Yoyetta timothyi, Emery & Emery & Popple, 2019

Emery, David L., Emery, Nathan J. & Popple, Lindsay W., 2019, A Revision of the Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) Species Group of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae), Introducing Eight New Species, Records of the Australian Museum 71 (7), pp. 277-347 : 288-295

Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov.

http: //zoobank. org/nomenclaturalActs/ 27125014-D68E-45B0-93FC-E81CC5895177

Figs 2A , 3A , 7–9 , 10B , 11–12 , 52A, 53B

Cicadetta denisoni . — Ewart, 1986: 51–52, table 1.

Cicadetta nr denisoni .— Moss & Popple, 2000: 57; Williams, 2002: 156–157; Emery et al., 2005: 103–107, 109, fig. 5 [left image, male], tables 1C, 2–3; Sanborn, 2012: 554; Ewart, 1986.

Not Cicadetta nr denisoni .— Emery & Popple, 2005: fig. 5 [right image, female = Yoyetta hunterorum ].

Holotype ♂, Park Ave., Waitara, NSW, 14.i.1983, T. A. Moulds, AM K.364604 ( AM) . Paratypes NEW SOUTH WALES: 1♀, N[ew] E([ngland] Nat. Park , NSW, near entrance, 13.xi.1960 , C. W. Frazier, at light, ANIC database no. 20 010695; 3♂♂, 28°35'S 153°23'E, Plot Forest Rd, 3 km NNE of Minyon Falls, Whian Whian State Forest, NNE of Lismore NSW, 17.xi.1982 , D. C. F.Rentz & C. D. MacNeill, Stop 93; 1♂, 35°58S 150°09E, Congo, 8 km SE by E of Moruya , NSW, 17.ii.1981 , M. S. Upton; 1♂, 5 km NW of Torrington , NSW, 18–22.xii.1990 , A. I. Night ( ANIC) ; 1♂, Melampsalta picea , South Coast 1968 (Ashton collection; AM K.307116) ; 1♂, Killara 2071, 2.ii.77, S. M. Jones ( AM K.307117) ; 1♂, Oberon , NSW, xii.1923 , MH Anderson ( AM K.307118) ; 1♂, Leura , NSW, 5.i.1933 (no name, AM K.307121) ; 1♀, Mt. Tomah , NSW, 6.xii.1980 , NW Rodd ( AM K.307119) ; 1♂, Hazelbrook , NSW, xii.1984 , M. Dingley ( AM K.307120) ; 1♂, Wombarra ,NSW, 19.xi.1991 , F. Douglas ( AM) ; 1♂, Sydney , 20.ii.1965 , V. Zadeh ; ( QM) ; 2♂♂, Duc kmaloi, NSW, 33°42'S 149°58'E, 26.xii.1949, ( HEM2560–01 ) ( MMV) ; 1♀, Park Ave, Waitara , NSW, 13.xii.1990 , M. S. & B. Moulds; 1♂, Beach Rd, Harley Hill nr Berry , NSW, 34°46'40"S 150°44'01"E, 11.i.1993 , D.Emery; 1♂, same location, 24.xii.2003 , D. Emery; 1♂, Kinka Reserve, Terrey Hills , NSW, 33°40'39"S 151°12'00"E, 14.xii.1997 , D. Emery; 1♂, same location, 14.xii.1998 , D. Emery; 1♂, Barrington Tops , NSW, 18.xii.2001 , R. Chin; 2♂♂, Vale St., Gordon , NSW, 33°45'23"S 151°08'42"E, 5.ii.2007 , J. Slapeta; 16♂♂, same location, 1–5.i.2008 , J. Slapeta; 3♂♂, same location, 1–4.i.2009 , J. Slapeta; 1♀, South Taree , NSW, 31°55'26"S 152°27'52"E, 3.xi.2009 , N. & D. Emery; 1♀, Kinka Reserve, Terrey Hills , NSW, 33°40'39"S 151°12'00"E, 28.xii.2009 , P.Gillies; 1♂, same location, 15.i.2016 , P. Gillies; 1♂, Roseville , NSW, 22.i.[20]11, J. Slapeta ; 1♂ same location, 30.xii.2011 , J. Slapeta; 1♀, Buchanan , NSW, 32°49'40"S 151°32'09"E, 9.i.14, G. Madani ; 1♂, Thirroul , NSW, 2.iii.