [USNM]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (nymphs): Dominican Republic, RD-272 Caseta 1, P N Sierra de Bahoruco, Independencia prov., 18º16.038’N 71º32.691’W, 1,239 m, 14.vii.2004, D. Perez (d) [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-276 Boca de Yuma, P N del Este, La Altagracia prov., 18º19.554’N 68º48.503’W, near sea level, 19–20.vii.2004, D. Perez (d/n) [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-092 Blanco (near hydroelectric), Bonao, Monseñor Nouel Prov., 18°52.946’N 70°30.337’W, 19.iii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-103 Rd. to Majagual, Sierra de Neiba, Bahoruco Prov., 669 m, 18°32.340’N 71°18.118’W, 25.iii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-069 km 54 Rd. Azua—Barahona, Barahona Prov., 70 m, 18°21.871’N 71°09.080’W, 24.xi.2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, H. Andujar. (night) [USNM]; 3 ♂♂: Dominican Republic, RD-079 Isla Beata, on way to Cueva del Tubo, Parque Nacional Jaragua, nr. sea level, 17°36.844’N 71°31.379’W, 3.xii.2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♂ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-182 Loma Quita Espuela, Firme de loma, S. F. de Macorís Prov., 19º21.101’N 70º08.930’W, 715 m, 3–4.xii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, A. Marmolejos (day/night) [USNM]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic RD-171 El Maizal, near Presa de Valdesia, Peravia Prov., 18°22.942’N 70°16.859’W, 97 m, 31.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (day) [USNM]; 2 ♀♀: Dominican Republi,c RD-212 150 m N bridge on road Cabo Rojo—Aceitillar, Pedernales prov., 16 m, 17º58.530’N 71º39.034’W, 7.iv.2004, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo. (d/n) [USNM]; 2 ♂♂, 4 ♂♂ (nymphs), 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, La Altagracia Prov., Bayahibe, 26/ix/1999 (night) D. Perez, R. Bastardo, L. Ramos. [USNM]; 1 ♂ (nymph): Dominican Republic, Jánico, Santiago Prov., 30 ix 1996, on Pictetia spinifolia (Tabacuelo) D. Perez, S. Navarro [USNM]; 1 ♂ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-182 Loma Quita Espuela, Firme de loma, S. F. de Macorís Prov., 19º21.101’N 70º08.930’W, 715 m, 3–4.xii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, A. Marmolejos (day/night) [USNM]; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀: RD: La Altagracia Higüey Punta Cana 20–28-vii-2000 R. Bastardo [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-005 15.i.02 Las Yayitas, Azua Prov., 240 m, 316–230 mE 2046–941 mN. D. Otte, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, S. Medrano [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-056 Pueblo Nuevo, Baní, Peravia Prov., dry scrub, 18°17.672’N 70°19.922’W, 16.xi.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, RD-027 2.ii.02 Km 7 on Rd. to Presa Jiguey, Ocoa Prov., 860 m, 345–778 mE 2053–018 mN. Night collection. D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro [USNM]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, RD-156 La Furnia, Barreras, Azua Prov., 18°19.289’N 70°54.755’W, 18.vii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 1 ♀ (nmyph): Dominican Republic, RD-062 ~ 5 km W of Las Americas Airport, nr. LADOM, Santo Domingo Prov., 18°28.158’N 69°43.601’W, 19.xi.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 3 ♀♀: Dominican Republic, RD-052 Pueblo Nuevo, Baní, Peravia Prov., 27.vii.2002, 97 m (400 ft.), 18º17.757’N 70º19.601’W, D. Perez, R. Bastardo [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-016 19.i.02 Km 26 Rd. Cabo Rojo- Aceitillar, Pedernales Prov., 680 m, 222–642 mE 2004–651 mN, transition forest. D. Otte, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, S.

