Tiphia, Fabricius, 1775

Hanima, Raveendran K. P., Kumar, Girish & Hegde, Vishwanath D., 2022, Additions to the knowledge on the genus Tiphia Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Tiphiinae) from India with the description of ten new species, Zootaxa 5204 (1), pp. 1-106 : 6-10

Key to the Indian subcontinent species of Tiphia

(Modified from Allen, 1975; Krombein, 1982)

1. Females (antenna with 12 segments ( Fig. 3 ); metasoma with 6 segments ( Figs 6, 7 ); marginal cell of fore wing open ( Fig. 10 ))................................................................................................ 2

- Males (antenna with 13 segments ( Fig. 17 ); metasoma with 7 segments ( Figs 19, 20 ); marginal cell of fore wing closed ( Fig. 18 ))............................................................................................... 51

2. Apex of metasomal Gt 1 with deep, tightly infolded incision............... Tiphia (Jaynesia) assamensis Allen & Jaynes

- Apex of metasomal Gt 1 without deep, tightly infolded incision ( Fig. 6 )........................................... 3

3. Gt 1 with anterior transverse carina ( Fig. 122 ).......................................... Tiphia (Punctotiphia) ... 4

- Gt 1 without anterior transverse carina ( Fig. 299 ).............................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) ... 5

4. Hind basitarsus without longitudinal groove on inner face.................... Tiphia (Punctotiphia) coimbatorea Allen

- Hind basitarsus with longitudinal groove on inner face ( Fig. 107 ).................. Tiphia (Punctotiphia) exacta Nurse

5. Hind basitarsus without longitudinal groove on inner face..................................................... 6

- Hind basitarsus with longitudinal groove on inner face ( Fig. 107 ).............................................. 26

6. Dorsal side of propodeum with conspicuous longitudinal carina about mid-way between areola and lateral margin (See Fig. 32 of Allen, 1975).............................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) shillonga Allen

- Dorsal side of propodeum without longitudinal carina between areola and lateral margin ( Fig. 9 )...................... 7

7. Tegula more than 1.5 × as long as middle width ( Fig. 459 )..................................................... 8

- Tegula at most only slightly longer than middle width ( Fig. 9 ).................................................. 9

8. Larger species (11 mm) with black, brown to reddish-brown legs (usually coxae black) ( Fig. 455 )...................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) quinquecarinata Cameron

- Smaller species (6–8 mm) with bright-red legs (sometimes coxae black).................. Tiphia (Tiphia) tegulita Allen

9. Lateral side of propodeum without any parallel rugulae on upper part; smaller species (4.5– 6.0 mm)................................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) s -tertia Allen

- Lateral side of propodeum with parallel rugulae on upper part ( Fig. 5 ); usually larger species (longer than 7 mm)........ 10

10. Femora of middle and hind legs entirely bright red to orange ( Figs 432, 437 )..................................... 11

- Femur of hind leg black or dull brown at least on outer face ( Figs 2, 5 ).......................................... 14

11. Tibiae of middle and hind legs entirely bright red to orange ( Figs 432, 437 )...................................... 12

- Tibiae of middle and hind legs black ( Figs 2, 5 )............................................................ 13

12. Apical part of pygidium wrinkled and shagreened; hind tibia less strongly inflated (length 2.5 × width of tibia)................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) kurczewskii Krombein

- Apical part of pygidium smooth, glossy; hind tibia strongly inflated ( Figs 432, 437 ) (length 2.1 × width of tibia).................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) palmi Krombein

13. Marginal cell of fore wing nearly closed, with spur directed upward and inward toward costal margin; notaulices and anteromedian escarpment strongly connected; lower disc of punctate part of pygidium rough and almost rugose..................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) scutensis Allen

- Marginal cell of fore wing distinctly open, without spur or with one outwardly directed spur ( Fig. 382 ); notaulices and anteromedian escarpment not connected ( Fig. 379 ); lower disc of punctate part of pygidium smooth, polished........................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) nathani Allen

14. Tibiae of middle and hind legs brownish yellow to dull red ( Figs 52 , 465 , 486 )................................... 15

- Tibiae of middle and hind legs black ( Figs 102 , 341, 344 ).................................................... 17

15. Submarginal carina of dorsal side of propodeum absent ( Figs 56 , 469 ); lateral side of pronotum with weak or vestigial transdiscal groove ( Figs 57 , 470 )................................................................................ 16.

- Submarginal carina of dorsal side of propodeum present ( Fig. 490 ); lateral side of pronotum with well-developed transdiscal groove ( Fig. 491 )................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) sahyadriensis Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

16. Upper front mostly impunctate ( Fig. 53 ); lateral side of propodeum weakly rugulate ( Fig. 57 ); marginal cell and second cubital cell of fore wing with outwardly directed straight spur ( Fig. 59 )............... Tiphia (Tiphia) capillata Allen & Jaynes

- Upper front almost uniformly punctate ( Fig. 466 ); lateral side of propodeum strongly rugulate ( Fig. 470 ); marginal cell and second cubital cell of fore wing without spur ( Fig. 472 )...... Tiphia (Tiphia) rajeevani Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

17. Areola of dorsal side of propodeum with five high, thin, parallel carinae, of which intermediate two shorter ( Fig. 345 )................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) lyrata Magretti

- Areola of dorsal side of propodeum with only three longitudinal carinae ( Fig. 294 )................................ 18