[20]14, R. Jones ; 1♂, Crescent Head , NSW, 31°17'31"S 152°57'52"E, 19.xi.2016 , N. & D. Emery; 1♂, Barrington Tops , NSW, 18.xii.2001 , R. Chin; 1♂, Echo Point, Bundanoon , NSW, 34°41'05"S 150°17'24"E, 23.i.2012 , C. & D. Emery; 1♂, Anvil Rock , NSW, 33°35'44"S 150°50'19"E, 4.xii.2012 , D. Emery; 2♂♂, Evans Lookout, Blackheath , NSW, 33°36'59"S 150°16'29"E, 1000 m, 5.xii.14, D. & C. Emery ; 3♂♂, Medway, NSW, 34°29'26"S 150°16'27"E, 585 m, 6.i.2017 , S., N. & D. Emery & T.Corbin; (DE); 1♂, Beach Rd, Harley Hill , 24.xii.03, D.Emery; ( LWP) ; 1♂ 1♀, Waitara, Sydney , 24.xi.1980 , M.S. & B. J. Moulds; 1♀, same data, 26.i.1985 ; 2♂♂ 1♀, same data, 1.iii.1985 ; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, same data, 11.xi.1976 , em[erged]; 1♀, same data, 10.xi.1976 , em[erged]; 1♀, same data, 11.x.1976 , emerged in afternoon; 1♀, same data, 7.i.1989 ; 1♂, same data, 17.x.1983 ; 1♂, same data, 28.xi.1976 ; 1♂, same data, 20.i.1985 ; 1♂, same data, 15.ii.1983 ; 1♂, same data, 29.i.1979 ; 1♂, same data, 20.ii.1980 ; 6♂♂, same data, 8.ii.1983 ; 4♂♂, same data, 23.i.1983 ; 1♂, same data, 5.ii.1986 ; 1♂, same data, 9.ii.2000 ; 1♂ 1♀, same data, 23.i.1983 ; 3♂♂, same data, 6.ii.1983 ; 2♂♂, same data, 7.ii.1983 ; 7♂♂, same data, 8.ii.1983 ; 1♂, same data, 3.ii.1993 ; 1♂, same data, 5.x.1985 ; 1♂, same data, 13.ii.1978 ; 1♂, same data, 4.xi.1977 ; 1♂, same data, 29.viii.1981 ; 1♀, same data, 17.ix.1979 ; 1♂, same data, 23.xii.1977 ; 1♂, same data, 2.xi.1985 ; 1♂, same data, 19.ix.1981 ; 1♀, same data, 12.xi.1980 ; 1♂, same data, 10.x.1997 ; 1♂, same data, 11.ii.1984 , genitalia preparation; 2♂♂, same location, 25.ix.1984 , T.A. Moulds; 1♂, same location, 23.i.1983 , T.A. Moulds; 1♂, same location, 31.i.1985 , T. A. Moulds; 1♂, same location, 17.ix.1987 , T.A. Moulds; 1♂, same location, 15.ii.1983 , T.A. Moulds; 1♂, Mt Kaputar, Dawson Springs , 2 km E of summit, 1400 m [elev.], 12.xii.1987 , B. & S. Underwood; 3♂♂, Lemann Compound , ca 10 km SE Bowral, 34°32.50'S 150°29.20'E, 24.xii.1996 , C. Lemann & S. McEvey, 12891, 12893–94; 1♂, Henry River Gorge, approx. 2 km below Henry River Falls via Glen Innes , 11.xii.1966 , M. S. Moulds; 2♂♂ 1♀, Bark Hut Camping Area, Mt Kaputar Nat. Pk , 30°17'S 150°09'E, 1180 m [elev.] at mercury vapour lamp, 10.xii.1987 , G. R. Brown and S. and B. Underwood; 1♂, Bark Hut, Mt Kaputar Nat. Pk , 10.xii.1987 , S. & B. Underwood; 1♂, Mt Kaputar, Nandewar Rgs , 23.x.1965 , M. S. Moulds; 1♂, Swampy Plains R., near Geeki, Snowy Mts , 29.xii.1979 , P. S. Valentine; 1♀, Ulladulla , 23.xii.1994 , M. S. & B. J. Moulds; 1♀, Stewarts Brook S. F., nr Barrington Tops , 11.xii.1987 , B. C. White; 1♂, Bungonia Caves , 10.xii.1998 , T.A. Moulds; 1♂, Berkeley Vale , 6.ix.2003 , Mark Chambers; 1♂, Avoca Beach nr Gosford , 15.xi.1985 , S. Hunter & A. L. Johnson; 1♀, Avoca Beach , 20.xii.1987 , S. Hunter; 1♀, Greenwich, Sydney , 23.xii.1960 , M. S. Moulds; 1♂, same data, 5.ii.1971 ; 1♂, same data, 14.i.1965 , found dead; 1♂, same data, found dead, genitalia