Medrano, B. Hierro [USNM]; 1 ♂ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-041 Sierra Prieta, Villa Mella, Santo Domingo Prov., 18º38.939’N 69º58.373’W, 8.vii. 2002, 500 ft., 8.vii.2002. D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, S. Medrano. [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-019 22.i.02 Talanquera, San Pedro de Macoris Prov., disturbed scrub forest, about 20 m above sea level, 18º26.35’N 69º24.06’W, D. Otte, D. Perez [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-060 Monte Rio, 4 km W of beach, ~ 70m, dry scrub, 18°22.972’N 70°43.036’W, 17.xi.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (night) [USNM]; 2 ♀♀: Dominican Republic, RD-034 Boca de la Cañada, ~ 15 km S Oviedo, Pedernales Prov., 4.vii.2002, 17º54.901’N 71º30.067’W, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, D. Perez. [USNM]; 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Dominican Republic, RD-199 Boca de Yuma, P. N. Del Este, La Altagracia Prov., 20 m, 18º21.875’N 68º37.081’W, 16–17.xii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo (day/night). [USNM]; 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Dominican Republic, RD-055 ~ 2 km N Bayahibe, La Altagracia Prov., 31.vii.2002, 18º23.423’N 68º50.453’W, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, RD-067 Laguna Grande, Las Lagunas, Padre Las Casas, Azua Prov., 18°48.088’N 70°52.842’W, 23.xi.2002, 1,033 m, D. Perez, B. Hierro, H. Andujar. (day) [USNM]; 4 ♂♂ (nymphs), 4 ♀♀ (nymphs): Dominican Republic, Pedernales, Lado Fundacipe, Pedernales Prov., 18°01.8’N 71°44.7’W, 19–20 iii 1999, D. E. Perez, S. Navarro [USNM]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (nymph): Dominican Republic, Paraiso, Barahona Prov. 17°59.1’N 71°10’W 21 iii 1999 D. Perez, S. Navarro [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, Punta Cana Beach Resort, Reserva Ecologica Punta Cana, La Altagracia Prov., 23/xii/2008 D. E. Perez [USNM]; 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, 1 ♂ (nymph), 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, San Cristobal Prov., Sabana de Hatillo, on Malpighia gossipifolia (cerezas), 25.ix.1996, D. E. Perez [USNM]; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-195 ~ 6 km S of Cabral, dry forest, Barahona Prov., 18º12.252’N 71º14.401’W, 247 m, 13.xii.2004, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (night). [USNM]; 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀: Dominican Republic, RD-196 ~ 4 km S of Cabral, Barahona Prov., 18º13.835’N 71º14.251’W, 105 m, 14.xii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro (night). [USNM]; 7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-191 Around Caseta No. 1, Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco, 1,239 m, Independencia Prov., 18º16.038’N 71º32.691’W, 11–12.xii.2003, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro. (day/night) [USNM]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, Prov. Barahona, 1 km from Entrada to Vincente Noble, R.E. Woodruff, coll. 30-IV-78 [FSCA]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, WI Baoruco Mts., 1250 m, 11. Sept. 1973, Coll. #3, TJ Wakler, JC Schuster [FSCA]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Prov., N of Cabo Rojo, 18.IX.1973, JC Schuster [FSCA]; 2 ♂♂: Dominican Republic, Pr. Pedernales, Km 12 N. Cabo Rojo, 21-vi-1999 R. E. Woodruff, Prosopis at night [FSCA]; 1 ♂, 1 ♂ (nymph): Dominican Republic, 15 km N Cabo Rojo, 21.vi.1999 R. E. Woodruff & R. M. Baranowski [FSCA]; 1 ♂: Dominican Republic, Isla Saona, 6.vii.2002 C. Nuñez [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, RD-063 Sierra Prieta, Santo Domingo Prov., 18°38.315’N 69°58.302’W, 20.XI.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo, B. Hierro [MNHNSD]; 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂: Dominican Republic, RD-065 Monte Rio, ~ 4.5 km W of beach, Azua Prov., dry scrub, 18°23.728’N 70°42.726’W, 22.xi.2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, H. Andujar. (night) [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, RD-078 El Cajuil, Oviedo, Pedernales Prov., 52 m, 17°48.783’N 71°21.538’W, 2.xii.2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo. (night) [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-083 Juan Dolio, San Pedro de Macorís Prov., sea level, nr. 18°26.35’N 69°24.06’W, 6.xii.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo. (night) [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (nymph): Dominican Republic, RD-084 ~ 10 km S of Ocoa, nr. main road, Ocoa Prov., 468 m, 18°28.350’N 70°29.670’W, 7.xii.2002, D. Perez, R. Bastardo. (night) [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀: Rep. Dom., Prov. Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, San Juan Bosco #63, 16.VIII.2005, R. Gonzáles y M. Díaz [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀: Rep. Dom., Prov. Santo Domingo Este, Boca Chica, La Malena, 20.X.1979, Marcano y Domínguez [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀: Rep. Dom., Prov. San Cristóbal, Villa Altagrica, La Cumbre, 14.VI.2001, C. Núñez [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): Rep. Dom., Prov. San Cristóbal, Los Desamparados, 24.VII.1981, H. Domínguez [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂: Rep. Dom., Prov Pedernales, Cabo Rojo, 10.I.1998, M. Hernández [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂: Rep. Dom., Prov. Santo Domingo Norte, Mirador Norte, 7.X.2001, H. Takizawa [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂: Rep. Dom., Prov. Santo Domingo Norte, Mirador Norte, 12.VIII.2001, H. Takizawa [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂ (penultimate instar): Rep. Dom., Prov. San Cristobal, Haina, 23.VI.1981, H. Domínguez [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂: Rep. Dom., Prov. Azua, El Número, 4.VII.2002, H. Takizawa [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂ (penultimate instar): Rep. Dom., Isla Saona, de Catuano a Damaney, 6.VII.2002, H. Takizawa [MNHNSD]; 1 ♂: G.V, P53, 23.VII.1992 [MNHNSD]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, 11.II.1977 E. Marcano; #21060 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀ (apex of abdomen missing): República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Cambita, 8.VI.1976, E. Marcano; #20069 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀ (apex of abdomen missing): República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 30.X.1975, E. Marcano; #19189 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Santo Domingo, Capital, 11.VI.1973 E. Marcano; #13677[IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 30.X.1975, E. Marcano; #19190 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Politécnico Loyola, VII.1989, E. Marcano [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Cambita, 8.VI.1976, E. Marcano; #20070 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. Santo Domingo, 8.XII.1964, E. Marcano; #909 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, cuidad, 19.V.1976, E. Marcano; #20065 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. Barahona, 1.VI.1967, E. Marcano & I. Fernández; #4212 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 30.X.1975, E. Marcano; #19187 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, Engombe, 19.VI.1979 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, ciudad, 10.IV.1975, E. Marcano; #17985 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, ciudad, 19.V.1976, E. Marcano; #20064 [IIBZ]; 1 ♂: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 23.X.1975, E. Marcano,; #19038 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 30.X.1975, E. Marcano; #19190 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀. República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 5.III.1976, E. Marcano; #19687 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, 21.I.1975 E. Marcano;#17497 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. Barahona, 10.VI.1967, E. Marcano; #4196 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, cuidad, 19.V.1976, E. Marcano; #20063 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. Santo Domingo, 9.II.1969, E. Marcano,;#4854 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 30.X.1975, E. Marcano; #19188 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, cuidad, 19.V.1976, E. Marcano; #20062 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀ (apex of abdomen missing): República Dominicana Prov. La Vega, Constanza, La Palma, 1.VIII.1968, E.Marcano & S. Raud; #4589 [IIBZ]; 1 ♂: República Dominicana, Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional, octubre del 1970 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 6.I.1976, E. Marcano; #19549 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀ (apex of abdomen missing): República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Cambita, 8.VI.1976, E. Marcano; #20070 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: República Dominicana Prov. San Cristóbal, Campus Loyola, 30.X.1975, E. Marcano; #19190 [IIBZ]; 1 ♀: Dominican Republic, Pedernales 30 km N Cabo Rojo 1070 m, 18-07N W71–39W 27 September 1991 R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins Reservoir, pine woods [CMNH]; 1 ♂: Republique Dominicaire, route Oviedo à Pedernales km 17, Jaragua National Park, 11-V-2004, J. Barlout réc. [MNHN]; 1 ♂: République Dominicaine, route Oviedo à Pedernales km17, Jasagua National Park, 11.V.2004, J. Barbut réc [MNHN]; 8 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, VI.1995, Herkunft: Dominikanische Rep., PSG No. 61 [coll. FH, No’s 0243-1 to 12 & E1]; 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, 2001–2002, Herkunft: Dominikanische Rep., PSG No. 61 [coll. FH, No’s 0243-13 to 19 & E2].