18. Gs 2 with anterior transverse carina; body length 17 mm ........................... Tiphia (Tiphia) rothneyi Cameron

- Gs 2 without anterior transverse carina ( Fig. 404 ); body length 12 mm or less..................................... 19

19. Dorsal side of pronotum with anterior transverse carina not complete, interrupted at middle ( Fig. 294 )................. 20

- Dorsal side of pronotum with anterior transverse carina complete ( Fig. 399 )...................................... 22

20. Mesoscutum with anteromedian escarpment and notaulices strongly connected (see Fig. 5 of Allen & Jaynes, 1930)............................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) katmanduae Allen

- Mesoscutum with its anteromedian escarpment and notaulices not connected ( Fig. 294 )............................ 21

21. Impunctate part of pygidium conspicuously and broadly shagreened; lateral side of pronotum without transdiscal groove......................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) tuberculata Cameron

- Impunctate part of pygidium not shagreened ( Fig. 296 ); lateral side of pronotum with distinct transdiscal groove ( Fig. 295 )............................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) lawrencei Allen

22. Lateral side of pronotum with either very weak or without transdiscal groove ( Fig. 400 )............................ 23

- Lateral side of pronotum with distinct transdiscal groove ( Fig. 5 ).............................................. 24

23. Lateral side of pronotum without transdiscal groove ( Fig. 400 ); fore wing slightly infumated ( Fig. 402 )........................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) nilgirensis Allen

- Lateral side of pronotum with a very weak transdiscal groove; fore wing strongly yellowish.. Tiphia (Tiphia) hirsuta Smith

24. Dorsal side of propodeum without submarginal carina ( Fig. 544 ); fore wing yellowish ( Fig. 547 ); hind tibia inflated (2.2 × as long as broad); larger species (13–16 mm)........... Tiphia (Tiphia) venkataramani Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

- Dorsal side of propodeum with submarginal carina ( Figs 9 , 79 ); fore wing hyaline or brownish infumated; hind tibia usually not inflated (2.4–3.0 × as long as broad); small to medium-sized species (5.5–10 mm)................................. 25

25. Wings yellowish hyaline ( Fig. 82 ); carina of propodeal areola margined by obscure crenulations ( Fig. 79 ); smaller species (5.5–6.0 mm).............................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) cinchonae Allen

- Wings brown infumated ( Fig. 10 ); carina of propodeal areola margined by distinct crenulations ( Fig. 9 ); medium-sized species (7–10 mm)............................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) bijui Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

26. Tegula at least 1.5 × as long as middle width ( Fig. 533 )...................................................... 27

- Tegula at most only slightly longer than middle width ( Fig. 246 )............................................... 30

27. Pronotum with vestigial anterior transverse carina present on humeral third ( Fig. 533 ); mid leg castaneous except coxa ( Figs 529, 532 ).................................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) tegelonga Allen

- Pronotum without anterior transverse carina; mid leg black except sometimes tarsi castaneous....................... 28

28. Legs and antennae entirely black; upper front with interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as or wider than ocellus diameter.................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) oswini Turner

- Legs not entirely black, sometimes fore tibia beneath red or fore and mid tarsi castaneous; antennal flagellum on lower side partly or completed castaneous; upper front with no interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter... ................................................................................................. 29

29. Fore tibia beneath red; basal four flagellar segments beneath red................... Tiphia (Tiphia) knutsoni Krombein

- Fore tibia beneath black; all flagellar segments beneath red........................ Tiphia (Tiphia) bouceki Krombein

30. Hind femur completely bright red ( Fig. 245 )............................................................... 31

- Hind femur not completely bright red, although in some species middle and hind legs are reddish at least on inner surface... .................................................................................................. 37

31. Mid femur black........................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) robusta Cameron

- Mid femur red ( Fig. 245 ).............................................................................. 32

32. Upper front without impunctate interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter................ 33

- Upper front with impunctate interspaces between punctures, on average, wider than ocellus diameter ( Fig. 243 )......... 34

33. Subtegular patch of microsetae wider than tegula.................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) davarae Allen

- Subtegular patch of microsetae narrower than tegula............................. Tiphia (Tiphia) magrettii Cameron

34. Lateral side of pronotum with distinct transdiscal groove across its disc ( Figs 247 , 268 )............................. 35

- Lateral side of pronotum without transdiscal groove across its disc, or if present, very weakly developed ( Figs 310 , 480 ).. 36

35. Mid and hind femora bright red ( Fig. 263 ); mid and hind tibiae black; areola of dorsal side of propodeum without punctures ( Fig. 267 ); apical half of pygidium polished and obscurely wrinkled ( Fig. 270 )........ Tiphia (Tiphia) khasiana Cameron

- Mid and hind femora and tibia bright red ( Fig. 242 ); areola of dorsal side of propodeum with punctures ( Fig. 246 ); apical half of pygidium shagreened and apical margin wrinkled ( Fig. 250 )... Tiphia (Tiphia) kashmirensis Hanima & Girish Kumar

36. Hind basitarsus with very deep, narrow groove ( Fig. 482 ); fore wing slightly brownish infumated ( Fig. 483 ); metasoma broadly shagreened............................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) rufofemorata Smith

- Hind basitarsus with short, shallow groove, easily overlooked; fore wing yellowish hyaline ( Fig. 312 ); metasoma polished, not shagreened...................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) levipunctata Allen & Jaynes

37. Lateral side of pronotum without or weakly developed transdiscal groove across its disc ( Fig. 138 )................... 38