preparation ; 1♂, same data, 4.xii.1981 , M. S. & B. J. Moulds; 5♂♂ 1♀, Macksville , xii.1985 , S. Lamond, [1♂ genitalia preparation]; 1♂, Avoca Beach , 19.xi.1986 , S. Hunter & A. L. Johnson, at UV light; 1♂ 1♀, Waitara , 11.ii.1984 , M. S. & B. J. Moulds; 1♂ 1♀, Davidson, Sydney , 23.xi.1983 , J. F. Saunders; 1♂, Goondera Ridge, Royal National Park , 18.xi.1978 , G. & A. Daniels; 1♂, Knight’s house, Avoca Beach , 4.i.1985 , S. G. Hunter; 1♂, same data, 4.i.1984 ; 1♀, Mt Gibralter, S. Rim, of Comboyne Plateau , 24.xii.1985 , G. W. Williams, ex. wet/dry sl[erophyll] f[orest] interface; 1♀, Katoomba district , 17.i.1970 , C. E. Lazer; 1♂, Lane Cove, Sydney , 10.ii.1984 , B. & S. Underwood; 1♂, Dural , 8.ii.1983 , J. Frazier; 1♂, W Pymble, near Sydney , 3.i.1982 , D. J. Scambler; 1♂, same data, 12.i.1982 , genitalia preparation; 1♂, Lansdowne, near Taree , 27.xi.1980 , M. S. & B. J. Moulds; 1♂, Turramurra, Sydney , 5.i.1972 , M. S. Moulds; 1♂ Wahroonga, Sydney , xii.1985 , S. Lamond; 1♂, Waitara, Sydney , 27.xii.1982 , J. F. Saunders; 2♂♂, Waitara , 29.i.2005 , D. Marshall; 1♂, Normanhurst , 23.ix.2003 , C. Goldman; 1♂, St Ives , ix.2003 , T. Hartwig; 1♂, Mandalong , 30.ix.2003 , Philip Davies; 4♂♂, Hornsby, Sydney , 33°42'S 151°06'E, 8.ii.2004 , Cooley, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, NSW.HPK; 1♂, Hornsby , ii.2000 , M. Humphrey; 1♂, 24 Orana Ave, Asquith, Sydney , 33°41.152'S 151°06.243' E, 194 m [elev.], 5.xii.2005 , Chen, Hill, Marshall, Moulds, AU.NS.ASQ; 2♂♂, Hornsby, Sydney , 33°42'S 151°06'E, 182 m [elev.], 8.ii.2004 , Cooley, Hill, Marshall , Moulds , 04.NSW.HPK ( MSM) . 1♂, Wahroonga , NSW, 29°12'S 151°53'E, 22.ii.1953 ( MMV) . AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: 1♂, ACT, Canberra , ANU campus, 5.xii.1990 , C. Reid, at light; 1♀, Black Mtn, Canberra ACT, 15.xii.1964 , L. J. Chinnielz, ANIC Database No. 20 010702; 1♂, Canberra ACT, 12.xii.1956 , ANIC Database No. 20 010699 ( ANIC) ; 1♀, Frith Rd, O’Connor ,ACT, 35°16'07"S 149°06'32"E, 24.xi.2009 , D. Emery & L. Popple; 1♀, Canberra Botanic Gardens , 22.xii.2016 , J. Deland (DE); 1♂, Frith St, Acton , 35°15'58"S 149°06'34"E, 22.xi.2010 , L. W. Popple, D. Emery, 510-0004; 3♂♂ 1♀, same data, L. W. Popple, 510-0010, 510-0012, 510-0014, 510-0015 ; 1♂ [damaged], Bruce , 35°15'S 149°05'E, 16.xi.2009 , A. D. Stewart , at light ( LWP) ; 1♀, [abdomen missing], Aranda , 28.xii.2003 , S. Robertson ( MSM) . QUEENSLAND: 1♀, Tamborine Mt, C. Deane ; 1♀, Binna Burra, Deane ( QM) ; 3♂♂, Tamborine Mt, C. Deane ( UQIC) ; 1♂ 1♀, Governor’s Chair, Spicers Gap , 28°05'07"S 152°25'03"E, 2.i.2013 , L. Popple, A. McKinnon , 509-0012, 509-0013 ( LWP) ; 1♂, Kroombit Tops, 65 km SW. of Gladstone , 3.ii.1984 , C. E. Hagan, open wet sclerophyll forest; 1♂, Kroombit Tops (Beauty Spot 98), 45 km SSW Calliope, 3–4.ii.1983 , Monteith, Hagan & Yeates, open for[est]; 1♀, Springbrook area (near Brisbane), 19.xii.1975 , R. B. Lachlan ( MSM) .

