Gomphostemma strobilinum Wall.

Bongcheewin, Bhanubong, Ingrouille, Martin J. & Paton, Alan J., 2022, A revision of Gomphostemma (Lamiaceae), Kew Bulletin 77 (1), pp. 27-92 : 77-81

31. Gomphostemma strobilinum Wall. ex 3enth.

(Bentham in Wallich 1830b: 12); Hooker (1883: 696); Prain (1891: 226);? oan (1936:1032); Mukercee (1920: 203); Murata (1956: 190); Phuong (2000: 98).

Type: Burma, Prome [Pyay, 18.8333°, 93.2333°], River Irawaddi, 9 Oct. 1826, Wall. Cat. 2131.1 (K [Herb. Benthamianum, K000826330], lectotype selected here; isolectotype K-W [K001113331]).

Gomphostemma strobilinum var. elatius Benth. (Bentham in Wallich 1830b: 12). Type: Burma, Taong?ong [21.9093°, 96.2353°], 12 Nov. 1826, Wall. Cat. 2131.2 (K [Herb. Benthamianum, K000826326], lectotype selected here; isolectotypes BM, K 2 sheets [Herb. Benthamianum, K000826325 & K000826328], K [Herb. Hookerianum], K-W [K001113332]). [ Prain (1890) named G. wallichii : one of the specimens he examined was Wall. Cat. 2131.2 (should be at CAL n.v.). To avoid homotypic status, Wall. Cat. 2131.2 is selected as a lectotype of G. strobilinum var. elatius .]

Gomphostemma oiride Wall . ex Benth. (Bentham in Wallich 1830b: 12). Type: Burma, Tavoy, 28 Aug. 1825, Gomez s.n. in Wall. Cat. 2133 (K [Herb. Benthamianum, K000826332], lectotype selected here; isolectotype K-W [K001113336]).

Gomphostemma acaule Kurz ex Hook.f. ( Hooker 1883: 696) .

Type: Burma, Arracan, Boronga Island, on the Mingoo Hill, evergreen forest, 220 – 360 m [800 – 1200 ft], Oct. 1869, Kurz s.n. (holotype K [K000826323]; isotype K [K000826322]].

Gomphostemma strobilinum var. oiride (Wall. ex Benth.) Hook.f. ( Hooker 1883: 696) .

Type: as for G. oiride Wall. ex Benth.

Gomphostemma wallichii Prain (1890: 312) .

Type: India, Assam, Naga Hills, Phesama [23.5053°, 92.1033°], Sept. 1886, Prain s.n. (K, lectotype selected here; isolectotype CAL n.v.).

Gomphostemma strobilinum var. acaule (Kurz ex Hook.f.) Prain (1891: 225) .

Type: as for G. acaule Kurz ex Hook.f .

Gomphostemma dentatum Muschl. ( Muschler 1905: 250) .

Type: Thailand,?oi Sutep, c. 800 m, 29 July 1902, Hosseus 280 (holotype K; isotype BM).

Gomphostemma strobilinum var. oariegatum Craib (1922: 96) .

Type: Thailand, Chiang Mai,?oi Sutep, evergreen cungle, 320 – 900 m, 13 Oct. 1909, Kerr 833 (K, lectotype selected here; isolectotype BM).

Gomphostemma lacei Mukercee (1938: 303) .

Type: Burma, North Shan States, near Masam Falls, 13 Oct. 1911, Lace 6322 (holotype E [E00301958]).

Gomphostemma strobilinum subsp. acaule (Kurz ex Hook.f.) Murata (1956: 192) .

Type: as for G. acaule Kurz ex Hook.f.

Gomphostemma strobilinum subsp. wallichii (Prain) Murata (1956: 191) .

Type: as for Gomphostemma wallichii Prain.