- Lateral side of pronotum with well-developed transdiscal groove or escarpment across its disc ( Fig. 128 )............... 42

38. Dorsal side of pronotum with complete anterior transverse carina present as series of short scallops ( Fig. 137 ); hind basitarsus with short, shallow groove ( Fig. 140 )....................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) curvinerva Cameron

- Dorsal side of pronotum with anterior transverse carina at most restricted to short distance at humeral angle ( Fig. 424 ).... 39

39. Gt 1 with patch of dense micropunctures on anterior slope; preapical band of punctures of Gt 1 without escarpment on anterior border.................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) tibetana Turner

- Gt 1 without dense patch of micropunctures on anterior slope; preapical band of punctures of Gt 1 with or without faint, crooked escarpment on its anterior border........................................................................ 40

40. Propodeal areola short, not more than 2 × as long as its apical width; preapical band of punctures of Gt 1 with faint escarpment on anterior border.................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) pullivora Allen & Jaynes

- Propodeal areola elongate, more than 2.5 × as long as its apical width ( Fig. 389 ); preapical band of punctures of Gt 1 without trace of escarpment on anterior border ( Fig. 393 )........................................................... 41

41. Rugulae of lateral sides of propodeum coarse and widely separated; fore wing darkly infumated; mid tibia elongate and not inflated.................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) millealta Allen

- Rugulae of lateral sides of propodeum shallow and closely spaced ( Fig. 390 ); fore wing yellowish infumated ( Fig. 392 ); mid tibia inflated on upper and outer surface.............................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) nepa Allen

42. Pygidium strongly rugose at apex ( Fig. 426 )............................................................... 43

- Pygidium on apical two-fifths or more smooth, not rugose or punctate ( Fig. 36 )................................... 44

43. Dorsal side of pronotum with strong, complete transverse carina anteriorly; scutum with anteromedian groove and notauli strongly connected; metanotum entirely coarse punctate............................ Tiphia (Tiphia) ordinaria Smith *

- Dorsal side of pronotum without strong, complete transverse carina anteriorly ( Fig. 424 ); scutum with anteromedian groove and notauli not connected ( Fig. 424 ); metanotum laterally coarsely punctured and medially almost smooth without punctures ( Fig. 424 ).................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) novus Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

44. Lateral side of propodeum at least its upper part with fine or closely spaced rugulae ( Fig. 128 )....................... 45

- Lateral side of propodeum on upper part at least anteriorly with widely spaced rugulae ( Fig. 33 )...................... 46

45. Lateral side of pronotum with broad groove across its disc; metanotum usually with distantly placed punctures; marginal cell of fore wing with outwardly directed straight spur................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) s-secunda Allen

- Lateral side of pronotum with deep and narrow groove across its disc ( Fig. 128 ); metanotum with coarse punctures ( Fig. 127 ); marginal cell of fore wing without outwardly directed straight spur ( Fig. 130 )............ Tiphia (Tiphia) consueta Smith

46. Groove on hind basitarsus shallow, short, vestigial........................ Tiphia (Tiphia) brevistigma Allen & Jaynes

- Groove on hind basitarsus well developed ( Fig. 94 )......................................................... 47

47. Upper part of front with impunctate interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter ( Fig. 90 )......................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) clauseni Allen & Jaynes

- Upper part of front without impunctate interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter.......... 48

48. Vertex with obscure row of minute punctures on median line extending forward from posterior aspect................. 49

- Vertex without obscure row of minute punctures on median line............................................... 50

49. Large species (Body length: 13.6–16.6 mm) with fore wing conspicuously flavous......... Tiphia (Tiphia) s-quarta Allen

- Medium-sized species (Body length: 8.5–11 mm) with fore wing infumated.......... Tiphia (Tiphia) simlaensis Cameron

50. Hind tibia with its sensorium abruptly sunk below surrounding surface.................... Tiphia (Tiphia) s-sexta Allen

- Hind tibia with sensorium flush with surrounding surface............................. Tiphia (Tiphia) s-prima Allen

51. Gs 5 with lateral denticle ( Fig. 71 )........................................................................ 52

- Gs 5 without lateral denticle ( Fig. 47 )..................................................................... 91

52. Gt 1 with anterior transverse carina ( Fig. 67 )........................................... Tiphia (Punctotiphia) ... 53

- Gt 1 without anterior transverse carina ( Fig. 527 )............................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) ... 54

53. Gs 3 and Gs 4 without lateral denticle, Gs 5 with lateral denticle; Gs 6 with tuft of setae; lateral side of pronotum without transdiscal groove............................................................. Tiphia (Punctotiphia) coimbatorea Allen

- Gs 3, Gs 4 and Gs 5 with lateral denticle ( Fig. 71 ); Gs 6 without tuft of setae ( Fig. 71 ); lateral side of pronotum with transdiscal groove ( Fig. 66 )................................ Tiphia (Punctotiphia) chareshi Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

54. Tegula elongate, at least 1.5 × as long as middle width ( Fig. 523 ).............................................. 55

- Tegula at most only slightly elongated ( Fig. 446 )........................................................... 59

55. Fore and mid legs either entirely black or black with tibiae and tarsi red or black with only fore tibia beneath red; mandible with or without preapical denticle........................................................................... 56

- Fore and mid legs except coxae castaneous to bright red ( Figs 519, 522 ); mandible without preapical denticle........... 58