Additional published records. NEW SOUTH WALES: Gibraltar Range , 29°29'S 152°22 ( Moss & Popple, 2000) QUEENSLAND: Kroombit Tops ; 24°21'S 150°58'E ( Ewart, 1986) .

Additional locations with audio recordings. NEW SOUTH WALES:Forest Track,Royal National Park,NSW, 25.xi.2012, B.Smith; Blatherarm Camping

Area, Torrington State Conservation Area, NSW, 29°15'08"S 151°42'26"E, 4.i–8.i.2016, L. W. Popple; Bismuth Dam, Torrington State Conservation Area , NSW, 29°15'13"S 151°38'20'E, 6.i.2016, L. W. Popple; Old Grafton Rd, Glen Elgin, NSW, 29°39'20"S 152°02'38'E, 7.i.2016, L. W. Popple. QUEENSLAND: Mt Tennison Woods , Qld, 27°17'S 152°44'E, 21.xi.2003, L. W. Popple; Daves Creek , Lamington National Park , Qld, 28°13'21"S 153°12'35"E, 12.xii.2017, L. W. Popple; Spicers Gap, Main Range National Park , Qld, 28°05'07"S 152°25'03"E, 2.i.2013, L. W. Popple .

Distribution, habitat and seasonality. Known from Kroombit Tops in southeastern Queensland, south along the ranges and subcoastal forested areas to the south coast of New South Wales and inland to the Australian Capital Territory ( Fig. 5 ). An isolated population occurs at Mt Kaputar on the northwestern slopes of New South Wales

( Fig. 5 ). This record was previously attributed to Y. denisoni by Moulds (1990). Adults are active in the upper canopy of eucalypt forest. They are present from November to January and occasionally also in February.

Description

Male ( Figs 2A ; 3A ; 7A,B,E ; 8A,B,E,F ; 10B ; 52A). Head approximately as wide as mesonotum; predominantly dull brown to black, black around ocelli, narrowing anteriorly around margins of postclypeus, black spot on medial margin of eye, a brown to orange-brown central marking on posterior dorsal area extending between lateral ocelli and through dorsal postclypeus, greenish in some specimens; ocelli red, clear in many preserved specimens; postclypeus predominantly black to brown above, with black anterior margin, ventrally black, with black transverse grooves with orange-brown lateral and posterior margins, rounded laterally; frons orange-brown; anteclypeus black with small brown central marking; lora dark brown to black; gena black; rostrum black anteriorly, broadly ochraceous centrally, black at apex, extending to anterior margins of hind coxae; eyes brown to dull black; antennae black, supra-antennal plates brown.

Thorax ranging from brown to black; pronotum brown to black with a central orange-brown line, flanked with black markings, paramedian fissures variably brown and black, lateral fissure black, with patchy and variable black markings on ridges between fissures; pronotal collar brown to black with variable black mottling on lateral margins; mesonotum with central and lateral regions dark brown to black, submedian and lateral sigilla black; parapsidal sutures black; cruciform elevation black, lateral depressions brown; scutal depressions black; wing grooves dark brown to orange-brown; metanotum black.

