Phyllogomphoides pacificus (Selys, 1873)

Torres-Pachón, Mónica, Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo & Ruiz-Sanchez, Eduardo, 2019, A synopsis of Phyllogomphoides Belle, 1970 (Odonata: Gomphidae) of Mexico: taxonomy and distribution, Zootaxa 4634 (1), pp. 1-67 : 31-35

Phyllogomphoides pacificus (Selys, 1873)

Gomphoides pacifica Selys, 1873: 504 –505 [Bulletin de l’ Académie royale de Belgique (2) 35] (♂ “race de suasa”) Phyllogomphoides pacificus . Donnelly (1979: 252–253) [Odonatologica 8 (4)] (♂ and ♀)

Phyllogomphoides pacificus . Cook & González-Soriano (1990: 269–273) [Odonatologica 19 (3)] (♂ and ♀) Phyllogomphoides pacificus . Novelo-Gutiérrez (1993: 22–23) [Odonatologica 22 (1)] (larvae, ♂ ♀ reared)

Type. Not examined.

Type repository. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique ( IRSN). (Not examined).

Material studied: Total specimens: 248♂♂, 78♀♀, distributed like thus: 47♂♂, 13♀♀ ( FSCA), 57♂♂, 21♀♀ ( IEXA), 3♂♂ ( PSUC), 141♂♂, 34♀♀ ( UNAM). MEXICO: Chiapas; stream 16.8 mi. NW Pijijiapan, 23 June 1966, D. Paulson et al. leg., 1♀; stream 15.4 mi. NE Arriaga, 24 July 1965, D. Paulson et al. leg., 1♂. Colima; 3 km