HISPANIOLA ( HAITI):

1 ♂: Furcy, Haiti, I.21.1945, Anthony Curtis!, wO134; Diapherodes spinipes (Gray) det. C. F. Moxey [ANSP]; 1 ♂: Furcy, Haiti, I.21.1945, Anthony Curtis!, wO136; Diapherodes spinipes (Gray) det. C. F. Moxey [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Furcy, Haiti, Feb. 5.1943, A. Curtis; wO138; Diapherodes spinipes (Gray) det. C. F. Moxey [ANSP]; 1 ♀: Furcy, Haiti, Feb. 5.1943, A. Curtiss; wO139; Diapherodes spinipes (Gray) det. C. F. Moxey [ANSP]; 1 ♂: Haiti, Dept. De l’Ouest, Port au Prince, 5.IX.1973, JC Schuster [FSCA]; 1 ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Port au Prince, Stevens; det. Br. v. W. Haplopus ligia Westw. ; 72., 6479, 6479 [NHMW]; 1 ♀: Port au Prince, Haiti, Dr. Fritz Rauch leg., ded. 31.XII.1900; PHA 24, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH]; 1 ♀: Port au Prince, Haiti, Dr. Rauch leg., W. Pohlmann durch Gust. Keitel jr., ded. 29.V.1901; PHA 23, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ZMUH].

NO DATA:

1 ♀: Aplopus ligius Westw. A. n.c. [USNM]; 1 ♂: W. Ind.; Aplopus cythereus Westw. ♂ det. Rehn [USNM].

Diagnosis: This widely distributed and very variable species is readily distinguished from all other species in the genus by the large roundly triangular, shield-shaped or almost semi-circular epiproct of ♀♀ ( Figs. 241–242 ), as well as the distinctly white cheeks ( Figs. 231–233 ), orange to red antennae, short terminal hook of the vomer ( Fig. 352 ) and long alae of ♂♂, which clearly project over posterior margin of abdominal segment V ( Figs. 224–227 ).

Description: The description of the colouration is mostly based on colour photographs of various live wild and captive reared specimens.

♀ ( Figs. 220–223 , 386–387 ). Very variable in size (body length including the subgenital plate 115.5–172.0 mm) and several morphological features like the armature of the head and thorax, abdominal tergites, shape of the epiproct, and length of the subgenital plate and alae (→ comments on variability below). Colour ranging from dull green, over straw, grey and pale to dark brown, sometimes with a yellowish or reddish wash and with a variable degree of white portions in some localities. Abdomen in particular to a variable degree furnished with paler and darker mottling and speckles. Head with the cheeks ± distinctly white and one or two small black spots over the eyes; occasionally a further pair of black spots on the frons between the bases of the antennae. Antennae pale to mid brown dorsally and dull red ventrally. Spines of the thorax either brown, dull red or green. Tegmina and costal region of alae mid to dark brown, rarely with a greenish wash; either plain or to a variable degree furnished with faint pale brown or grey spots. Anal region of alae transparent with all major longitudinal and transverse veins broadly marked by dark brown ( Fig. 248 ).

Head: About 1.3x longer than wide and roughly oval in dorsal aspect. Vertex rounded and with a pair of very prominent but variably sized occipital spines; points either blunt or with a pointed black tip ( Figs. 228–230 ). Occasionally one or two further pairs of small spiniform tubercles close to posterior margin of head capsule ( Fig. 230 ). Eyes circular and contained about 2.5x in length of cheeks. Antennae ± reaching to posterior margin of median segment and consisting of 60–66 segments. Scapus almost 2x longer than wide and slightly narrowed towards the base. Pedicellus about half the length of scapus and roughly equal in length to III.

