Argidae (Malm and Nyman, 2015)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13127-021-00485-0 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3627F40F-3026-FFB7-D666-DD50806A97B3 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Argidae |
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Argidae View in CoL View at ENA internal relationships
Two main clades are recovered within Argidae , corresponding to the subfamilies Sterictiphorinae and Arginae as defined by Benson (1963) and corroborated by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021). For the subfamily Arginae (SR = 60, k = 3), the following synapomorphies are identified: trochanter as long as wide [47:1] ( Fig. 13i View Fig ) and the surface of tergal sensilla with parallel longitudinal grooves [70:1] ( Fig. 15a, c, e, l View Fig ).
Clade A: the genera Antargidium + Scobina (SR = 73, k = 24–30) are retrieved as the sister group of the remaining genera ( Fig. 16m, n View Fig ); they share the following synapomorphies: abdominal legs tubular, 3× longer than wide [59:1] ( Fig. 16g View Fig ), and suprapedal lobes of abdomen independent [72:0] ( Fig. 16d, g View Fig ) (convergent with several pergids and tenthredinids). Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) also retrieved these two genera in basal positions within Arginae in clades 1 and 2. However, they were not recovered as sister taxa. It was only possible to examine Antargidium larvae by consulting habitus photographs ( Fig. 16m View Fig ); therefore, many characters were impossible to score, including number of antennomeres and mouthparts. Some synapomorphies of Scobina ( Fig. 16n View Fig ) are the setae of the lacinia located in its mesal side and perpendicular to the galea [25:1] ( Fig. 12f View Fig ) (convergent with Cimbicidae ) and the presence of more than 16 setae [27:4] ( Fig. 12f View Fig ) (convergent with Cimbicidae , Perreyia and Philomastix ).
Clade B: Pampsilota + Arge s. lato (incl. Spinarge ) (SR = 74, k = 30) share the following synapomorphies: more than 11 anteromesal trichoid setae on the epipharynx [10:1; 11:1]; basal labial palpomere long, 1.5× longer than wide [31:2] ( Fig. 11b View Fig ); larvapods of the abdominal segments VII and VIII [55:0; 56:0] highly reduced or absent (convergent with some Sterictiphorinae and Pergids) and abdominal suprapedal lobes fused [72:1] ( Figs. 15g View Fig and 16f View Fig ). The cylindrical shape of the hind coxae, its base width subequal to its apex width [44:0] ( Fig. 13s View Fig ) supports the monophyly of the genus Arge s. lato (incl. Spinarge ) (SR = 65, k = 4–6). Two subclades can be recognized inside the Arge s. lato clade, one including Arge pullata + ( A. similis + ( A. pagana + A. quidia )) ( Fig. 1j View Fig ) (SR = 45, k = 27–30) and a second with A. berberidis + Spinarge spp. ( Fig. 1d View Fig ) (SR = 63, k = 1). The first subclade is supported by the presence of a mesal gland between the larvapods of the abdomen [58:1] ( Fig. 14d View Fig ), while a transverse band connecting the larvapods [60:1] ( Fig. 14a View Fig ) supports the second subclade. Both Boevé et al. (2018) and Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) retrieved Spinarge within the genus Arge s. lato. Clade B is similar to clade 4 identified in Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021).
Sterictiphorinae (SR = 30, k = 4–6), is supported by the following synapomorphies: short third (apical) labial palpomere, shorter than half the length of the second labial palpomere [33:0] ( Fig. 11b View Fig ) and the basal labial palpomere subequal in size (length and width) to the second [32:0] ( Fig. 11a, d View Fig ). The Australian genus Trichorhachus ( Fig. 1e View Fig ) was retrieved as the sister group of the remaining Sterictiphorinae . Trichorhachus retains several plesiomorphic traits that distinguish it from the rest of Sterictiphorinae , and this may be the reason of the low support for the subfamily: antenna with two antennomeres [2:1] ( Fig. 8k View Fig ) (also in Diprionidae ); lacinia having trichoid setae with simple apex [26:0] ( Fig. 12l View Fig ) (present in Arginae , Pergidae and outgroups) and thoracic legs with six podomeres [41:0; 42:0] (like in Fig. 13p View Fig ). Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) also retrieved Trichorhachus as sister to the rest of Sterictiphorinae .