SE Ixtlahuacan, La Toma (18º59’10.2’’N, 103º42’13.5’’W), elevation 110m, 27 June 2006, E. González leg., 8♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 25 August 2006, 10♂♂, 2♀♀; same locality but: 26 October 2006, 6♂♂; 4 km SE Jiliotupa, Tanque de Jiliotupa (19º01’32.4’’N, 103º42’49.1’’W), elevation 165m, 28 August 2006, E. Gonzalez leg., 5♂♂, 2♀♀; same locality but: 23 October 2006, 1♂, 1♀; Poblado de la Presa 4km NE Ixtlahuacán, Arroyo El Salado (19º00’39.7’’N, 103º42’24.3’’W), elevation 103m, 27 August 2006, E. González leg., 2♂♂; Stream 24.2 mi. S. of Colima, 21 August 1965, D. Paulson et al. leg., 3♂♂. Estado de México; Km 122–123 carr. Tejupilco-Bejucos , Pte. Acamuchitlán (18º49’37.2’’N, 100º15’54.7’’W), elevation 821m, 6 August 2008, R. Novelo et al. leg., 2♂♂, 1♀; Km. 15.5 carretera Tejupilco-Amatepec, 1 km antes del Río San Felipe en dirección a Amatepec (18º48’2.3’’N, 100º09’37.9’’W), elevation 976m, 18 September 2009, R. Novelo leg., 3♂♂; Tejupilco de Hidalgo, Puente Los Cuervos, Km. 132 carretera Tejupilco-Cd. Altamirano (18º48’38.9’’N, 100º18’26.0’’W), elevation 744m, 19 October 2008, R. Novelo et al. leg., 1♂; same locality but: 7 December 2008, 1♂. Guerrero; Mun. Chilpancingo de los Bravo Acahuizotla, Acahuizotla Bomba de Captación (17º21’19.6’’N; 99º27’.14.4’’W), elevation 800m, 30 June 2008, E. González leg., 1♂, 1♀; Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Chilpancingo , 16 miles south, km 335, 14 September 1940, C. Bolívar et al. leg., 1♀; Mun. Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Acahuizotla , Puente Rayado (17º21’29.4’’N, 99º27’46.3’’W), elevation 780m, 30 June 2008, E. González leg., 4♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 2 July 2008, 1♂; same locality but: 5 July 2008, 3♂♂; same locality but: 31 July 2008, 2♂♂, 3♀♀; same locality but: 28 September 2008, 1♂, 1♀; same locality but: 29 September 2008, 2♂♂; Mun. Tlalchapa, San Miguel Tecomatlán, rumbo a Puerto Bandera (18º19’4’’N, 100º23’57’’W), elevation 322m, 16 July 1980, F. Getino Granados et al. leg., 1♂; Pungarabato, Km. 171 carretera Tejupilco-Cd. Altamirano , Pte. Alborejo , Río Alborejo (18º40’5.2’’N, 100º34’50.0’’W), elevation 391m, 20 October 2008, R. Novelo et al. leg., 7♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 8 December 2008, 3♂♂; Xaltiangus , 10 August 1940, R.H. Roberts leg., 1♀. Jalisco; Chacala , 8 September 2014, R. Novelo leg., 1♂; El Limón, Balneario Las Higueras (19º48’26.9’’N, 104º8’15.21’’W), 2 August 1997, E. Gonzalez et al. leg., 4♂♂; Los Yesos (19º45’3.9’’N, 104º3’33.3’’W), elevation 840m, 1 July 1997, E. Gonzalez leg., 1♂; same lo- cality but: 30 September 1997, A. Morales leg., 3♂♂; El Limón, San Buenaventura (19º47’36.8’’N, 104º3’19.4’’W), elevation 720m, 30 June 1997, E. González et al. leg., 1♂; same locality but: 2 July 1997, 2♂♂; same locality but: 4 July 1997, 1♂; same locality but: 3 August 1997, 1♂; same locality but: 4 August 1997, 1♀; same locality but: 1 September 1997, 1♂; same locality but: 2 September 1997, 6♂♂, 2♀♀; same locality but: 1 October 1997, 1♂; km 155.1, ruta 200 carr. Melaque-Pto., Vallarta , 30.1 km Norte de Pino Suarez, 25 July 1994, E. González et al. leg., 1♂; stream 14.6 mi. WNW Magdalena , 25 August 1965, D. Paulson et al. leg., 2♂♂; Tonaya, Amacuahutitlán (19º48’57.3’’N, 104º1’14.7’’W), elevation 900m, 6 August 1997, E. González et al. leg., 16♂♂, 5♀♀; same local- ity but: 3 September 1997, 2♂♂; same locality but: 1 October 1997, 5♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 3 October 1997, 1♂, 1♀. Michoacán; no locality, no date, 1♂; Aguililla (18º44’13.6’’N, 102º47’7.2’’W), elevation 1020m, 2 Octo- ber 2005, R. Novelo et al. leg., 1♂; same locality but: 13 November 2005, 3♂♂, 1♀; Coahuayana, El Ticuiz, arroyo bajo el puente (18º40’23.7’’N, 103º40’43.9’’W), elevation 10m, 12 July 2006, R. Novelo et al. leg., 1♂; Apatzingán , 11 mi E of Michoacán, 20August 1954, E.G. Linsley et al. leg., 1♂; Municipio Apatzingán, California (19º05’44.4’’N, 102º28’15.6’’W), elevation 280m, 9 July 2005, R. Novelo et al. leg., 1♂; same locality but: 12 July 2005, 1♂; same locality but: 22 August 2005, 3♂♂, 2♀♀; same locality but: 3 Octuber 2005, 8♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 14 No- vember 2005, 2♀♀; Municipio Aquila, La Estanzuela, arroyo Los Naranjos (18º35’39.5’’N, 103º27’8.1’’W), eleva- tion 1020m, 7 July 2005, R. Novelo et al. leg., 1♂; same locality but: 29 September 2005, 1♂; same locality