Thorax: Pronotum a little longer but slightly narrower than head, about 1.6x longer than wide, roughly rectangular but the lateral margins with a deep roundly triangular emargination medially. Transverse median sulcus moderately distinct and almost reaching lateral margins of segment. Dorsal surface at least with a distinct pair of spines in anterior portion, but usually with a very variable number of additional spines and tubercles ( Figs. 228–230 ). Probasisternum and profurcasternum with single granules or tubercles. Mesothorax 2.0–2.3x longer than head and pronotum combined. Mesonotum rather narrow anteriorly and very slightly gradually widened towards the posterior; surface armed with a very variable number of differently sized tubercles or blunt spines, a rather defined marginal row of evenly sized tubercles or small spines is present laterally. Meso- and metapleurae with an irregular longitudinal marginal row of spiniform tubercles or spines. Meso- and metasternum with a variable number of granules or low spiniform tubercles; may be no more than four on the metasternum. Metanotum less than 1/3 the length of mesonotum, unarmed. Tegmina oval, coriaceous, with the venation very distinct, dense and irregularly disposed, and slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum; median protuberance rather faint and roundly conical. Alae variable in length but always longer than tegmina; at least reaching ¾ along median segment but often projecting to anterior portion of abdominal tergum II ( Fig. 223 ).

Abdomen: Median segment 2x longer than wide and slightly narrowed medially. Segments II–V of roughly equal length, VI a little shorter than V, VII just a little more than ¾ the length of V; on average 1.6–1.8x longer than wide. Tergites II–IV often with a median pair of tubercles or spiniform processes close to posterior margin; most prominent on II ( Figs. 234–235 ). VII with four very fine and low, longitudinal, sub-parallel carinae and lateral margins ± deflexed posteriorly or with a ± acutely triangular posterior lobe ( Figs. 237–239 ). Praeopercular organ formed by a slightly raised dark oval marking in posterior margin of sternum Vii, which bears a rough, rounded tubercle posteriorly ( Fig. 340 ). Tergum VIII slightly shorter than VII, gently narrowed medially and almost 2.5x longer than wide; sometimes with a pair of posteromedian tubercles. IX rectangular and roughly half the length of VIII. Anal segment with a distinct longitudinal carina, narrowed in posterior half and with a widely triangular posteromedian emargination. Epiproct prominent and at least 1/3 the length of anal segment; size and shape variable but mostly ranging from roundly triangular to almost semicircular and shield-like ( Figs. 241–242 ). Cerci conical with a rather acute tip and slightly laterally compressed, hardly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Subgenital plate very long, lanceolate or cymbiform, longitudinally carinate and with a ± acute apex; extending greatly over apex of abdomen ( Figs. 236–240 ).

Legs: Profemora shorter than mesothorax, mesofemora about as long as metathorax and metafemora reaching ± half way along abdominal segment IV. Profemora occasionally with one or two small sub-apical spines on the medioventral carina. Protibiae often gently undulate dorsally. Anteroventral carina of meso- and metafemora with two, posteroventral carina with only sub-apical spine. Medioventral carina of mesofemora with 3–5, of metafemora with 5–7 ± prominent spines. Dorsal carinae each with a ± distinct roundly triangular tooth or expansion; much more prominent on the posterior carina. Posteroventral carina of meso- and metatibiae very minutely denticulate; anterodorsal carina occasionally with a roundly triangular tooth some ¼ off the base. Basitarsi about as long as following three tarsomeres combined.

♂ ( Figs. 224–227 , 388 ). Variable in size (body length 82.6–103.0 mm) and colouration but well recognized by the ± white cheeks and long alae. Although some morphological features vary to a certain degree, the variation is much less than in ♀♀. Alae well developed (length 40.5–51.0 mm) and at least reaching to abdominal tergum VI. Great parts of meso- and metapleurae, ventral body surface and legs green. Head either green or pale brown with the cheeks ± distinctly white ( Figs. 231–233 ). Dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen straw to pale creamish brown. Spines of thorax either dull green or black, posterior portions of meso- and metapleurae yellow and the metapleurae with a pale brown longitudinal band along lower margin. Lateral margins of abdominal tergum VIII and IX broadly white. Tegmina and costal region of alae pale to creamish mid brown and to a variable degree furnished with irregularly disposed pale cream to white markings; anterior margin of tegmina broadly white and basal portion of alae black. Anal region of alae pink with all major veins brown ( Fig. 247 ). Antennae, except scapus and pedicellus, ± distinctly red. Tarsi greenish brown. In addition to this more common green form described above brown forms occur in certain localities ( Fig. 227 ). These generally agree in colouration to the green forms but lack all the green body parts described above.

Head: Generally as in ♀♀ but with the cephalad horns often more prominent ( Figs. 231–233 ). Eyes more prominent, projecting hemispherically and contained no more than 1.6x in length of cheeks. Antennae very robust and ± reaching posterior margin of abdominal segment III; with 60–66 segments.

Thorax: Pronotum longer but narrower than head, general shape as in ♀♀. Armature usually limited to a prominent pair of spines in the anterior portion but sometimes a much smaller pair of spines may be present in the posterior portion ( Figs. 231–233 ). Mesothorax about 2.0–2.2x longer than head and pronotum combined. Mesonotum with 4–10 distinct and ± pointed, roughly paired spines in the anterior 2/3 of the surface. Mesosternum with a few irregularly disposed granules or low spiniform tubercles; metasternum either smooth or with 2–4 paired tubercles in anterior portion. Tegmina oval and slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum, central protuberance roundly conical. Alae at least reaching 1/3 the way along abdominal segment VI.