Clade C: The remaining Sterictiphorinae (except for Trichorhachus ) (SR = 92, k = 24) are united by the multiple branched setae of the lacinia [26:1] ( Fig. 12g –i, m–o View Fig ) and epipharynx [11:2] ( Fig. 9d, e View Fig ) (reversed in Schizocerella , Fig. 12j View Fig ); having three maxillary palpomeres [16:0] ( Fig. 11k, n, p View Fig ) (reversed in Aproceros and Aprosthema , convergent with Perga ); anteromesal lobe of lacinia absent or reduced [28:0] (convergent with Scobina and Perreyia ); thoracic fore leg with four podomeres [41:2] ( Fig. 13a, c, g, k View Fig ) (reversed to five in Sterictiphora , Aproceros , and Aprosthema ); and the hind coxae subequal or longer than the remaining podomeres [45:1] ( Fig. 13q View Fig ) (convergent with Acordulecera ).
Clade D: All genera of this clade (SR = 51, k = 6) share the presence of postspiracular glands [61:1] ( Fig. 14g –i View Fig ). Atomacera ( Fig. 1f View Fig ) was retrieved as the sister group of the remaining genera; this genus is characterized by the absence of larvapods in the second and third abdominal segments [53:0; 54:0] and the presence of flask-shaped glands in all terga of the body ( Smith 1972). Sterictiphora + ( Aproceros + Aprosthema ) (SR = 92, k = 4) share a prespiracular gland present [34:1] ( Fig. 13l–o View Fig ), thoracic legs with five podomeres [41:1; 42:1] ( Fig. 13l, n View Fig ) (convergent in some pergids and tenthredinids), the presence of marginal fleshy conical protuberances [78:1] (also in Trichorhachus ) ( Fig. 14k, m View Fig ) and a pair of simple subanal lobes [80:1] ( Fig. 14k–o View Fig ) (convergent with Philomastix ). An autapomorphy for Sterictiphora (SR = 73, k = 18–30) is the cylindrical shape of the prespiracular gland [35:1] Fig. 13o View Fig ). Aproceros ( Fig. 1g View Fig ) + Aprosthema (SR = 78, k = 18–21) share the presence of deep sensillar fovea on the antenna [7:2] ( Fig. 8f View Fig ), the presence of irregular denticles on the inner surface of the mandibles [14:1] ( Fig. 10a, b, e View Fig ) and the flattened prespiracular gland ( Fig. 13m View Fig ) (reduced in Aproceros ). Aproceros + Aprosthema also retain the presence of four maxillary palpomeres [16:2], a plesiomorphic trait. This clade corresponds partly to clade 8 in Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021). However, in the present study Atomacera was recovered as the sister group of clade 8 ( Malagón-Aldana et al. 2021) and not as the sister of the remaining Neotropical genera (clade E).
Clade E: The genera that belong to this clade (SR = 52, k = 27–30) are united by the preapical maxillary palpomere being at least 1.5× as long the preceding palpomere [19:2] ( Fig. 11k, p–s View Fig ) (convergent with Aprosthema ); claws on pretarsus of fore legs absent [37:0] ( Fig. 13c, e View Fig ) (reversed in several genera) and suprapedal lobes fused [72:1] (like in Fig. 16f View Fig ) (also in Pampsilota + Arge ). This clade is similar to the clades 10 + 11 of Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021), comprising the Neotropical Sterictiphorinae where adult males have a furcate flagellum in the antenna and where most of the diversity of the subfamily is concentrated.