56. Legs entirely black; mandible with prominent preapical denticle........................ Tiphia (Tiphia) oswini Turner

- Legs not entirely black; mandible without or with a small preapical denticle...................................... 57

57. Legs black except fore tibia beneath red; mandible without preapical denticles........ Tiphia (Tiphia) knutsoni Krombein

- Legs black except fore and mid tibiae and tarsi red; mandible with small preapical denticle................................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) bouceki Krombein

58. Tegula with fringes transparent; denticle of Gs 5 with massive and broadly overhanging polished plaque; antennal flagellum wholly black................................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) tegulita Allen

- Tegula with fringes obscurely translucent ( Fig. 523 ); denticle of Gs 5 not associated with polished plaque ( Fig. 528 ); antennal flagellum yellowish orange beneath and dark brown above ( Fig. 525 ).................. Tiphia (Tiphia) tegelonga Allen

59. Mandible with preapical cusp ( Fig. 317 ).................................................................. 60

- Mandible without preapical cusp ( Fig. 159 )................................................................ 70

60. Metasomal segments apically with conspicuous rows of dark-orange bristles............... Tiphia (Tiphia) aurata Allen

- Metasomal segments apically without conspicuous rows of dark-orange bristles ( Fig. 450 ).......................... 61

61. Marginal cell of fore wing distinctly less in apical extension than second cubital cell ( Fig. 449 )...................... 62

- Marginal cell of fore wing equal to or longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Figs 151 , 322 )............... 63

62. Metasomal sterna 5 and 6 with brush of long, dense setae; lateral sides of pronotum without transdiscal groove; dorsal side of pronotum with obscure anterior transverse carina; apex of marginal cell of fore wing with conspicuous outwardly directed spur................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) implicata Cameron

- Metasomal sterna 5 and 6 without brush of long, dense setae; lateral sides of pronotum with distinct transdiscal groove ( Fig. 447 ); dorsal side of pronotum with strong anterior transverse carina ( Fig. 446 ); apex of marginal cell of fore wing without conspicuous outwardly directed spur ( Fig. 449 )................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) pulchaukiae Allen

63. Marginal cell of fore wing greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 151 )...................... 64

- Marginal cell of fore wing at most only slightly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 416 )........... 68

64. HW 2.1 × least distance between eyes.................................................................... 65

- HW not less than 2.3 × least distance between eyes; (tegula black, opaque or piceous; legs black (sometimes articulations and inner face marked with yellowish red))................................................................... 66

65. Propodeal areola keystone-shaped; dorsal side of propodeum outside areola glossy and minutely sparse punctate; tegula entirely yellow translucent; tibia and tarsi of hind leg largely yellowish red............. Tiphia (Tiphia) capillata Allen & Jaynes

- Propodeal areola rectangular-shaped ( Fig. 148 ); dorsal side of propodeum outside areola striate and reticulate ( Fig. 148 ); tegula dark brown ( Fig. 148 ); tibia and tarsi of hind leg black ( Fig. 144 ). Tiphia (Tiphia) davidrajui Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

66. Dorsal side of propodeum outside areola only shallowly sculptured ( Fig. 319 )............. Tiphia (Tiphia) lotharae Allen

- Dorsal side of propodeum outside areola broadly or completely strongly irregularly reticulate........................ 67

67. Lower front with long, thin median carina........................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) incisa Cameron

- Lower front without median carina.......................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) simlaensis Cameron

68. Head and dorsal side of pronotum broadly shagreened ( Fig. 329 ); HW 2.1 to 2.2 × least distance between eyes.......... 69

- Head and dorsal side of pronotum not or very weakly shagreened ( Fig. 410 ); HW 1.8 to 2.0 × least distance between eyes.............................................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) nilgiria Allen

69. Dorsal side of propodeum outside areola smooth; length of areola not more than 1.5 × as long as its apical width; Gs 6 with only sparse setae at apex; lateral sides of pronotum without transdiscal groove........ Tiphia (Tiphia) pullivora Allen & Jaynes

- Dorsal side of propodeum outside areola shagreened ( Fig. 332 ); length of areola 2 × as long as its apical width ( Fig. 332 ); Gs 6 with tuft of setae at apex ( Fig. 337 ); lateral sides of pronotum with broad transdiscal groove ( Fig. 333 )............................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) lyrata Magretti

70. Gs 6 with tuft of fine, dense, setae (Fig. 215)............................................................... 71

- Gs 6 with only short, sparse setae ( Fig. 148 )................................................................ 73

71. Gena masked with coarse white setae; clypeus with conspicuous “moustache” of long bristly setae (Fig. 208)........................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) hirsuta Smith

- Gena and clypeus without unusually long, conspicuous setae ( Fig. 159 )......................................... 72

72. HW 2.5 × least distance between eyes; marginal cell of fore wing only slightly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 164 ); all tibiae and tarsi yellowish orange ( Fig. 157 ); smaller species (4.4–5.2 mm)............................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) decrescens Walker

- HW 2.2 × least distance between eyes; marginal cell of fore wing greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension; all tibiae and tarsi black except inner faces of fore and mid tibiae and tarsi shading to yellowish orange; larger species (6.5–7.8 mm)...................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) nepalensis Allen

73. Gs 5 with orifice lying under uplifted edge of lateral denticle................................................... 74

- Gs 5 without orifice beneath edge of lateral denticle.......................................................... 76