Abdomen: Segments II–IV of equal length and about 3.2x longer than wide. V–VII slightly decreasing in length with VII no more than 2.3x longer than wide. All tergites and sternites smooth. VII slightly expanded posteriorly or with a ± distinct triangular lobe ( Figs. 244–245 ). VIII ¾ the length of VII and gently widening towards the posterior; IX shorter than VIII. Anal segment with a faint longitudinal median carina which gradually becomes more decided towards the apex. Posterior portion rounded and with a wide triangular median emargination ( Figs. 244–246 ); posterior margin slightly swollen and on ventral surface armed with several small, black in-curving denticles ( Fig. 360 ). Epiproct very small and roundly triangular ( Fig. 246 ). Vomer broad with a large, rounded base and a fairly short terminal hook ( Fig. 360 ). Cerci large, obtuse and almost as long as anal segment, slightly laterally compressed basally. Poculum moderately convex, cup-like and with a blunt basal hump ( Fig. 243 ); posterior portion carinate longitudinally.

Legs: Profemora about as long as mesothorax, mesofemora slightly shorter than mesothorax and metafemora ± reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment IV. Armature generally as in ♀♀ but less distinct and the meso- and metafemora lacking the sub-apical dorsal tooth or expansion seen in ♀♀. Tarsi relatively more elongate and basitarsi a little longer than following three tarsomeres combined.

Nymphs: Very variable in colour, size and shape of the armature of the head, thorax, abdomen and legs, which generally is much stronger developed than in adult insects. Colour various shades of brown, often with a greenish wash and/or all over furnished with whitish speckles and markings.

Egg ( Figs. 249–256 ): A large number of eggs were examined from various localities throughout the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands. Just like the insects, these show considerable variability which however is mainly limited to the size and colouration.

Rather large for the genus, capsule ovoid and 1.5–1.7x longer than wide; dorsal surface more convex than ventral surface. Capsule surface ± coriaceous and granulose. Micropylar plate roughly 2/3 the length of capsule, narrowed in anterior portion, then gradually widened with the posterior portion broadly rounded. Posteromedially with a deep triangular to parallel-sided emargination. Micropylar cup small and cup-shaped. Operculum ± round in cross-section, convex and in centre with a large, squamiform, mushroom-shaped capitulum (height> 0.3 mm). Colouration of capsule highly variable and ranging from pale drab over ochre and grey to dull orange brown; usually to a variable degree furnished with dark brown to black markings, spots and speckles. Capitulum dull yellow, straw or pale ochre.

Measurements [mm]: Length 3.1–3.7, length (including operculum) 4.3–4.8, width 2.1–2.6, height 2.4–2.7, length of micropylar plate 2.3–2.5.

Variability: This is a very variable species which not only varies from locality to locality but also shows considerable variation within single colonies or culture-stocks reared in Europe. The most important variable characters are summarized separately for each sex below.

Numerous features underlie considerable variability in ♀♀, some of which have already been mentioned in the description presented above. The body length ranges from 114.0–172.0 mm including the subgenital plate (103.0– 152.5 mm excluding it), with the largest specimens occuring on Hispaniola. The cephalad horns are variable in size and may either be blunt (most specimens from Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands) or have a conspicuous, acute black point at the apex (most Hispaniolan specimens). The pronotum may be covered with numerous paired tubercles but in some cases merely bears a single pair of spines in the anterior portion. The armature is particularly distinct and well developed in specimens from certain localities in the Dominican Republic (e.g. Boca de la Cañada, Pedernales Province or Sierra Martín García, Azua Province). The mesothoracic armature is extremely variable with structures ranging from small spiniform tubercles to prominent spines. Some captive reared specimens from Hispaniola in the first author's collection (coll FH, No's 0243-2 & 17) merely have the mesonotum with a few small irregularly dispersed tubercles, while there are numerous spines of variable sizes in some wild ♀♀ at hand from the Dominican Republic. The ♀ from near Cabo Rojo (Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic) in FSCA is very small (body length 103.0 mm and 114.0 mm including the subgenital plate) but has the mesothoracic armature extremely prominent and the mesonotum and metapleurae all over armed with medium to large conical spines. Abdominal tergites II–IV usually bear a median pair of tubercles or spiniform processes close to posterior margin, which vary strongly in size and are most prominent on II ( Figs. 234–235 ). Often there are only processes on II and more rarely these are entirely lacking. The alae may just reach ¾ the way along the median segment but in extremes also cover the anterior portion of abdominal tergum II ( Fig. 223 ). Depending on the locality, the antennae are just slightly reddish in most Hispaniolan specimens but distinctly dull red in specimens from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

Males are much less variable than ♀♀ with variability generally restricted to the size, colouration, size of the cephalad horns ( Figs. 231–233 ), number of spines on the mesothorax and granules on the meso- and metasternum, shape of abdominal tergum VII as well as the number of spines on the medioventral carina of the femora. The latter shows the same range as in ♀♀. In addition to the features mentioned the pronotum may occasionally bear a further pair of spiniform tubercles in the posterior portion. They occur in a common green form ( Figs. 224–226 ) and more rarely encountered brown form. The brown specimens found in certain localities in the Dominican Republic (e.g. Boca de la Cañada, Pedernales Province, Fig. 227 ) fully agree with the green form except for lacking any of the green body parts. The ventral body surface, meso- and metapleurae and legs are all greyish mid brown with irregular whitish mottling. The spines of the thorax however are dull green and the brown ♂♂ from the mentioned locality at hand also have the basal portion of the posterior margin of the tegmina white.