but: 2 October 2005, 1♂; Municipio Chinicuila, Villa Victoria (18º45’20.2’’N, 103º22’2.7’’W), elevation 770m, 30 Sep- tember 2005, R. Novelo et al. leg., 2♀♀; same locality but: 11 November 2005, 2♂♂; Municipio Tepalcatepec, Puente Río Pinolapa , 14 September 2003, R. Novelo et al. leg., 1♀; Rio Pinolapa (19º01’09.3’’N, 103º0’42.9’’W), elevation 616m, 4 July 2005, R. Novelo et al. leg., 3♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 15 August 2005, 2♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 26 September 2005, 3♂♂, 1♀; Rancho Nuevo, Arteaga , 31 October 1997, R. Novelo et al. leg., 2♂♂; same locality but: 5 November 1997, 1♂; same locality but: 16 November 1997, 1♀. Morelos; 3 kms al SE de Alpuyeca carr 421, 10 July 1986, E. González et al. leg., 4♂♂; Arroyo a 2.5 km después de Alpuyeca , carretera 421, 26 June 1985, E. González leg., 3♂♂; Arroyo Ajuchitlán , 2km SSO Ajuchitlán (18º28’0.065’’N, 98º59’0.546’’W), elevation 950m, 6 October 1996, E. González leg., 1♂; same locality but: 8 October 1996, 1♂; Arroyo Quilamula , 2 km NO Huautla (18º27’0.671’’N, 99º02’1.471’’W), elevation 940m, 9 June 1996, A. Morales leg., 1♂; same lo- cality but: 10 June 1996, 1♂; same locality but: 13 June 1996, 1♂; same locality but: 7 October 1996, 1♂; same locality but: 16 November 1996, 1♂; Balneario on river S of Temixco on Libre 95, 21 July 1992, S.W. Dunkle leg., 1♂; Cerro del Higuerón Jojutla , 22 August 1982, C. Deloya leg., 1♀; same locality but:? June 1983, 1 ♂; Ciudad Ayala, Chinameca , 25 October 1996, R. Novelo leg., 1♂; Mazatepec , 12 September 1984, V. García et al. leg., 1♂; Mun.Tepalcingo, El Limón de Cuauchichinola, presa justo al O del pueblo El Limón (18º31’57.9’’N, 98º56’20.5’’W), elevation 1255m, 24 September 2014, H. Ortega Salas et al. leg., 6♂♂; Palo Bolero , km 18 carr, 26 June 1985, E. Gonzalez et al. leg., 1♀; Puebla Cocoyotla , 1.6 km S on MX-421 small clear flowing creek, 22 July 1992, W.F. Mauffray leg., 3♂♂, 1♀; river 0.3 mi. NE of Cocoyotla , 23 July 1992, K.J. Tennessen leg., 1♂; stream 1.3 km S of Cocoyotla, Hwy. 421, 22 July 1992, K.J. Tennessen leg., 4♂♂; Rio Amacuzac at Tehuixtla, & stream, at Balneario Las Palmas , 20 July 1992, S.W. Dunkle leg., 4♂♂; Tlaltizapán, Temilpa Viejo ( Ticumán ), 23 March 1987, R. Novelo leg., 1♂; Xochitepec, Desviación a 2km de la carretera Alpuyeca-El Rodeo , elevation 1050m, 26 June 1985, R. Novelo leg., 1♂, 2♀♀; Jardines de Xochitepec , elevation 1300m, 16 June 1997, R. Novelo leg., 1♀; same local- ity but: 6 September 1997, 1♀; same locality but: 25 September 1998, 1♂; Km 18.3 carretera 95 Xochitepec , 26 June 1985, R. Novelo et al. leg., 3♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 18 June 1986, 1♂; same locality but: 12 July 1986, 2♂♂, 6♀♀; same locality but: 19 July 1986, 1♂; same locality but: 16 August 1986, 1♂, 2♀♀; same locality but: 7 July 1987, 9♂♂, 6♀♀; same locality but: 21 July 1992, 2♂♂; small tributary of Rio Amacuzac, at Balnearios Las Palmas , S of Tehuixtla, 20 July 1992, K.J. Tennessen et al. leg., 10♂♂, 1♀; Puente de Ixtla , 29 November 1983, E. Gonzalez leg., 3♂♂, 1♀; Rio calaveras, 12 August 1984, V. García et al. leg., 3♂♂; Mazatepec , 12 September 1984, V. Garcia et al. leg., 1♂; Palo Bolero , 26 June 1985, R. Novelo et al. leg., 3♂♂. Nayarit; Bella Vista , Nayarit, 5 July 1956, R.R. Dreisbach leg., 1♂; El Mirador del Aguila , 29 September 1979, R. Lopez leg., 1♂; Jumatan , 10 Septem- ber 1980, G. Jimenez et al. leg., 1♂; Laguna Santa Maria (21º21’38.3’’N, 104º33’55.6’’W), 18 September 2001, D.R. Paulson et al. leg., 1♂; Rio El Limón, 6.3 road km W Santa Maria del Oro (21º20’24.9’’N, 104º37’55.7’’W), 18 September 2001, D.R. Paulson et al. leg., 1♂, 1♀; Rio Santa Cruz at Balneario Nuevo Chapultepec , just E Te- cuitata (21º31’03.7’’N, 104º56’52.6’’W), 15 September 2001, D.R. Paulson et al. leg., 1♂; stream and pond 1.7 road km E of Laguna Santa Maria on road to La Cofradia (21º22’38.3’’N, 104º33’55.6W), 18 September 2001, D.R. Paulson et al. leg., 1♂; Tepic , 6 miles NW, 18 July 1984, B.K. Dozier leg., 1♂; Torreón , 50 km SSE Tepic, 17 Sep- tember 1951, Cook et al. leg., 1♂. Oaxaca; canal 24.7 mi. WNW Tehuantepec , 3 August 1965, D.R. Paulson leg., 1♂; Ojo de Agua , 5.9 mi NE of La Ventosa 1 mi N h’way 190, 2 August 1959, G.H. Beatty leg., 1♂; stream & marsh 5.0 mi. W Jalapa del Marquez , 22 June 1966, D.R. Paulson et al. leg., 1♂, 1♀; stream 7.1 mi. E El Camarón , 26 August 1967, D.R. Paulson leg., 2♂♂.