74. Sternal denticle Gs 5 outside with flanking groove and sometimes outside that another bordering rounded ridge ( Fig. 361 )................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) milleri Allen

- Sternal denticle Gs 5 outside without flanking ridges or grooves ( Fig. 189 )........................................ 75

75. Fore wing with marginal cell greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 186 ); fore wing slightly infumate ( Fig. 186 ); apical part of areola straight ( Fig. 184 )................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) flavipalpis Allen

- Fore wing with marginal cell slightly less than second cubital cell in apical extension; fore wing conspicuously infumate; apical part of areola rounded........................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) orificia Allen

76. Dorsal side of propodeum entirely and very deeply transverse rugose ( Fig. 500 )................................... 77

- Dorsal side of propodeum not coarsely or deeply rugose, usually partly smooth................................... 78

77. Fore wing with marginal cell greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension; tegula black, broadly shagreened; areola with basal width 2 × its apical width, median length 2 × its apical width............ Tiphia (Tiphia) madrasa Allen

- Fore wing with marginal cell distinctly less than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 503 ); tegula mostly orange brown without shagreened sculpture ( Fig. 500 ); areola with basal width and median length only slightly longer than its apical width ( Fig. 500 )............................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) shajii Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

78. Apical extension of marginal cell distinctly less than that of second cubital cell ( Fig. 260 )........................... 79

- Apical extension of marginal cell equaling or longer than that of second cubital cell ( Fig. 18 )........................ 81

79. Lateral side of propodeum with closely spaced rugulae; frontal punctures with interspaces narrower than ocellus; metanotum entirely coarsely punctate; antennal flagellum dull reddish....................... Tiphia (Tiphia) fuscinervis Cameron

- Lateral side of propodeum with widely spaced rugulae ( Fig. 258 ); frontal punctures with interspaces as wide as or wider than ocellus; metanotum sparsely punctate in median area; antennal flagellum black................................... 80

80. Lower half of lateral side of propodeum with transverse ridges ( Fig. 237 ); legs entirely black ( Figs 232, 235 ).................................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) kashmirensis Hanima & Girish Kumar

- Lower half of lateral side of propodeum aciculate; legs black except mid and hind trochanters and femora and tibiae of all legs red ( Figs 253, 256 )........................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) khasiana Cameron

81. Gena narrower than antennal fossa....................................................................... 82

- Gena as wide as or wider than antennal fossa.............................................................. 84

82. Clypeal extension bidentate on front not wider than antennal fossa................... Tiphia (Tiphia) ivanochkoi Allen

- Clypeal extension bidentate on front exceeding width of antennal fossa......................................... 83

83. Marginal cell greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension.................... Tiphia (Tiphia) pecki Allen

- Marginal cell only slightly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension............. Tiphia (Tiphia) dampara Allen

84. Femora and tibiae of fore and mid legs yellowish orange ( Figs 11, 14 ).......................................... 85

- Femora and tibiae of fore and mid legs black ( Figs 362, 365 ).................................................. 86

85. Marginal cell short and only slightly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 18 ); metanotal disc closely set with large coarse punctures ( Fig. 15 ); carina of dorsal side of pronotum with distinct ridges ( Fig. 15 ); carina of areola of dorsal side of propodeum without crenulations ( Fig. 15 )....................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) birganjae Allen

- Marginal cell long and greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 281 ); metanotal disc with small sparse punctures ( Fig. 278 ); carina of dorsal side of pronotum without ridges ( Fig. 278 ); carina of areola of dorsal side of propodeum with crenulations ( Fig. 278 )............................ Tiphia (Tiphia) kurumba Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

86. Dorsal side of pronotum without sharply defined transverse carina............................................. 87

- Dorsal side of pronotum with sharply defined transverse carina ( Fig. 366 )....................................... 88

87. Marginal cell greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension; Gt 1 exceptionally elongate, 1.6 × as long as wide............................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) tibetana Turner

- Marginal cell slightly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension; Gt 1 not unusually elongate, 1.3 × as long as wide.............................................................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) fletcheri Allen

88. Transverse carina of dorsal side of pronotum buttressed with many long, strong cross ridges ( Fig. 366 )................ 89

- Transverse carina of dorsal side of pronotum buttressed with only obscure cross ridges (Fig. 197)..................... 90

89. Fore wing with brownish infumation ( Fig. 369 ); tegula entirely black ( Fig. 366 ); marginal cell of fore wing slightly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 369 ); leg black ( Fig. 362 ).................... Tiphia (Tiphia) nathani Allen

- Fore wing hyaline ( Fig. 226 ); basal half of tegula dark brown, apical half yellowish orange ( Fig. 223 ); marginal cell of fore wing greatly longer than second cubital cell in apical extension ( Fig. 226 ); leg with inner surface of fore and mid tibia brownish orange and tarsi yellowish orange ( Fig. 219 )................ Tiphia (Tiphia) hyalina Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov.