Perennial herb or shrub-like up to 0.2 – 2 m tall. Stems robust, erect, obtusely quadrangular with longitudinal grooves, with a mixture of stellate hairs and dendroid hairs. Leaoes petiolate, slightly coriaceous; blades ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 11 – 32 × 5 – 16 cm, apex acute, margin obtusely serrate or serrate, base attenuate, tomentose with a mixture of simple hairs and branched hairs on both sides; petioles 10 – 50 mm long, tomentose. Inflorescence upright, terminal or terminal and axillary, 50 – 200 mm long, with cymes congested or lax at the basal verticil; subtending bracts present, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 20–60 ×10 –20mm, apex acute, margin serrate, base cordate, obtuse or cuneate; upper bracts green, scarlet or creamy-white,ovate,16 –20 × 9 –18mm, apex acute,margin entire, base cuneate or cordate, upper side with sessile stellate hairs,lower side with branched hairs; bracteoles falcate or narrowly elliptic-ovate,3 – 10 mm. Flowering calyx green or dark red, infundibular, 10 – 20 mm long, 10-ridged, outside with stellate hairs, inside glabrous below and with simple hairs above; tube 6 – 10 mm long; lobes ovate or lanceolate, 2 – 10 mm long, apex acute or acuminate. Fruiting calyx infundibular, 10 – 20 mm long, 10- ridged, with stellate hairs on both sides; tube 3 – 10mm long; lobes triangular-ovate, 3 – 10 mm long, margin slightly revolute. Corolla bright yellow, creamy-white or scarlet, 20 – 33 mm long, throat inflated, abruptly dilated towards the throat; tube incurved, 13 – 23 mm long, exserted from the calyx,outsidewithsessilestellatehairs,insidewithanannulus of simple hairs; posterior lip ovate, 5 – 11 × 2 – 9 mm, apex slightly emarginate or entire, margin undulate; anterior lip spreading,8–10mm long, undulate;median lobe obovate,2 – 3 mm long, apex emarginate, margin entire, or sometimes revolute in cross section; lateral lobes folded downward. Staminalfilaments fleshy,glabrous. Style slender,slightlyfleshy at the apical part with apex unequally lobed. Nutlets 3 – 2, elliptic-ovate, 2 – 3 mm long, glabrous, wrinkled. Fig. 2 .

DISTRIBUTION. India (Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland), China, Burma, Laos, Thailand. Map 8 .