Specimens at hand from Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco (RD-191) in USNM deserve special mention. Females are considerably more stocky with the mesothorax relatively shorter and the armature much more prominently developed than in all other examined specimens. But despite the different appearance at first glance, the genital morphology of both sexes does not show any characters that would allow a clear distinction as a distinct subspecies or species. Only the epiproct of ♀♀ is on average larger than in other specimens but seems to be within the range of variability of H. micropterus .

As in the insects, considerable variability is also seen in the eggs which however mainly is mainly limited to the colouration as well as the size of the capitulum ( Figs. 219–226 ). Eggs laid by specimens from Puerto Rico ( Figs. 225–226 ) or the British Virgin Islands appear to be generally more reddish and have less distinct mottling, while eggs at hand from localities throughout the Dominican Republic are often prettily mottled with dark brown ( Figs. 219–222 ). However, remarkable variation is already seen within single colonies or culture-stocks and almost plain reddish brown eggs are also laid by some colonies in the Dominican Republic (e.g. from Pueblo Nuevo, Peravia Province).

Comments: This species was first illustrated and described by Stoll (1788, pl. 21: 77) from a ♀ presumed from “ Amboina ” and subsequently (Stoll, 1813) named Phasma angulata . The name “ Phasma angulata ” had however already been used for another species by Fabricius in 1793 (→ Diapherodes angulata angulata (Fabricius, 1793)) , and for this reason Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville (1828: 445) introduced Cyphocrana microptera as a replacement name for Stoll's species. There has been confusion concerning the published year of Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Serville) but according to Sherborn & Woodward (1899: 595) it should be 1828, not 1825 as recorded previously.

The holotype of Phasma angulata Stoll (= Cyphocrana microptera St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828 ) was not traced in RMNH by Bragg (1996) and since believed lost. Certainly, no author had ever seen Stoll's type specimen but an extensive search in the collection of RMNH in 2006 has revealed a ♀ which perfectly matches with the illustration provided by Stoll (1788, pl. 21: 77) and is here regarded as the previously missing holotype. The particular specimen is pinned with the same typical insect pin used in all of Stoll's types in RMNH and furthermore bears the same typical circular label seen on most of Stoll's specimens. Based on Stoll's figure the main diagnostic character of this species in the past has been the presence of a conspicuous white spot in the basal portion of the alae, which is however not seen in any known representative of Haplopus . Examination of the ♀ holotype shows this to have a large hole in each wing caused by a pin drawn through the wing by the preparator to spread these organs, hence are an artifact. The size and shape of these holes correspond to the “white spots” reproduced in Stoll's illustration and prove this artifact to have been misinterpreted by all subsequent authors dealing with the systematics of H. micropterus .

H. micropterus shows a great deal of intraspecific variability and is widely distributed throughout Hispaniola, Mona Island, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The variability of certain characters is summarized above and has caused much confusion in the identity of this species and also resulted in several synonymies.

Examination of the ♀ holotype of H. bituberculatum de Haan, 1842 in RMNH leaves no doubt this species is a synonym of H. micropterus , which might even have been collected alongside with the HT specimen described and illustrated by Stoll (n. syn.). It is pinned on the same kind of insect pin. Another synonym is represented by Haplopus obtusus Redtenbacher, 1908 whose ♀ holotype from “Sta. Kruz” (= Saint Croix) is a typical specimen of H. micropterus (n. syn.). The short and apically rounded subgenital plate of the holotype has proven to be an artifact, the apex being broken off and swollen due to an injury. Redtenbacher (1908: 432) described Haplopus ligiolus based on a ♂ and two ♀♀ from Mona Island in ZMUH and a ♀ from “Westindien” in NHMB. Although all three specimens are traced, H. ligiolus was omitted in the catalogue of type-material deposited in ZMUH by Zompro (2002). The ♂ in ZMUH is here designated as the lectotype of H. ligiolus Redtenbacher, 1908 in order to guarantee stability of the name and the synonymy here established. Careful examination of the four specimens has shown H. ligiolus to be a synonym of H. micropterus (n. syn.). Haplopus cytherea Westwood, 1859 was described from two ♂♂ from Santo Domingo in OXUM of which one (the specimen illustrated by Westwood, 1859, pl. 18: 5) is here selected as the lectotype. Both are typical specimens of H. micropterus , and for this reason this species also becomes a synonym (n. syn.). Examination of the type-specimens of Haplopus ligia Westwood, 1859 in NHMUK has shown these to represent merely a variety of this very variable species, consequently also H. ligia is a junior synonym of H. micropterus (n. syn.). The Santo Domingo specimen illustrated by Palisot de Beauvois (1805: 166, pl. 14: 4) as Phasma angulata is, as already noted by Westwood (1859: 87), a ♀ with the last three abdominal segments broken off and is clearly distinct from the species that was described as Mantis angulata by Fabricius (1793: 13, = Diapherodes angulata angulata (Fabricius) from Guadeloupe). Since Palisot de Beauvois's angulata is a junior homonym of Mantis angulata Fabricius, 1793 , Gray (1835: 34) introduced Diapherodes spinipes as a replacement name for Palisot de Beauvois's species. The holotype of Phasma angulata Palisot de Beauvois, 1805 (= spinipes Gray, 1835 ) is lost but the figure of Palisot de Beauvois leaves no doubt it is conspecific with H. micropterus , hence D. spinipes as well is a junior synonym (n. syn.).