90. Hind tibia sharply carinate at entire length of inner face; median extension of clypeus deeply emarginated, clypeal disk coarsely and contiguously punctate (Fig. 195); dorsal side of propodeum outside areola with punctures (Fig. 197); apex of second cubital cell without outwardly directed spur (Fig. 200)................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) godavariae Allen

- Hind tibia not carinate on inner face; median extension of clypeus slightly emarginated,, clypeal disk clypeus imbricately punctate ( Fig. 77 ); dorsal side of propodeum outside areola without punctures ( Fig. 79 ); apex of second cubital cell with outwardly directed spur ( Fig. 82 )............................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) cinchonae Allen

91. Apical extension of marginal cell distinctly less than that of second cubital cell ( Fig. 45 ); (Dorsal side of propodeum coarsely and deeply rugose ( Fig. 42 )).............................................. Tiphia (Tiphia) canaliculata Cameron

- Apical extension of marginal cell longer than that of second cubital cell......................................... 92

92. Gt 1 conspicuously elongated, 1.7 × as long as wide; preapical band of punctures of Gt 1 not differentiated from dorsal punctures; (upper front without interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter)..................................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) murreea Allen

- Gt 1 not conspicuously elongated; preapical band of punctures of Gt 1 present, differentiated from dorsal punctures........ 93

93. Upper front with impunctate interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter.......................................................................................... Tiphia (Tiphia) clavinerva Cameron

- Upper front without impunctate interspaces between punctures, on average, as wide as ocellus diameter................................................................................................ Tiphia (Tiphia) dutti Allen

Figures

FIGURE 9. Tiphia (Tiphia) bijui Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♀. 9. Mesosoma, dorsal view, labelled.

FIGURE 10. Tiphia (Tiphia) bijui Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♀. 10. Forewing, dorsal view, labelled.

FIGURES 1–7. Tiphia (Tiphia) bijui Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♀. 1. Habitus, lateral view; 2. Habitus, dorsal view; 3. Antenna; 4. Clypeus; 5. Mesosoma, lateral view; 6. Metasoma, dorsal view; 7. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 11–20. Tiphia (Tiphia) birganjae Allen, ♂. 11. Habitus, lateral view; 12. Head, frontal view; 13. Clypeus; 14. Habitus, dorsal view; 15. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 16. Mesosoma, lateral view; 17. Antenna; 18. Forewing, dorsal view; 19. Metasoma, lateral view; 20. Metasoma, dorsal view.