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. INDIA. Nagaland. Naga Hills, Kohima, 1200 m [2000 ft], 10 – 23 Sept. 1930, Chand 3628 (E, L); Naga Hills, Kohima, 1210 m [2500 ft], 31 Aug. 1933, 3or 6233 (K); Naga Hills, Kasom, 1200 m [2000 ft], 22 Aug. 1928, Mukerjee 3332A (CAL); Naga Hills, Phesama [23.5053°, 92.1033°], Sept. 1886, Prain s.n. (lectotype of G. wallichii , K); Naga Hills, Piffima [23.53°, 93.9665°], 900 m [3000 ft], 19 Oct. 1883, Clarke 20961 (K); Assam, Yarobami, 1300 m [3000 ft], 2 Sept. 1922, 3or 13928 (BKF); Manipur. Kohima Road, 900 m [3000 ft], Sept. 1891, Collett s.n. (K); Muneypoor, Karong, 1123 m [3530 ft], 12 Nov. 1883, Clarke 22012 (K); Mizoram. Lushai Hills, Kolasib [22.2311°, 92.6536°], 600 m [2000 ft], 22 Jan. 1933, Koelz 32333 (E). CHINA. Yunnan. Menglian [22.6°, 98.8°], Lalei Huigu Village, 15 Oct. 1981, Tao & Li 39252 (KUN). MYANMAR. Kachin. Bhamo [22.2665°, 95.2333°], 103 m [330 ft], 19 Nov. 1911, Lace 3351 (E 2 sheets, K); Sagaing. Ruby Mines?istr., near Mogok [22.9165°, 96.3°], 1330 m [2300 ft], Oct. 1912, Lace s.n. (E); Upper Burma, Mingin [22.8833°, 92.3°], 1890, Prazer s.n. (K); Shan. Upper Burma, Southern Shan State, Taungyi [20.5833°, 95.0333°], 1893, Khalil s.n. (G 2 sheets, P2 sheets); Upper Burma, Fort Stedman [20.3833°, 96.93°], Nov. 1892, Huk s.n. (K, P2 sheets); South Shan States, Keng Tung [21.3°, 99.63°], 1200 m [2000 ft], Sept. 1909, MacGregor 532 (E); North Shan States, near Masam Falls, 13 Oct. 1911, Lace 6322 (holotype E); Shan Hills, Terai, 600 m [2000 ft], Nov. 1888, Collett 961 (K); SE Shan State, Meongpaon [21.3°, 99.63°], 1330 m [2300 ft], 3?ec. 1890, Watt 10526 (E); Southern Shan, Loilem [20.9230°, 95.3639°], 1330 m [2300 ft], 15 Sept. 1911, Robertson 231 (K 2 sheets); Upper Burma, Southern Shan State, Laikaw, 1892, Khalil s.n. (L); Upper Burma, Kyali [23.5333°, 92.2333°], 1890, Prazer 219 (AB?, BM, K); Upper Burma, Southern Shan State, Tameinkhan [Thamakan or Thamakhan, 20.6833°, 96.5°], 1893, Khalil s.n. (AB?, TC?); Chin. W Central Burma, Mindat [21.3665°, 93.9833°], 1200 – 1300 m [2000 – 3000 ft], 30 July 1936, Kingdon-Ward 22323 (BM); Mandalay. Maymyo, Oct. 1888, Khan 212 (G); ibid., 1030 m [3300 ft], 30 Aug. 1908, Lace 2223 (E, K 2 sheets, TC?); ibid., 600 m [2000 ft], Jan. 1908, Meebold 8102 (K); Taong?ong, 12 Nov. 1826, Wall. Cat. 2131.2 (lectotype of Gomphostemma strobilinum var. elatius , K [Herb. Benthamianum]; isolectotypes BM, K 2 sheets [Herb. Benthamianum], K [Herb. Hookerianum], K-W); Thoudaung, Oct. 1932, Dickason 3216 (GH); Rakhaing. Arracan, Boronga Island [19.9665°, 93.1°], Mingoo Hill, 220 – 360 m [800 – 1200 ft], Oct. 1869, Kurz s.n. (holotype K; isotype K); Bago. Tharrawaddy [15.63°, 93.8°], 120 m [200 ft], Nov. 1901, Sohool 8 (G); Prome, R. Irawaddi, 9 Oct. 1826, Wall. Cat. 