Since the 1980's live eggs of H. micropterus have been imported to Europe on at least three occasions, from the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Tortola Island ( British Virgin Islands). It was included on the Phasmid Study Group culture-list as culture No. 61 “ Aplopus sp.” (later corrected to Haplopus micropterus ) and is fairly easy to rear in moderately humid but well ventilated conditions and high temperatures (> 25°C). In captivity it readily accepts rose ( Rosa spp., Rosaceae ), bramble ( Rubus fruticosus , Rosaceae ), raspberry ( Rubus idaeus , Rosaceae ), oak ( Quercus robur & Q. petraea , Fagaceae ), guava ( Psidium guajava , Myrtaceae ), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus gunnii , Myrtaceae ) and hawthorn ( Pyracantha spp., Rosaceae ) as alternative food plants. At least Malpighia gossipifolia (Malpighiaceae) , Pictetia spinifolia (Fabaceae) and Bidens cynapiifolia (Asteraceae) are known to be part of the natural diet in Hispaniola. A REM-study of the egg was presented by Lipinski et al. (1999, fig. 25).

Lu et al. (in press) present comprehensive information on the distribution, food plants, habitats, biology and nymphal states of H. micropterus in the Virgin Islands and report Piscidia carthagensis (Fabaceae) , Pictetia aculeata (Fabaceae) and Pithecellobium unguis-cati (Fabaceae) to serve as host plants.

Distribution ( Fig. 380 ): Virgin Islands (St. Thomas [RMNH, MNHU, ZMUH]; St. Thomas (Loango [Werner, 1929: 7], Frenchman's Bay Esatate [Lu et al. in press], Estate Nazareth [Lu et al. in press]); St. Croix: Annaly [USNM]; St. Croix [NHMW]; St. John [MNHU]; St. John (Lameshur Ranger Station [Wenhua et al. In prep.]); Tortola, Long Bay, Belmont Estate [Lu et al. in press]; Anegada [USNM, Lu et al. in press]; Guana [NHMUK, USNM, Lu et al. in press]; Little Thatch [Lu et al. in press]; Moskito [Lu et al. in press]); Puerto Rico (Rincon [USNM]; Guánica [USNM]); Mona Island [USNM, ZMUH]; Hispaniola: Dominican Republic (Distrito Nacional [USNM]; Peravia Prov. [USNM]; Santo Domingo Prov. [IIBZ, MNHNSD, NHMUK, OXUM, USNM]; Pedernales Prov. [CMNH, FSCA, MNHN, MNHNSD, USNM]; Montecristi Prov. [USNM]; Barahona Prov. [FSCA, IIBZ, USNM]; Azua Prov. [MNHNSD, USNM]; Independencia Prov. [USNM]; Ocoa Prov. [USNM]; San Cristóbal Prov. [IIBZ, MNHNSD, USNM]; Macorís Prov. [MNHNSD]; La Vega Prov. [IIBZ]; Isla Beata [USNM]; Isla Saona [MNHNSD]); Haiti (Gros Morne [Moxey, 1972: 116, in litt.]; Furcy [ANSP]; Port-au-Prince [ANSP, NHMW, ZMUH]; Gonaive Island, Vicinity of Pointe-a-Raquettes [MCZC, Moxey, 1972: 116, in litt.]).

Number of specimens examined: 261

Figures

FIGURES 236 – 248. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828). 236. Apex of abdomen of ♀ HT (lateral view) [RMNH]; 237. Apex of abdomen of ♀ HT (dorsal view) [RMNH]; 238. Apex of abdomen of ♀ from Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada (dorsal view) [USNM]; 239. Apex of abdomen of ♀ PLT of synonym Haplopus ligius Westwood, 1859 (dorsal view) [NHMUK]; 240. Apex of abdomen of ♀ PLT of synonym Haplopus ligius Westwood, 1859 (lateral view) [NHMUK]; 241. Anal segment and epiproct of ♀ from Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada (dorsal view) [USNM]; 242. Anal segment and epiproct of ♀, captive reared from Dominican Republic) (dorsal view) [USNM]; 243. Apex of ♂ abdomen, captive reared from Dominican Republic (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 19]; 244. Apex of ♂ abdomen captive reared from Dominican Republic (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 19]; 245. Apex of abdomen of ♂ LT of synonym Haplopus ligius Westwood, 1859 (dorsal view) [NHMUK]; 246. Anal segment of ♂, captive reared from Dominican Republic (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 19]; 247. Left ala of ♂, captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 19]; 248. Left ala of ♀, captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 13].

FIGURES 228 – 235. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828). 228. Head and pronotum of ♀ from Dominican Republic, Independencia Province, Sierra de Neiba [USNM]; 229. Head and pronotum of ♀ from Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 230. Head and pronotum of ♀, captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 15]; 231. Head and pronotum of ♂ from Dominican Republic, Baní Peravia Province, Pueblo Nuevo [USNM]; 232. Head and pronotum of ♂ from Dominican Republic, Baní Peravia Province, Pueblo Nuevo [USNM]; 233. Head and pronotum of ♂ from Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo Province, Santo Domingo [USNM]; 234. Abdominal tergum II of ♀ from Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 235. Abdominal tergum II of ♀, captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 15].

FIGURES 349 – 356. Ventral view of abdominal sternum VII of ♀♀ showing the praeopercular organ and anal segment of ♂♂ showing the vomer. 349. Diapherodes martinicensis Lelong & Langlois, 2005 ♀: captive reared from Martinique [coll. FH, No. 0750 - 1]; 350. Diapherodes achalus (Rehn, 1904) ♀: Puerto Rico, Mayaguez [ANSP]; 351. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♀: captive reared from Jamaica [coll. FH, No. 0428 - 17]; 352. Aploploides stenocephalum Rehn & Rehn, 1938 ♂ PT: NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio [ANSP]; 353. Cephaloplopus euchlorus n. gen., n. sp., ♂ PT: Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo Province, Sierra Prieta [USNM]; 354. Cephaloplopus pulchellus n. gen., n. sp., ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 355. Parhaplopus evadne (Westwood, 1859) n. gen., n. comb. ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo [NHMUK]; 356. Parhaplopus navarroi n. gen., n. sp. ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Monseñor Nouel Province, Bonao [USNM].