Description of male. Body dark brown, with three pale stripes on pterothorax, usually second antehumeral and metepisternal stripes incomplete or absent.

Head: Face mostly pale; labium pale, submentum light brown; labrum pale with a vertical wide brown band on middle, anterior and posterior border with a black brown stripe; mandibles pale basally, tips black brown; anteclypeus brown inferiorly, creamy pale superiorly, sometimes with a light brown stripe superiorly; postclypeus pale with a brown small spot inferiorly; lower and upper surface of antefrons brown, postfrons mostly pale, a blackish-brown stripe at union with vertex; antennal scape dark brown with apical rim creamy pale, pedicel dark brown, sometimes with a pale apical rim, flagellum brown; vertex dark brown, depressed area between ocelli with a large, quadrate pale spot; occiput dark brown with a large, trapezoid, central pale spot, posterior border fringed with long, stiff, reddish-brown setae ( Fig. 26 ).

Thorax: Pronotum reddish-brown, anterior lobe with a pale middorsal spot, a pale middorsal twin-spot on posterior margin of middle and posterior lobes, sometimes these lobes with lateral pale spots. Pterothorax reddish-brown, with three to five pale stripes as show in Fig. 26 ; middorsal thoracic carina pale; first antehumeral stripe connected to pale mesothoracic collar forming an inverted “7” reaching border of antealar crest superiorly, occasionally not connected with mesothoracic collar; second antehumeral stripe very thin on inferior 0.70 of mesepisternum length, widely separated from a superior circular spot close to antealar crest, sometimes this stripe strongly reduced to an strike; mesepimeral stripe three times wider than second antehumeral stripe, covering most of mesepimeron (85–90%), more or less parallel-sided, gradually widening at upper end; metepisternal stripe usually discontinuous, inferiorly covering 50–60% of metepisternum length, superiorly covering remainder 20–30% not touching the spiracle, and forming a circular spot superiorly, sometimes this stripe is reduced to two inferior small spots; metepimeral stripe forming a “T” reaching subalar carina, widening suddenly at upper 0.20 sometimes this stripe is discontinuous; metaposternum brown; pectus black brown. Legs: Anterior and middle femora dark reddish-brown, hind femora light brown on basal half, reddish-brown on distal half anterior femora broadly pale ventrally; tibiae, tarsi and pretarsal claws blackish-brown, armature black; Wings: Hyaline, tinged with brown at extreme base, venation black brown, anterior margin of costae with a continuos well-defined yellow line in all the wings; second primary antenodal crossveins the 6th in FW, the 6th (left), the 7th (right) in HW; antenodal crossveins: FW 15–23, HW 12–16; postnodal crossveins: FW 10–14, HW 10–15; second serie antenodal crossvein in FW 17–23 and HW 14–17; triangles 2 or 3-celled; subtriangles 2-celled in both wings, rarely 3 or 4-celled or 1-celled; supratriangles 2 or 3-celled in both wings; anal triangle 4-celled; pterostigma dark brown.