2131.1 (lectotype of G. strobilinum , K [Herb. Benthamianum]; isolectotype K-W); Yangon. Rangoon [16.53°, 96.23°], 11 Jan. 1832, McClelland s.n. (K [Herb. Hookerianum]); Mon. Moulmein [16.2912°, 95.6236°], 1839, Parish 58 (K [Herb. Hookerianum]); Tanintharyi. Tavoy, 28 Aug. 1825, Wall. Cat. 2133 (holotype of G. oiride, K [Herb. Benthamianum]; isotype K-W); Tenasserim, Tavoy, 2.3 miles E of Paungdaw Power Station, 12°N 98°30&E, 390 m [1300 ft], 22 Aug. 1961, Keenan et al. 1036 (E); Tenasserim, Tavoy, NW of Paungdaw Village, 300 m [1000 ft], 23 Aug. 1961, Keenan et al. 1229 (E, K); Tenasserim, Tavoy, Hills W of Paungdaw Power Station, 660 m [2200 ft], Aug. 1961, Keenan et al. 898 (E); UNLOCALISED. Meong, R. Irawaddi, 13 Sept. 1826, Wall. Cat. 2131.1 (lectoparatypes of G. strobilinum , G 2 sheets, K [Herb. Benthamianum], K-W). LAOS. UNLOCALISED. Massie s.n. (P). THAILAND. Mae Hong Son. Huai Hee,?oi Pui [19.2165°, 98.0665°], 1300 m, 22 Oct. 2000, Suksathan 2823 (QBG); Khun Yuam, 18°13&N 98°E, 600 – 500 m, 3 Sept. 1952, Larsen et al. 32166 (AAU, BKF, K, L); Muang, Huai Bu Ling, 1123 m, 28 Oct. 2005, Maxwell 05-665 (CMUB, QBG); Pai, Ban Pee Lu, 22 Oct. 1996, Na Nakorn et al. 5569 (QBG 2 sheets); Pai, Ban Watchan, 1100 m, 3?ec. 2005, Wongprasert 512-2 (BKF); Pai, Muang Sroi Waterfall, 800 m, 15 Jan. 1983, Koyama et al. T-32680 (BKF); Pang Ma Pha, Kew Lom [19.2325°, 98.3031°], 1300 m, 3 Sept. 1999, Suksathan 1530 (QBG); Pang Ma Pha, Tam Lawt,?oi Pah Baw, 523 m, 12 Nov. 2002, Palee 585 (CMUB); Pang Ma Pha, Tam Pla, 12?ec. 2005, Tanaka et al. 8219 (QBG); Chiang Mai.?oi Chiang?ao, 19°23&N 98°33&E, 330 – 1100 m, 3?ec. 1963, Hennipman 3183 (BKF, C, K); ibid., 1300 m, 2?ec. 1961, Smitinand & Anderson 5260 (BKF); ibid., 1900 – 2200 m, 3?ec. 1961, Smitinand & Anderson 5339 (BKF); ?oi Chiang?ao, Khun Me Terhy, 1130 m, 31 Oct. 1933, Garrett 1262 (K, L); ?oi Chiang?ao, Ridge above Ban Tam, steep slope above caves [19.3922°, 98.9265°], 300 – 600 m, 3 Jan. 1921, Garrett 1219 (E, K, L 2 sheets, P 2 sheets, TC?); Chiang?ao, Ban Bing Kong, 300 m, 29 Oct. 1985, Maxwell 85-1303 (L); ?oi Chiang?ao Wildlife Sanctuary, 1500 m, Nov. 1993, Morsi 233 (CMUB); ?oi Chiang?ao, SE foothills at Ban Yang Toong Brong Forest Station [19.3833°, 98.9°], 253 – 353 m, 11 Nov. 1989, Maxwell 89- 1389 (L); Chiang?ao, Pa Sam Sob, 6 Nov. 1963, Chantanamuck 601 (BK); Chom Thong,?oi Hua Sua [18.2959°, 98.3363°], along the trail extending from the W part to the top in?oi Inthanon National Park, 1600 m, 15?ec. 1998, Konta et al. 2636 (BKF); ?oi Angka [?oi Inthanon, 18.3833°, 98.2833°], 1800 m, 15 July 1922, Kerr 6333 (BK, BM, K 2 sheets); ibid., 330 m, 20 July 1988, Phengklai et al. 6630 (BKF); ?oi Inthanon National Park, around Wachirathan Waterfall [18.3218°, 98.3992°], 600 – 500 m, 6?ec. 1982, Koyama et al. T-39922 (BKF); ?oi Inthanon National Park, near Ban Sop Hat, 880 m, 6?ec. 1982, Mitsuta et al. T-26280 (BKF); ?oi Kar [?oi Inthanon], range NE of the Pah Ngeam, 1110 m, 1 Oct. 1910, Garrett 66 (lectoparatypes of G. strobilinum var. oariegatum, BM, K , L); ?oi Pha Mawn and spur connecting with?oi Angka, 1320 – 1610 m, 3 Sept. 1925, Garrett 233 (AAU, K 2 sheets); en route from Mae Klang Waterfall to Ban Yang, along Nam Mae Klang, on approach to?oi Inthanon, 330 – 600 m, 16?ec. 1963, Tagawa et al. T-2293 (BKF, L); Changkien [18.8238°, 98.8886°], 1200 m, 26 Oct. 1953, Sadakorn 620 (BK); ?oi Pui [15.3665°, 98.5165°], 25 Sept. 1995, 3GO staff 9636 (QBG); ibid., 1230 – 1630 m, 16?ec. 1982, Koyama & Nagamasu T-20131 (AAU, BKF, L); ?oi Sutep-Pui National Park, N part,?oi Mawn Luang, above Nong Rai Village, 1253 m, 22?ec. 1996, Maxwell 96-1682 (BKF, CMUB); ?oi Sootep, 220 m [1200 ft], 12 Nov. 1910, Kerr 1321 (BM); ibid., 1030 – 1300 m [3300 – 3000 ft], 2 Sept. 1910, Kerr 1380 (BM, K, TC?); ibid., 320 – 900 m [1800 – 3000 ft], 13 Oct. 1909, Kerr 833 (lectotype of G. strobilinum var. oariegatum , K; isolectotype BM); ibid., 600 – 900 m [2000 – 3000 ft], 6 Oct. 1912, Kerr 833A (lectoparatypes of G. strobilinum var. oariegatum, BM, K ); ibid., c. 800 m, 29 July 1902, Hosseus 280 (holotype K; isotype BM); ?oi Sutep, below Puping Palace [18.8°, 98.9°], 1300 m, 31 Oct. 1985, Maxwell 85-1322 (L); ?oi Saket [18.8522°, 99.1336°], 31 Oct. 1930, Put 3252 (BK, BM 2 sheets); Fang,?oi Ang Kang [19.8°, 98.9833°], 9 April 1953, Sutheesorn 3138 sht. 1 (BK); Hod, Baw Salee Subdistr., km 33, Hod-Mae Sariang Road, Highway no. 108, Ban Mae Sanam Mai, Mai Muang Nao, 930 m, 28 Sept. 2001, Sankamethawee 285 (CMUB, L); Jawm Tong, Mae Soi Ridge, Mae Soi Subdistr., W of Ban Bah Gluay [18.2568°, 98.6356°], 1623 m, 28 Sept. 1992, Maxwell 92- 390 (CMUB, L, P); Mae Jam, Ban Wat Chan Subdistr., Huay Bong Village [19.0623°, 98.2963°], 1123 m, 6?ec. 1998, Maxwell 98-1225 (BKF, CMUB, L 2 sheets); Mae Rim, Huai Mae Sa Noi [18.9122°, 98.9395°], 300 m, 21 Nov. 1996, Na Nakorn 5825 (QBG); Mae Rim, Mon Long [18.9192°, 98.8333°], 1320 m, 20 Nov. 2001, Glamwaewwong 33 (QBG); Mae Rim, Pong Yaeng [18.8831°, 98.8169°], 1008 m, 11 Jan. 2008, Jatupol 08- 156 (CMUB, QBG, XTBG); Mae Sa, N of Chiang Mai, Rock Tower Mt, 18°33&N 98°30&E, 1300 – 1200 m, 18 Sept. 1993, Larsen et al. 26633 (AAU); Mae Song Sob [18.5903°, 98.9815°], 20 May 1993, 3GO staff 3313 (QBG); Chiang Mai, Mae Tang,?oi Sahng Liang, S side, upper Gu Gahp Valley, above Pah?ang Village, 1253 m, 21 Sept. 1995, Maxwell 95-1028 (BKF, CMUB); Mae Tang,?oi Tung Jaw, 1200 m, 12?ec. 1981, Thongisan 36 (CMUB); Mae Tang, Pa Pae, 1000 m, 9 Nov. 1980, Paisooksantioatana & Sangkhachand 358-80 (BK 2 sheets, CMUB); Mae Tang, Pa Pae, Pong?uat hot springs [19.2313°, 98.5009°], 830 m, 