Legs with coxae striped black and light brown, coxal membranes red-orange; coxal joints bright orange-red, trochanters orange-brown; meracantha small brown, slight curved, pointed, black at base, minimally overlapping opercula; femora striped black and brown with reddish stripe laterally; fore femoral spines erect, brown at base becoming darker towards tip; joints orange to red; tibiae black anteriorly, brown to yellowish posteriorly medially, with spines variably pale to dark brown; tarsal joints orange; tarsi light brown, becoming darker brown towards claws; claws brown, black at tips.

Wings with fore wing costal veins brown to black, centrally reddish, pterostigma with reddish-brown mottling distally; basal membranes orange, dull orange or pale orange-white; basal cell translucent; other veins mainly dark brown to black proximally, black distally; with eight apical cells; hind wing plaga white, extending over jugum along vein 3A and medial third of anal cell 2, remainder of anal lobe diffuse white, veins brown, with six apical cells.

Opercula ( Fig. 3A ) spatulate, following body axis ventromedially; black at base, orange-red over remainder; clearly separated.

Timbals ( Fig. 2A ) with five distinct long ribs, long ribs 1–3 (a) viewed laterally from the left; (b) viewed ventrally; (c) aedeagus; and (d) apex of

theca. Characters as depicted in Fig. 4 . Specimen from Gordon, New South Wales

(33°76'S 152°15'E).

each spanning across timbal membrane and fused dorsally along basal spur, long rib 4 unfused medially, narrowing over third quarter; long rib 5 noticeably shorter than other long ribs; large ridged dome on posterior timbal plate extending across two-thirds of timbal; apodeme pit oval-shaped and conspicuous.

Abdomen. Tergites 1–8 black, with faint brownish markings on posterior borders of the central third of tergites 2–8. Sternite II black, ochraceous around posterior margin of tympanal cavity; sternite III black with orange-brown anterior margin and over lateral third on brown specimens; sternite IV black with orange-brown anterior margin widening to completely cover lateral third, small central ochraceous marking; sternites V–VII black with small pale brown markings near epipleurites; sternite VIII black on anterior margin, orange-brown over remainder, with yellowish pubescence.

Genitalia ( Fig. 9 , 10B ). Pygofer mainly black dorsally, becoming pale brown laterally; dorsal beak black, brown at tip, upper lobe prominent, rounded, pale brown at tip, basal lobe dark brown to black; anal styles orange. Uncus brown, in lateral view beak-like, rounded distally; lobes in ventral view less produced, rounded laterally; claspers divided, with apices gradually tapering laterally. Aedeagus with pseudoparameres extending around half the length of theca; theca recurved ventrally at 180° towards apex, with prominent translucent flange along outer margin of recurvature, this smooth dorsally, thickness around diameter of theca; apex opaque, sclerotized, bifurcate, with prominent arms, each arm directed laterally at approximately 180°, with 2 rows of prominent cornuti ( Fig. 10B ).

Female ( Figs 7C,D,F ; 8C,D ). Head and thorax similar to male, with coloration of brown areas ranging from greenbrown to orange-brown.

Wings similar to male. Fore wing basal membranes pale orange-white or orange.

Abdomen with tergites 1–8 black anteriorly, with orangebrown marking posteriorly, reducing laterally, wholly black on lateral margins. Sternites I and II black, anterior and lateral margins orange; sternite III, black, orange-red over lateral third; sternites IV–VIII orange-red with central black markings expanding at posterior margin of each sternite; epipleurites 1–3 red, 3–8 black anteriorly, posterior half black; abdominal segment 9 orange with anterior margins black, remainder orange with symmetrical black dorsal linear markings on either side of midline over anterior half, lateral black spot, dorsal beak black, anal styles orange with black tips; ovipositor sheath brown; ovipositor reddish anteriorly, becoming black at tip, extending <1 mm beyond dorsal beak.

Measurements (in mm; range with mean in parentheses: 18 males, 7 females). Body length: male 23.7–26.0 (24.7); female 23.5–26.4 (24.7). Fore wing length: male 24.4–31.2 (29.4); female 30.2–33.7 (31.2). Head width: male 6.4–7.4 (6.9); female 7.1–7.5 (7.4). Pronotum width: male 6.3–7.5 (6.8); female 7.1–7.5 (7.2). Abdomen width: male 6.4–7.6 (7.0); female 6.8–7.5 (7.1). Ovipositor length 6.5–8.2 (7.8).