FIGURES 113–122. Tiphia (Punctotiphia) coimbatorea Allen, ♀. 113. Habitus, lateral view; 114. Head, frontal view; 115. Clypeus; 116. Habitus, dorsal view; 117. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 118. Mesosoma, lateral view; 119. Antenna; 120. Forewing, dorsal view; 121. Metasoma, lateral view; 122. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 291–300. Tiphia (Tiphia) lawrencei Allen, ♀. 291. Habitus, lateral view; 292. Head, frontal view; 293. Clypeus; 294. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 295. Mesosoma, lateral view; 296. Pygidium; 297. Antenna; 298. Forewing, dorsal view; 299. Metasoma, dorsal view; 300. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 102–112. Tiphia (Tiphia) clauseni Allen & Jaynes, ♀. 102. Habitus, lateral view; 103. Head, frontal view; 104. Clypeus; 105. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 106. Mesosoma, lateral view; 107. Inner surface of hind basitarsus showing groove; 108. Pygidium; 109. Antenna; 110. Forewing, dorsal view; 111. Metasoma, dorsal view; 112. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 28–37. Tiphia (Tiphia) brevistigmaAllen & Jaynes, ♀. 28. Habitus, lateral view; 29. Head, frontal view; 30. Clypeus; 31 Habitus, dorsal view; 32. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 33. Mesosoma, lateral view; 34. Antenna; 35. Forewing, dorsal view; 36. Metasoma, dorsal view; 37. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 455–464. Tiphia (Tiphia) quinquecarinata Cameron, ♀. 455. Habitus, lateral view; 456. Head, frontal view; 457. Clypeus; 458. Habitus, dorsal view; 459. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 460. Mesosoma, lateral view; 461. Antenna; 462. Forewing, dorsal view; 463. Metasoma, dorsal view; 464. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 432–441. Tiphia (Tiphia) palmi Krombein, ♀. 432. Habitus, lateral view; 433. Head, frontal view; 434. Clypeus; 435. Habitus, dorsal view; 436. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 437. Pygidium, lateral view; 438.Antenna; 439. Forewing, dorsal view; 440. Metasoma, dorsal view; 441. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 375–384. Tiphia (Tiphia) nathani Allen, ♀. 375. Habitus, lateral view; 376. Head, frontal view; 377. Clypeus; 378. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 379. Mesosoma, lateral view; 380. Pygidium; 381. Antenna; 382. Forewing, dorsal view; 383. Metasoma, dorsal view; 384. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 52–61. Tiphia (Tiphia) capillata Allen & Jaynes, ♀. 52. Habitus, lateral view; 53. Head, frontal view; 54. Clypeus; 55. Habitus, dorsal view; 56. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 57. Mesosoma, lateral view; 58. Antenna; 59. Forewing, dorsal view; 60. Metasoma, dorsal view; 61. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 465–474. Tiphia (Tiphia) rajeevani Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♀. 465. Habitus, lateral view; 466. Head, frontal view; 467. Clypeus; 468. Habitus, dorsal view; 469. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 470. Mesosoma, lateral view; 471. Antenna; 472. Forewing, dorsal view; 473. Metasoma, dorsal view; 474. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 486–495. Tiphia (Tiphia) sahyadriensis Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♀. 486. Habitus, lateral view; 487. Head, frontal view; 488. Clypeus; 489. Habitus, dorsal view; 490. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 491. Mesosoma, lateral view; 492. Antenna; 493. Forewing, dorsal view; 494. Metasoma, dorsal view; 495. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 341–350. Tiphia (Tiphia) lyrata Magretti, ♀. 341. Habitus, lateral view; 342. Head, frontal view; 343. Clypeus; 344. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 345. Mesosoma, lateral view; 346. Pygidium; 347. Antenna; 348. Forewing, dorsal view; 349. Metasoma, dorsal view; 350. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 395–404. Tiphia (Tiphia) nilgirensis Allen, ♀. 395. Habitus, lateral view; 396. Head, frontal view; 397. Clypeus; 398. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 399. Mesosoma, lateral view; 400. Pygidium; 401. Antenna; 402. Forewing, dorsal view; 403. Metasoma, dorsal view; 404. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 540–549. Tiphia (Tiphia) venkataramani Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♀. 540. Habitus, lateral view; 541. Head, frontal view; 542. Clypeus; 543. Habitus, dorsal view; 544. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 545. Mesosoma, lateral view; 546. Antenna; 547. Forewing, dorsal view; 548. Metasoma, dorsal view; 549. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 75–84. Tiphia (Tiphia) cinchonae Allen, ♂. 75. Habitus, lateral view; 76. Head, frontal view; 77. Clypeus; 78. Habitus, dorsal view; 79. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 80. Mesosoma, lateral view; 81. Antenna; 82. Forewing, dorsal view; 83. Metasoma, dorsal view; 84. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 529–539. Tiphia (Tiphia) tegelonga Allen, ♀. 529. Habitus, lateral view; 530. Head, frontal view; 531. Clypeus; 532. Habitus, dorsal view; 533. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 534. Mesosoma, lateral view; 535. Antenna; 536. Inner surface of hind basitarsus showing groove; 537. Forewing, dorsal view; 538. Metasoma, dorsal view; 539. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 242–252. Tiphia (Tiphia) kashmirensis Hanima & Girish Kumar, ♀. 242. Habitus, lateral view; 243. Head, frontal view; 244. Clypeus; 245. Habitus, dorsal view; 246. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 247. Mesosoma, lateral view; 248. Forewing, dorsal view; 249. Antenna; 250. Pygidium; 251. Metasoma, dorsal view; 252. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 263–273. Tiphia (Tiphia) khasiana Cameron, ♀. 263. Habitus, lateral view; 264. Head, frontal view; 265. Clypeus; 266. Habitus, dorsal view; 267. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 268. Mesosoma, lateral view; 269. Antenna; 270. Pygidium; 271. Forewing, dorsal view; 272. Metasoma, dorsal view; 273. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 305–314. Tiphia (Tiphia) levipunctata Allen & Jaynes, ♀. 305. Habitus, lateral view; 306. Head, frontal view; 307. Clypeus; 308. Habitus, dorsal view; 309. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 310. Mesosoma, lateral view; 311. Antenna; 312. Forewing, dorsal view; 313. Metasoma, dorsal view; 314. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 475–485. Tiphia (Tiphia) rufofemorata Smith, ♀. 475. Habitus, lateral view; 476. Head, frontal view; 477. Clypeus; 478. Habitus, dorsal view; 479. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 480. Mesosoma, lateral view; 481. Antenna; 482. Inner surface of hind basitarsus showing groove; 483. Forewing, dorsal view; 484. Metasoma, dorsal view; 485. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 133–143. Tiphia (Tiphia) curvinerva Cameron, ♀. 133. Habitus, lateral view; 134. Head, frontal view; 135. Clypeus; 136. Habitus, dorsal view; 137. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 138. Mesosoma, lateral view; 139. Antenna; 140. Inner surface of hind basitarsus showing groove; 141. Wing; 142. Metasoma, dorsal view; 143. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 123–132. Tiphia (Tiphia) consueta Smith, ♀. 