19 Nov. 1992, Maxwell 92- 521 (CMUB, L); Mok Fah Waterfall, 20 km NE of Chiang Mai, along the road to Pai, Road no. 1093, 19°3&N 98°13&E, 300 m, 22 Nov. 1993, Larsen et al. 22588 (AAU); Muang Krong, Koon Krong [19.3123°, 98.802°], 21 Nov. 1963, Chantanamuck 502 (BK); Wang Tao, 800 m, 13 Feb. 1938, Sørensen et al. 1032 (C, KUN); Om Koi, Bo Luang Tableland, Ban Om Koi to Mae Tuen Watershed improvement station, 1320 m, 15 Oct. 1959, Shimizu et al. T-19136 (BKF); Omkoi, Mae Rah Ah Watershed Station, 1200 m, 13 Aug. 1999, Petrmitr 261 (CMUB, L 2 sheets); Pah Hom Pok [20.1165°, 99.2°], 1200 m, 22 Feb. 1938, Sørensen et al. 1360 (BKF, C, K, KUN); Huai Sai, Huai Nam?ang National Park. [19.3023°, 98.3983°], 1285 m, 20 Jan. 2002, Chayamarit et al. 3215 (BKF 2 sheets); Samoeng, Sanoengtai, Ban Pa Kar [18.9665°, 98.9665°], 1222 m, 8 July 2008, Jatupol 08-339 (QBG 2 sheets); Chiang Rai.?oi Luang National Park [19.2°, 99.5165°], 1153 m, 5 Sept. 1995, Maxwell 95-958 (CMUB); Khun Jae [19.0559°, 99.3958°], 923 m, Maxwell 95-1368 (CMUB, L); Khun Korn Waterfall [19.8821°, 99.6169°], 530 m, 12 Oct. 1995, KK 236 (BCU); Mae Fah Luang, W of?oi Pah Giah, 1200 m, 22 Oct. 2006, Palee 1068 (CMUB); Pahn,?oi Luang National Park, W side, summit area of?oi Mauk [20.1225°, 100.2961°], Sahn Salee, 1230 m, 6 Oct. 1998, Palee 220 (BKF, CMUB, L); Wiang Pa Pao, Mae Chadee [19.1833°, 99.3165°], 1200 m, 29 Sept. 1993, Vial-Debas 10 (CMUB); Thoeng, Ban Mai Ya, 9 Feb. 1950, Sutheesorn 1622 (BK); Phayao.?oi Luang National Park, E side, 610 m, 21?ec. 1995, Petrmitr 152 (CMUB); ibid., 1200 – 1223 m, 28?ec. 1995, Petrmitr 225 (CMUB); Nan. Chalerm Pra Kiat, Wiang Peian Waterfall, 230 m, 13 Nov. 2001, Srisanga 2288 (QBG); Lamphun. higher elevation of?oi Khun Tan, 1200 – 1353 m, 3 Sept. 1965, Tagawa et al. T-9288 (AAU, BKF, K); Khun Tan [18.2508°, 99.2825°], 1000 m, 31 Oct. 1955, Chermsirioathana 2262 (BK); Mae Ping National Park, Ko Thung Waterfall, 230 – 300 m, 18 Nov. 1995, Pongamornkul 11 (QBG); Me Kow, 380 m, 2 Nov. 1923, Winit 1323 (BK, BKF 2 sheets, BM, L); Lampang.?oi Khun Tan [18.2508°, 99.2825°], 800 – 830 m, 9 Jan. 1992, Koyama T-62035 (BKF); ibid., 1100 – 1300 m, 30 Oct. 1955, Na Songkhla et al. 329 (BCU 2 sheets); Me Saloi, 200 m, 28 Oct. 1923, Winit 1290 (BKF, BM); Muang Pan, Chae Sorn National Park [18.8362°, 99.2692°], 553 m, 22 Oct. 1993, Maxwell 93-996 (CMUB); Wang Nua,?oi Luang National Park, W side of and below?oi Nawk, 1130 m, 5 Nov. 1998, Petrmitr 323 (CMUB); Phrae. Song, Mae Yom National Park [18.63°, 100.1625°], 200 m, 12?ec. 1993, Maxwell 93-1302 (CMUB); Tak. Wang?cao [Wang Chao, 16.5022°, 99.2228°], 100 m, 10 Oct. 1902, Hosseus 62 (BM, C, E, K, M, P 2 sheets); Raheng [Tak],?oi Tung Cha [15.2290°, 98.9359°], 300 m, 18 Nov. 1920, Kerr 2393 (BK, BM 2 sheets); Bhumibol?am [15.23°, 98.9665°], Feb. 