Abdomen: Reddish-brown on S1–2, black on S3–7, S8–10 black on dorsum without pale spots. Pale coloration creamy yellow as follows: a middorsal stripe and ventral 0.40–0.50 of tergum on S1; a middorsal stripe, auricles, and a posteroventral, wide, vertical spot on S2; a middorsal stripe on basal 0.80–0.90 constricted at basal 0.85 of its length, and a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.40–0.45 of S3; a middorsal stripe on basal 0.80–0.90 constricted at basal 0.85 of its length, and a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.25–0.30 of S4; a thin middorsal stripe on basal 0.80–0.90 tapering posteriorly, and a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.20–0.25 of S5; a middorsal spot on basal 0.10–0.20, a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.20–0.25 of S6; basal half to 0.70–0.80 tapering posteriorly of S7; S8–10 without pale spots. Foliation on S8–9 moderately developed and scalloped, foliation on S8 increasing gradually in width caudally, ending in a rounded lobe which surpasses slightly by 0.40 mm anterior margin of S9, its edge with a row of small spines on apical 0.50–0.60 its length, maximum width of foliation 0.35–0.50 mm; foliation on S9 0.30–0.35 mm wide, the same width along the entire smooth margin ( Fig. 39 ). Accessory genitalia: Anterior lamina thick, entire, anterior margin widely concave, middle part projected ventrally as a subtrapezoid tubercle; in ventral view, anterior hamuli tumid anteriorly, basal half massive, subquadrate, its mesal margin entire or subdivided into a basal conical tubercle, and a large, tick, widely rounded tubercle, both directed mesally, then followed by a large and deep emargination of the mesal margin on distal 0.50 (emargination width 0.34–0.40 mm) ending in a strong hooked tip. Posterior hamuli subcylindrical, tip rounded, with a tiny point, almost absent, with abundant long and short whitish hairs ( Figs. 61–62 ). Vesica spermalis : V1 bifid with a small tooth on middle, V2–3 of usual type, V4 with 2 relatively short flagella not reaching posterior margin of V1. Caudal appendages: Cerci, with moderately long setae, dorsally blackish-brown on basal 0.15–0.20, pale on apical 0.85–0.90 its length, ventral surface and apices mostly black; a dorsomesal, triangular, bluntly tipped tooth, at basal 0.60–0.70, 0.25–0.45 mm length, directed medially, followed by a small to medial, subapical, shelf-like carina; in lateral view tips of cercus produced dorsally in a large, wide spine, ventrally produced into an acuminate spine, 0.25–0.30 mm length; in ventrolateral view with a wide spine at basal 0.20–0.25, 0.30–0.40 mm length. Epiproct brown, sometimes with a pale spot posteriorly, in dorsal view V-shaped, tips sharp, separate from each other by a distance of 0.60–0.75 mm; in lateral view, branches strongly up-curved ( Figs. 96–98 ).

Measurements (measures are an average): TL, 56.05–63 (59.25); AL, 40–47 (42.68); MWh, 7.8–8.5; FwL, 35–40 (37.28); HwL, 33–38.5 (35.96); FwW, 8–9 (8.3); HwW, 10–11 (10.38); HfL, 6.0–6.4; cerci length, 3.0–3.45 (3.07).

Female. Similar to male, with the following differences: Head: Submentum brown; labrum pale with a vertical small brown band on middle, anterior and posterior border with a black brown stripe, sometimes with a small “Ushaped” spot on the middle. Thorax: Metepisternal stripe discontinuous, this stripe sometimes touching the spiracle, forming a circular spot superiorly. Wings: Antenodal crossveins: FW 17–23, HW 13–16; postnodal crossveins: FW 10–16; subtriangles 2-celled in both wings, and rarely 4 or 3 or 1-celled; anal triangle 5 to 8-celled. Abdomen: Pale as follows: a middorsal stripe and the ventral 0.90–0.95 of tergum, a basoventral large spot 0.90–0.95 on S1; a middorsal stripe, and a basoventral big pale spot 0.90–0.95 on spot on S2; a middorsal stripe on basal 0.95–1.0 constricted at basal 0.85 of its length, and a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.20–0.25 of S4. Foliation on S8–9 very small, their edges smooth, maximum width of foliation in both 0.13 mm ( Fig. 115 ). Vulvar lamina: Short occupying 0.15 the length of S9; in ventral view ( Fig. 133 ) widely V-shaped, lobes triangular, reddish-black, with the most ventral margin black and beset with stiff light brown setae; tips separated each other by a distance greater than the basal width of each lobe, dorsal margin straight and without a posterodorsal tubercle; in lateral view as in Fig. 134 . Caudal appendages: Cerci long, longer than S10, conical, sharply pointed, with abundant short setae, dorsally pale on apical 0.70–0.80 its length, blackish-brown on basal 0.20–0.30 ( Fig. 115 ). Epiproct black, laminar-shaped widely rounded at tip, slightly directed ventrally; in ventral and dorsal views with many, short, whitish hairs; epiproct slightly visible dorsally.