Clade F: (SR = 64, k = 3) Synapomorphies include the preapical maxillary palpomere length at least 2× its width [20:2] ( Fig. 11p, g View Fig ); second labial palpomere 1.5× longer than wide [32:2] ( Fig. 11c View Fig ); thoracic fore leg with coxal glands present [38:1] ( Fig. 13a–h View Fig ) (convergent with clades I and J). Neoptilia was recovered as the sister group of the remaining genera. Sericoceros + ( Dielocerus + Digelasinus ) (SR = 61, k = 1) share the deep mesal V-shaped emargination in the labrum [9:1] ( Fig. 9b View Fig ) (convergent with Cimbicidae and Spinarge ); coxal glands of thoracic fore legs with a pair of closing lips [39:1] ( Fig. 13a–e View Fig ) (convergent with Sphacophilus ) and large conic tubercles bearing the tergal sensilla [68:3] ( Fig. 15f View Fig ) (convergent with Pterygophorus + Perreyia ). The autapomorphy of Sericoceros is the presence of lateroventral non-eversible glands in the abdomen ( Fig. 16h, i View Fig ). Dielocerus + Digelasinus (SR = 99, k = 1–30) ( Fig. 1m, n View Fig ) share as synapomorphies the presence of three coxal glands on the fore legs [40:1] ( Fig. 13a, b View Fig ); basal labial palpomere at most 2/3× the length of the second [31:0] ( Fig. 11c View Fig ) (convergent with Pergagrapta ); larvapods absent in the second and seventh segments of the abdomen [53:0; 55:0]. This clade is congruent with clade 10 of Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021), the tribe Dielocerini of Benson (1938), and the subfamily Dielocerinae of Smith (1992). The position as sister group of the remaining Neotropical Sterictiphorinae (except for Atomacera ) was also retrieved by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) with IW analysis.
Clade G: This clade (SR <30) is united by having three podomeres in mid- and hind legs [42:3] ( Fig. 13r View Fig ) and two– three apical setae on the lacinia [27:0] ( Fig. 12j, m, n View Fig ) (reversed in Ptenos and Manaos ). This clade is similar to clade 11 of Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021), where the sister group of the remaining genera includes the genus Schizocerella ( Fig. 1k View Fig ), the latter having some plesiomorphies, e.g., the simple and flat setae of maxilla and epipharynx. Their internal clades ( Fig. 18h–j View Fig ) were well supported independently, but their relationships are uncertain.
Clade H: Didymia and Ptilia form a monophyletic clade, with Didymia ( Fig. 1l View Fig ) paraphyletic relative to Ptilia . This result was also retrieved by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) (clade 15a). Synapomorphies of the clade (SR = 77, k = 9) are the presence of long body tubular tubercles carrying long setae [68:4; 69:1] ( Fig. 15g, n View Fig ) on the body. They also are distinguishable from other genera in clade G by having pretarsal claws on the fore legs [37:1], a plesiomorphic character state.
Clade I: The genus Sphacophilus ( Fig. 1h View Fig ) is retrieved as monophyletic ( S. cellularis + S. apios ) (SR = 95, k = 1–30), contrary to what was found by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) using adult morphology (clades 12 and 13) and the same two species. The larval synapomorphies include the presence of scopa mandibularis conformed by simple trichoid seta [15:1] ( Fig. 10j, k View Fig ) and tenth abdominal tergum (T10) with a row or marginal posterior spurs [76:1] ( Figs. 14p View Fig and 16c View Fig ) (convergent with Atomacera ). Species of Sphacophilus also share having coxal glands of thoracic fore legs with a pair of closing lips [39:1] ( Fig. 13e View Fig ) convergently with Sericoceros , Dielocerus , and Digelasinus .
Clade J: Zynzus + ( Ptenos + Manaos ) (SR = 71, k = 1–2) ( Fig. 1c View Fig ) have the following synapomorphies: the presence of only one coxal gland in the fore legs with a simple opening without closing lips [39:0] ( Fig. 13s View Fig ) and a couple of small tubercles on the posteroventral area of the larvapods of the tenth abdominal segment [82:1]. This clade is similar to clade 15b identified by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021).
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