Colour forms. It has come to the attention of the authors that Y. timothyi sp. nov. occurs in two broadly defined colour forms: brown and black. The brown form (as per the holotype) is characterized by the predominantly brown colour of the head and thorax ( Fig. 7 ). In this form the fore wing basal membranes are orange to dull orange. It occurs in southern Queensland and in lower altitude areas of New South Wales (mainly below 600 m). In contrast, the black colour form is characterized by the predominantly black colour of the head and thorax ( Fig. 8 ). In this form the fore wing basal membranes are orange to pale orange-white. It is restricted to higher altitude areas of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (above 600 m). Localities where it has been collected include Torrington, Mt Kaputar, Barrington Tops, the Blue Mountains (at Anvil Rock, Evans Lookout and Blackheath), Bundanoon and Mt Gibraltar (Bowral) in New South Wales and O’Connor in the Australian Capital Territory. Notably, while no males of the brown form have been encountered in the Australian Capital Territory, females of both colour forms have been collected in the suburb of O’Connor.

Etymology. Named after Dr Timothy Moulds, who collected the holotype and an extensive series of this species over many years at Waitara in northern Sydney.

Distinguishing features. Male specimens of Yoyetta timothyi can be distinguished morphologically from other species of Yoyetta , apart from Y. denisoni and Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov., by their size (forewing length> 27 mm) and the abdominal tergites, which are uniformly black without orange or yellow markings or contrastingly posterior margins. Males can be distinguished from Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. denisoni by examining the basal membranes of the fore wings, which are orange to pale orange-white (cf. bright red in Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. denisoni ). They can be also distinguished from Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. by the presentation of the terminal aedeagus, which is strongly bifurcate and splayed into two lateral arms (cf. simple or weakly bifurcate, without lateral arms in Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov.). Females of Y. timothyi can be distinguished from all other species of Yoyetta , apart from Y. subalpina sp. nov., Y. serrata sp. nov., Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. denisoni by their size (fore wing length> 30 mm) and the length of the ovipositor sheath, which extends <1 mm beyond the posterior edge of abdominal segment 9. They can be distinguished from Y. subalpina sp. nov. and Y. serrata sp. nov. by the abdominal tergites 1–8, which are either entirely black or black with broad, reddish-brown posterior markings (and without strongly contrasting yellow or orange posterior bands). Females can be distinguished from Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. denisoni by examining the basal membranes of the fore wings, which may be orange or pale orange-white (cf. bright red to pink in Y. kershawi stat. rev., comb. nov. and Y. denisoni ).

Calling song ( Figs 11 , 12 , 53B ). For the casual observer, Y. timothyi sp. nov. is generally heard calling in flight, with a distinct, simple and regular “zop zop zop zop” call. Like Y. denisoni (but with a slower emission rate), this predominant call mode is a chirping song. Further observations reveal that there is more to the calling song of this species, with up to three song modes being produced. The first song mode (produced mainly in flight), is referred to as the “zop zop” mode (illustrated in Figs 11A,E,F ; 12 ). The zop zop mode consists of a single echeme spanning 0.13– 0.25 s duration, followed by a gap of 0.17 and 0.33 s duration (n = 9; Fig. 11E ). This is typically repeated several times. Close inspection of the echeme reveals that the initial syllables are discrete ( Fig. 11F ). As the echeme progresses, the syllables coalesce and the sound is amplified sharply before ceasing abruptly ( Fig. 11F ). This zop zop mode is sometimes also heard in stationary males, particularly just before they take flight and continues in flight.

The second and third song modes have only been recorded from one individual at Glen Elgin, although they have been detected aurally at many other locations across the geographical distribution of the species. These modes are produced only by males when stationary or crawling, or flowing attraction to vegetation by “finger-snapping”. The second mode is referred to as a “zop it” ( Figs 11 A–D). From a single recording, the zop it mode is characterized by repeated phrases, each containing a long macrosyllable (0.06– 0.09 s duration), a gap (0.06– 0.08 s duration) and a syllable (c. 0.01 s duration) ( Figs 11B & 11C ). Close inspection of the long macrosyllable reveals that it comprises up to eight coalesced syllables, the second and third last two being noticeably higher in amplitude than the preceding ones ( Fig. 11D ). A gap between 0.10 and 0.15 s duration separates each phrase.