123. Habitus, lateral view; 124. Head, frontal view; 125. Clypeus; 126. Habitus, dorsal view; 127. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 128. Mesosoma, lateral view; 129. Antenna; 130. Forewing, dorsal view; 131. Metasoma, dorsal view; 132. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 421–431. Tiphia (Tiphia) novus Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov., ♀. 421. Habitus, lateral view; 422. Head, frontal view; 423. Clypeus; 424. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 425. Mesosoma, lateral view; 426. Pygidium; 427. Inner surface of hind basitarsus showing groove; 428. Antenna; 429. Forewing, dorsal view; 430. Metasoma, dorsal view; 431. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 385–394. Tiphia (Tiphia) nepa Allen, ♀. 385. Habitus, lateral view; 386. Head, frontal view; 387. Clypeus; 388. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 389. Mesosoma, lateral view; 390. Pygidium; 391. Antenna; 392. Forewing, dorsal view; 393. Metasoma, dorsal view; 394. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 88–97. Tiphia (Tiphia) cinchonae Allen, ♀. 88. Habitus, lateral view; 89. Head, frontal view; 90. Clypeus; 91. Habitus, dorsal view; 92. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 93. Mesosoma, lateral view; 94. Antenna; 95. Forewing, dorsal view; 96. Metasoma, dorsal view; 97. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 62–71. Tiphia (Punctotiphia) chareshi Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♂. 62. Habitus, lateral view; 63. Head, frontal view; 64. Clypeus; 65. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 66. Mesosoma, lateral view; 67. Gt1 showing anterior transverse carina; 68. Antenna; 69. Forewing, dorsal view; 70. Metasoma, dorsal view; 71. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 38–47. Tiphia (Tiphia) canaliculata Cameron, ♂. 38. Habitus, lateral view; 39. Head, frontal view; 40. Clypeus; 41 Habitus, dorsal view; 42. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 43. Mesosoma, lateral view; 44. Antenna; 45. Forewing, dorsal view; 46. Metasoma, dorsal view; 47. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 519–528. Tiphia (Tiphia) tegelonga Allen, ♂. 519. Habitus, lateral view; 520. Head, frontal view; 521. Clypeus; 522. Habitus, dorsal view; 523. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 524. Mesosoma, lateral view; 525. Antenna; 526. Forewing, dorsal view; 527. Metasoma, dorsal view; 528. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 442–451. Tiphia (Tiphia) pulchaukiae Allen, ♂. 442. Habitus, lateral view; 443. Head, frontal view; 444. Clypeus; 445. Habitus, dorsal view; 446. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 447. Mesosoma, lateral view; 448. Antenna; 449. Forewing, dorsal view; 450. Metasoma, dorsal view; 451. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 315–324. Tiphia (Tiphia) lotharae Allen, ♂. 315. Habitus, lateral view; 316. Head, frontal view; 317. Clypeus; 318. Habitus, dorsal view; 319. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 320. Mesosoma, lateral view; 321. Antenna; 322. Forewing, dorsal view; 323. Metasoma, dorsal view; 324. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 157–166. Tiphia (Tiphia) decrescens Walker, ♂. 157. Habitus, lateral view; 158. Head, frontal view; 159. Clypeus; 160. Habitus, dorsal view; 161. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 162. Mesosoma, lateral view; 163. Antenna; 164. Forewing, dorsal view; 165. Metasoma, dorsal view; 166. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 144–153. Tiphia (Tiphia) davidrajui Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♂. 144. Habitus, lateral view; 145. Head, frontal view; 146. Clypeus; 147. Habitus, dorsal view; 148. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 149. Mesosoma, lateral view; 150. Antenna; 151. Forewing, dorsal view; 152. Metasoma, dorsal view; 153. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 409–418. Tiphia (Tiphia) nilgiria Allen, ♂. 409. Habitus, lateral view; 410. Head, frontal view; 411. Clypeus; 412. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 413. Mesosoma, lateral view; 414. Pygidium; 415. Antenna; 416. Forewing, dorsal view; 417. Metasoma, dorsal view; 418. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 328–337. Tiphia (Tiphia) lyrata Magretti, ♂. 328. Habitus, lateral view; 329. Head, frontal view; 330. Clypeus; 331. Habitus, dorsal view; 332. Mesosoma, dorsalview; 333. Mesosoma, lateral view; 334. Antenna; 335. Forewing, dorsal view; 336. Metasoma, dorsal view; 337. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 352–361. Tiphia (Tiphia) milleri Allen, ♂. 352. Habitus, lateral view; 353. Head, frontal view; 354. Clypeus; 355. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 356. Mesosoma, lateral view; 357. Pygidium; 358. Antenna; 359. Forewing, dorsal view; 360. Metasoma, dorsal view; 361. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 180–189. Tiphia (Tiphia) flavipalpis Allen, ♂. 180. Habitus, lateral view; 181. Head, frontal view; 182. Clypeus; 183. Habitus, dorsal view; 184. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 185. Mesosoma, lateral view; 186. Antenna; 187. Forewing, dorsal view; 188. Metasoma, dorsal view; 189. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 496–505. Tiphia (Tiphia) shajii Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♂. 496. Habitus, lateral view; 497. Head, frontal view; 498. Clypeus; 499. Habitus, dorsal view; 500. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 501. Mesosoma, lateral view; 502. Antenna; 503. Forewing, dorsal view; 504. Metasoma, dorsal view; 505. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 253–262. Tiphia (Tiphia) khasiana Cameron, ♂. 253. Habitus, lateral view; 254. Head, frontal view; 255. Clypeus; 256. Habitus, dorsal view; 257. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 258. Mesosoma, lateral view; 259. Antenna; 260. Forewing, dorsal view; 261. Metasoma, dorsal view; 262. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 232–241. Tiphia (Tiphia) kashmirensis Hanima & Girish Kumar, ♂. 232. Habitus, lateral view; 233. Head, frontal view; 234. Clypeus; 235. Habitus, dorsal view; 236. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 237. Mesosoma, lateral view; 238. Antenna; 239. Forewing, dorsal view; 240. Metasoma, dorsal view; 241. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 362–371. Tiphia (Tiphia) nathani Allen, ♂. 362. Habitus, lateral view; 363. Head, frontal view; 364. Clypeus; 365. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 366. Mesosoma, lateral view; 367. Pygidium; 368. Antenna; 369. Forewing, dorsal view; 370. Metasoma, dorsal view; 371. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 274–283. Tiphia (Tiphia) kurumba Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♂. 274. Habitus, lateral view; 275. Head, frontal view; 276. Clypeus; 277. Habitus, dorsal view; 278. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 279. Mesosoma, lateral view; 280. Antenna; 281. Forewing, dorsal view; 282. Metasoma, dorsal view; 283. Metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 219–228. Tiphia (Tiphia) hyalina Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. Holotype ♂. 219. Habitus, lateral view; 220. Head, frontal view; 221. Clypeus; 222. Habitus, dorsal view; 223. Mesosoma, dorsal view; 224. Mesosoma, lateral view; 225. Antenna; 226. Forewing, dorsal view; 227. Metasoma, dorsal view; 228. Metasoma, lateral view.