Alouatta sara, Elliot, 1910

Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Atelidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 484-549 : 527

4 .

Bolivian Red Howler

Alouatta sara

French: Hurleur de Bolivie / German: Bolivien-Brillaffe / Spanish: Mono aullador rojo de Bolivia Other common names: Bolivian Red Howler / Howling Monkey

Taxonomy. Alouatta sara Elliot, 1910 ,

Province of Sara, department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 450 m above sea level.

Molecular genetic and cytogenetic analyses demonstrated that A. sara is a distinct taxon in the red howler group. It is a sister species to A. seniculus , believed to have diverged from a common ancestor c.2-4 million years ago. Monotypic.

Distribution. Bolivia, from the Pando Department S along the Andean Cordillera and E into C Bolivia including the entire Rio Beni Basin and E as far the Mamoré-Guaporé interfluvium.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-71-2 cm, tail 51-5-60 cm; weight 6-9 kg. The Bolivian Red Howleris similar in size to the Colombian Red Howler (A. seniculus ), but with a smaller hyoid. Fur is brick-red above, with limbs, head, and proximal part of the tail slightly darker (i.e. more rufous).

Habitat. Tropical forest, including riverine forest and seasonally flooded forests on the Chiquitano Shield, up to elevations of 1000 m. To the east of the Rio Beni,it is sympatric with the Paraguayan Howler (A. caraya ) in some areas, but the Bolivian Red Howler seems to prefer humid forests and seasonally flooded forests along major rivers while the Paraguayan Howler prefers drier, semi-deciduous forest and gallery forest in areas of savanna and chaco. There is a single report of both species occupying adjacent trees in igapo (black-water seasonally inundated forest) at Lago Caiman along the Rio Iténez (= Guapore).

Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.

Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but breeding and reproduction are likely to be similar to the Colombian Red Howler.

Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on surveys, the Bolivian Red Howler occurs in unimale-multifemale or multimale-multifemale groups, with 1-7 individuals. No data are available on home ranges or daily movements.

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Bolivian Red Howlers are hunted for meat in some regions. They occur in Amboro, Carrasco, Madidi, and Noel Kempff Mercado national parks, Beni Biological Station and Biosphere Reserve, and Pilon Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands. They are rare in the Rios Blanco y Negro National Reserve; encounter rates during surveys at various sites ranged from zero to 0-4 groups/ 10 km. It is possible that they are the red howlers occurring in Isiboro Sécure National Park.

Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Anderson et al. (1993), Cortés-Ortiz et al. (2003), Minezawa et al. (1986), Painter et al. (1995), Wallace & Rumiz (2010), Wallace, Painter, Rumiz & Taber (2000), Wallace, Painter & Taber (1998), Wallace, Painter, Taber & Ayres (1996).

Figures

On following pages 2 Urs ne Red Howler (Alouatta arcroldoal 3 Guıanan Red Howler (Alouarra macconnellı) 4 Bolıvıan Red Howler (Alouatta sara) 5 Amazon Black Howler Alouatta nigerrima) 6 Red-handed Howler (Alouarta belzebul) 7 Spıx s Howler (Alouatta discolorl 8 Maranhão Red-handed Howler (Alouatta ululata)

Distribution. Bolivia , from the Pando Department S along the Andean Cordillera and E into C Bolivia including the entire Rio Beni Basin and E as far the Mamoré-Guaporé interfluvium.