The third song mode (“fluttering”) is produced by stationary or crawling males between short bouts of the “zop zop” mode. The fluttering mode is composed of a rapidlyemitted series of syllables around 0.01 s duration separated by a gap ranging from 0.04– 0.06 s duration ( Figs 11A, 11G ). From the single recording of a male at Glen Elgin, the fluttering mode contains around 16 syllables.

Along sandstone ridges in the Blue Mountains and Southern Highlands of NSW, flying males were observed meandering through the vegetation, including lower storey shrubs while producing the “zop zop” mode. It was found that these males could be attracted into close proximity by finger or tongue clicking broadly timed to mimic female wing-flick responses. Once landed, their song was found to alternate between the “zop zop” and fluttering song modes and, unless further attracted or caught, they would fly off within 10–15 seconds.

The highest amplitude frequency plateau for this species spans 4.7– 7.0 kHz, with a dominant frequency from 5.4–6.6 kHz ( Fig. 11H ).

The calling song of Y. timothyi sp. nov. is distinctive within the genus and is most similar to the call of Y. denisoni . The principal difference is in the emission rate, with Y. timothyi sp. nov. emitting echemes in the zop zop mode at a rate of 2–3 per second compared with 5–6 shorter (macro)syllables per seconds for Y. denisoni . In bushland around Canberra, both species can be heard calling in flight, sometimes concurrently.

Figures

Figure 2. Photos of male left timbals, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A) Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., Gordon (33°76'S 152°15'E); (B) Y. denisoni (Distant), O’Connor (35°16'S 145°06'E); (C) Y. regalis sp. nov., Blackheath (33°35'S 150°50'E); (D) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., Barren Grounds (34°41'S 150°44'E); (E) Y. subalpina sp. nov., Cooma (36°20'S 148°14'E); (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., Torrington (25°15'S 153°11'E); (G) Y. abdominalis (Distant), Hobart (42°52'S 147°19'E); (H) Y. kershawi (Goding & Froggatt) stat. rev., comb. nov., Toolangi, (37°32'S 145°28'E); (I) Y. serrata sp. nov., Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (J) Y. aaede (Walker), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (K) Y. electrica sp. nov., Arrawarra (30°02'S 153° 11'E); (L) Y. grandis sp. nov., Forrest (38°31'S 143°43'E). Scale bars = 200 µm; J= 500 µm.

Figure 3. Photos of male left opercula, with dorsal edge at left and posterior margin at bottom: (A) Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., Gordon (33°76'S 152°15'E); (B) Y. denisoni (Distant), O’Connor (35°16'S 145°06'E); (C) Y. regalis sp. nov., Blackheath (33°35'S 150°50'E); (D) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., Barren Ground (34°41'S 150°44'E); (E) Y. subalpina sp. nov., Cooma (36°20'S 148°14'E); (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., Torrington (29°15'S 151°42'E); (G) Y. abdominalis (Distant), Hobart (42°52'S 147°19'E); (H) Y. serrata sp. nov., Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (I) Y.electrica sp. nov.,Arrawarra (30°2'S 153°11'E); (J) Y. grandis sp. nov., Forrest (38°31'S 143°43'E); (K) Y. aaede (Walker), Mt Lofty (34°59'S 138°43'E); (L) Y. kershawi (Goding & Froggatt) stat. rev., comb. nov., Toolangi, (37°32'S 145°28'E). Scale bars; A–J =200 µm; K=500 µm.

Figure 4. Yoyetta denisoni (Distant):illustration of male pygofer and internal genitalia;

Figure 5. Map of southeastern mainland Australia showing the geographical distribution of Yoyetta denisoni (Distant) (open circles), Y. timothyi sp. nov. (open triangles), Y. kershawi (Goding & Froggatt) (closed squares).