FIGURES 224 – 227. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828). 224. ♂: captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 19]; 225. ♂: Dominican Republic, Baní Peravia Province, Pueblo Nuevo [USNM]; 226. ♂: Dominican Republic, Monte Rio [USNM]; 227. ♂: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM].

FIGURES 220 – 223. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828). 220. HT ♀: St. Thomas [RMNH]; 221. HT ♀ of synonym Haplopus obtusus Redtenbacher, 1908: St. Croix [NHMW, No. 835]; 222. ♀: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 223. ♀: Dominican Republic, Azua Province, El Curro (specimen with very long alae) [USNM].

FIGURES 385 – 387. Live insects. 385. Venupherodes venustula (Audinet-Serville, 1838) n. gen., n. comb. ♂: captive reared from NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio; 386. Venupherodes venustula (Audinet-Serville, 1838) n. gen., n. comb. ♀ and ♂: captive reared from NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio; 387. Venupherodes venustula (Audinet-Serville, 1838) n. gen., n. comb. ♀♀ usual green colour-form and specimen with brown mottling: captive reared from NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio.

FIGURES 334 – 341. Ventral view of abdominal sternum VII of ♀♀ showing the praeopercular organ. 334. Aploploides stenocephalum Rehn & Rehn, 1938 ♀ PT: NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio [ANSP]; 335. Cephaloplopus alope n. gen., n. sp. ♀ HT: Cuba, Camagüey [ANSP]; 336. Cephaloplopus euchlorus n. gen., n. sp., ♀ PT: Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo Province, Sierra Prieta [USNM]; 337. Cephaloplopus pulchellus n. gen., n. sp., ♀ PT: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 338. Haplopus bicuspidatus de Haan, 1842 ♀: captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0342 - 6] 339. Haplopus brachypterus n. sp.. ♀ PT: Dominican Republic, Santiago Province [USNM]; 340. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♀: Dominican Republic, Pedernales Province, Boca de la Cañada [USNM]; 341. Haplopus scabricollis Gray, 1835 ♀: Loggerhead Key [ANSP].

FIGURES 388 – 390. Live insects. 388. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: captive reared from Jamaica; 389. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♂: captive reared from Jamaica; 390. Diapherodes jamaicensis (Drury, 1773) ♀: captive reared from Jamaica.

FIGURES 357 – 364. Ventral view of anal segment of ♂♂ showing the vomer. 357. Haplopus bicuspidatus deHaan, 1842 ♂: captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0342 - 8]; 358. Haplopus brachypterus n. sp. ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Santiago Province [USNM]; 359. Haplopus intermedius n. sp., ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Valverde Province, nr. Maizal [USNM]; 360. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828) ♂: captive reared from Dominican Republic [coll. FH, No. 0243 - 90]; 361. Haplopus scabricollis Gray, 1835 ♂: Loggerhead Key [ANSP]; 362. Haplopus scabricollis Gray, 1835 ♂: Vanassa Island [USNM]; 363. Haplopus woodruffi n. sp. ♂ HT: Cayman Islands, Cayman Brac [FSCA]; 364. Venupherodes venustula (Audinet-Serville, 1838) n. gen., n. comb. ♂: captive reared from NW-Cuba, Pinar del Rio [coll. FH, No. 0599 - 1].

FIGURES 249 – 256. Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828), Eggs. 249. Dominican Republic, Azua Province, El Curro (dorsal view) [USNM]; 250. Dominican Republic, Azua Province, El Curro (lateral view) [USNM]; 251. Captive reared from Dominican Republic (dorsal view) [coll. FH, No. 0243 - E 2]; 252. Captive reared from Dominican Republic (lateral view) [coll. FH, No. 0243 - E 2]; 253. Dominican Republic, Baní Peravia Province, Pueblo Nuevo (dorsal view) [USNM]; 254. Dominican Republic, Baní Peravia Province, Pueblo Nuevo (lateral view) [USNM]; 255. Captive reared from Puerto Rico (dorsal view) [coll. FH, 0243 - E 3]; 256. Captive reared from Puerto Rico (lateral view) [coll. FH, 0243 - E 3].

FIGURES 211 – 219. Haplopus intermedius n. sp .. 211. ♀ PT: Dominican Republic, Montecristi Province, nr. Montecristi [USNM]; 212. ♂ HT: Dominican Republic, Valverde Province, nr. Maizal [USNM]; 213. Apex of abdomen of ♀ PT (lateral view) [USNM]; 214. Apex of abdomen of ♀ PT (dorsal view) [USNM]; 215. Anal segment and epiproct of ♀ PT (dorsal view) [USNM]; 216. Apex of abdomen of ♂ HT (lateral view) [USNM]; 217. Apex of abdomen of ♂ HT (dorsal view) [USNM]; 218. Abdominal tergites II and II of ♀ PT showing the paired spiniform posterior projections (dorsal view) [USNM]; 219. Right ala of ♀ PT [USNM].

FIGURES 379 – 380. Maps. 379. Known records of the species of Cephaloplopus n. gen. and Parhaplopus n. gen. on Hispaniola; 380. Known records of the species of Haplopus Gray, 1835 on Hispaniola.