Measurements (average in parenthesis): TL, 56.35–62.96 (59.98); AL, 41–45 (43.5); MWh, 8.5–8.9; FwL, 38–43.5 (40); HwL, 37–42 (38.6); FwW, 8.0–10 (8.9); HwW, 10.5–12 (10.99); HfL, 6.4–6.5; VlL, 0.30–0.34 (0.33); cerci length, 2.23–2.46 (2.36).

Comparative diagnostic notes. This species closely resembles P. indicatrix (see notes under P. indicatrix ). Phyllogomphoides pacificus is from small to medium size, while P. indicatrix is of medium size. Female closely resembles P. nayaritensis and P. pugnifer . P. pacificus can be differentiated from P. nayaritensis and P. pugnifer by the following (features of the later in parentheses): foliation on S8 poorly developed, maximum width less than 0.2 mm and its ventral margin smooth and straight (foliation on S8 moderately to well-developed, maximum width usually more than 0.25 mm and its ventral margin spiny). Similarily, P pacificus can be separated from other species by the mesal margin of anterior hamulus broadly emarginate (mesal margin and apex entire [ P. suasus ]; from P. apiculatus , P. danieli , P. enriquei and P. luisi by the mesal margin of anterior hamulus broadly emarginate on distal half (mesal margin of anterior hamulus notched, with a tooth or hook or lacking any of them); and from the remaining species by the anterior hamulus with mesal margin broadly emarginate on distal half and apex entire and rounded (anterior hamulus with mesal margin entire, with the apex cleft forming two subequal branches).

Flight season. March, April (No record, but this is supposed because it is the period of low precipitation range), May (No record), June, July, August, September, October, November, and December.

Distribution. Chiapas, Colima, Estado de México, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sonora ( Fig. 150 ). Only in Mexico.

Natural history. Males and females inhabit in wide rivers with rocky bed, and rapid current. P. pacificus males “fly close to the surface of the water and generally upstream toward the waterfall” ( Cook & Gonzalez-Soriano 1990). Phyllogomphoides pacificus is one of the species with wide distribution in Mexico (10 states) and Donnelly (1979) and Cook & González-Soriano (1990) mentioned that this species is confined to Pacific coast of Mexico. According to the records, this species has an altitudinal distribution in Mexico from 10 to 1300masl.

Figures

FIGURES 23–29. Head and thorax, lateral view. 23) P. indicatrix, male (alcoholic teneral specimen); 24) P. luisi, male; 25) P. nayaritensis, male; 26) P. pacificus, male; 27) P. pugnifer, male; 28) P. stigmatus, male; 29) P. suasus, male.

FIGURES 37–42. Abdominal segments S8–10 and caudal appendages, left lateral view. 37) P. luisi, male; 38) P. nayaritensis, male; 39) P. pacificus, male; 40) P. pugnifer, male; 41) P. stigmatus, male; 42) P. suasus, male.

FIGURES 53–62. Male accessory genitalia, ventral and ventrolateral view. 53–54) P. enriquei; 55–56) P. indicatrix (alcoholic teneral specimen); 57–58) P. luisi; 59–60) P. nayaritensis; 61–62) P. pacificus.

FIGURES 96–107. Male caudal appendages, dorsal, lateral and ventral view. 96–98) P. pacificus; 99–101) P. pugnifer; 102– 104) P. stigmatus; 105–107) P. suasus.

FIGURES 114–118. Female abdominal segments S8–10 and caudal appendages, left lateral view. 114) P. nayaritensis; 115) P. pacificus; 116) P. pugnifer; 117) P. stigmatus; 118) P. suasus.

FIGURES 131–140. Female vulvar lamina, ventral and ventrolateral view. 131–132) P. nayaritensis; 133–134) P. pacificus; 135–136) P. pugnifer; 137–138) P. stigmatus; 139–140) P. suasus.

FIGURES 149–150. Maps of geographical distribution. 149) P. nayaritensis; 150) P. pacificus.