Figure 7. Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., brown forms: (A) male holotype, Waitara (33°42'S 151°06'E), dorsal habitus; (B) male holotype, Waitara, ventral habitus; (C) female, Terrey Hills (33°40'S 151°12'E), dorsal habitus; (D), female paratype, Terrey Hills, ventral habitus; (E) male, Crescent Head (31°17'S 152°57'E), live specimen (photo by NJE); (F) female, Medway (34°29'S 150°16'E), live specimen (Photo by NJE) Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 8. Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., black form: (A) male, O’Connor (35°16'S 145°06'E), dorsal habitus; (B) male, ventral habitus; (C) female, O’Connor, dorsal habitus; (D), female, ventral habitus; (E) male, Medway (34°29'S 150°16'E), live specimen (Photo by NJE); (F), male, O’Connor, live specimen (Photo by LWP). Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 9. Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov., illustration of male pygofer and internal genitalia;

Figure 10. Photostack comparisons of aedeagus of (A) Yoyetta denisoni (Distant), holotype (photo by J. Constant); (B) Y. timothyi sp. nov., Gordon (33°45'S 151°08'E); (C) Y. kershawi (Goding & Froggatt), Toolangi (37°32'S 145°28'E). Scale bars as indicated.

Figure 11. Male calling song structures of Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov. illustrated in waveform plots. These include: (A) an example of the song transitioning between the “zop-it”, “zop zop” and “fluttering” song modes (explained in more detail in text); (B) expanded section of the “zop it” mode (from A) showing two phrases, each containing a macrosyllable followed by a syllable; (C) further expanded detail of a single phrase from the “zop it” mode; (D) further expanded detail showing the detailed structure of the macrosyllable and syllable from a single phrase of the “zop it” mode; (E) expanded detail (from A) of two echemes from the “zop zop” mode; (F) further expanded (from E) to show the detailed structure of a single echeme from the “zop zop” mode; (G) expanded detail (fromA) of the syllable sequence from the fluttering song mode (four syllables shown). The final subfigure (H) is a spectrogram displaying song frequency. This specimen was recorded in the field at Glen Elgin (29°39'S 152°03'E) by LWP using RS3 (see Methods and terminology).

Figure 12. Comparative structures of the “zop zop” calling song mode of Yoyetta timothyi sp. nov.in waveform plots, each displaying three echemes.These have been recorded from arange of locations, including (i) Lane Cove National Park (33°49'S 151°10'E); (ii) Glen Elgin (29°39'S 152°02'E); (iii)Tennison Woods (27°17'S 152°44'E); (iv) Daves Creek (28°13'S 153°13'E); (v) Canberra (35°16'S 149°07'E). Recordings were obtained by B. Smith using RS5 (i), and by LWP using RS1 (iii), RS2 (v) or RS3 (ii, iv).

Figure 53. A comparative sample of wave plots illustrating the temporal song structure of cicadas in the Yoyetta abdominalis (Distant) species group (for species where song recordings were available). These include (A) Y. denisoni (Distant), recorded in the field at Canberra (35°16'S 149°07'E) by LWP using RS2; (B) Y.timothyi sp. nov., recorded in the field at Glen Elgin (29°39'S 152°03'E) by LWPusing RS3; (C) Y.electrica sp. nov., recorded in captivity atArrawarra (30°02'S 153°11'E) by LWP using RS2; (D) Y.hunterorum (Moulds), recorded in the field at Garie Beach (34°11'S 151°04'E) by B. Smith using RS5; (E) Y. grandis sp. nov., recorded in the field at Brindabella Range (35°20'S 148°50'E) by LWP using RS2; (F) Y. verrens sp. nov., recorded in captivity at Torrington (25°15'S 151°44'E) by LWP using RS3; (G) Y. subalpina sp. nov., recorded in the field at Talleganda (35°37'S 149°30'E) by LWP using RS2; (H) Y. aaede (Walker), specimen captured in Adelaide (34°56'S 138°39'E) and recorded in captivity by NJE using RS6; (I) Y. abdominalis, recorded in the field at Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E) by LWP using RS2; (J) Y.serrata sp. nov., recorded in the field at Brown Mountain (36°36'S 149°23'E) by LWP using RS2; (K) Y. spectabilis sp. nov., recorded in the field at Kanangra Boyd National Park (33°53'S 150°03'E) by LWP using RS2; and (L) Y. regalis sp. nov., recorded at Wises Track,Audley (34°08'S 151°03'E) by LWP using RS1.An explanation of recording systems (RS1–6) is provided in Methods and terminology.