1960, Anonymous s.n. (BK); ?oi Mussor, 1000 m, 9?ec. 1961, Smitinand 5069 (BKF, K); Mae Sot?istr., Wat Tham Manorha, 16°26&28”N 98°39&12”E, 300 m, 11 Sept. 2009, Middleton & Triboun 2831 (E); Taksinmaharac National Park [16.5808°, 98.9286°], 10 Oct. 1992, Herb Trip 282 (BCU); Tha Song Yang, Mae Hla, Mae Sot-Mae Sariang, road no. 103, km 36, 200 m, 22 Nov. 2003, Pooma 3583 (BKF, E); Umphang,?oi Hua Mot, [13.9613°, 98.8353°], 960 m, 3 Nov. 1998, Suddee & Puujaa 1115 (K, TC?); Sukhothai. Kirimat, Ramkamhaeng National Park [16.8509°, 99.6852°], 300 m, 1?ec. 1985, Paisooksantioatana & Sangkhachand 2183-85 (BK); Muang Gow, near PraTah?ue Nahm?oke So Gah Cha Nah Temple, 2 Nov. 1951, Maxwell 51-669 (AAU, BK, L); Phitsanulok. Kaeng Sopa [16.8832°, 100.6365°], 12?ec. 1966, Sangkhachand 391 (BK); Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, about 20 km E of Phitsanulok, 16°29&N 100°36 – 38&E, 230 – 280 m, 21 Oct. 1982, Murata et al. T-38331 (BKF); Kamphaeng Phet. Kao Son, Ban Nam Tok, 200 m, 22 Nov. 1955, Phengklai et al. 3899 (BKF); Klong Lan Waterfall, 200 – 200 m, 23 Oct. 2001, Watthana 1308 (QBG); Mae Wong National Park [16.1315°, 99.2821°], 300 m, 13 Oct. 1998, oan de 3ult 139 (CMUB); Nakhon Sawan. Lat Yao, Kao Mae-kar-see, 13 Jan. 1953, Sutheesorn 3138 sht. 2 (BK); Phetchabun. Nam Nao National Park, trail to N of Park Headquarters, 800 m, 8?ec. 1998, Suddee et al. 913 (K, TC?); Loei. Na Haew National Park, Tad Hueng Fall [15.3662°, 100.9919°], 620 m, 20 Sept. 2000, Wongprasert 009-8 (BKF); Phu Kradung [16.8833°, 101.53°], 12 Oct. 1965, Sangkhachand 1032 (BK); Phu Kradung, 16°32&N 101°28 – 30&E, 900 – 1200 m, 30 Oct. 1982, Murata et al. T-22113 (BKF); Khon Kaen. Chumphae,?ong Lan [16.8258°, 101.9932°], 300 m, 22 Nov. 1938, Smitinand 2918 (BKF); Pha Nok Khao [16.8230°, 101.9331°], 200 m, 9 Sept. 1963, Smitinand & Sleumer 1125 (BKF); Chaiyaphum. Phu Khieo, 16°28&N 101°23&E, 630 m, 9 Nov. 1982, Murata et al. T-30352 (BKF); Nakhon Ratchasima. Pak Chong [12.5022°, 101.2131°], 300 m, 31?ec. 1923, Marcan 1338 (BM); Pakchong, Khao Yai National Park, Haew Suwat Waterfall [12.2339°, 101.2008°], 500 – 530 m, 19 Nov. 1982, Koyama et al. T-30059 (BKF); Uthai Thani. Klong Pluu, 300 – 600 m, 21 Oct. 1993, Tiptabiankarn 1228 (SLR); Larn Suk?istr., Huay Kha Kaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, on way to Khao Nang Rum Research Station, 300 m, 12 Nov. 1959, Shimizu et al. T-22392 (GH, K, L, SING); Nong Chang, Kao Phra-rhae, 29 Oct. 1952, Sutheesorn & Sangkhachand 3132 (BK); Kanchanaburi. Bo Phloi, Tham Tarn Lod National Park, Khao Kam Paeng, 8 Nov. 1959, Shimizu et al. T-22163 (BKF, L); Erawan National Park, 12°15&N 99°13&E, 200 m, 19 Nov. 1951, oan 3eusekom et al. 3836 (BKF, C, K, L, P); Si Sawat, Erawan National Park, summit of Khao Kro Krae Mt, 990 m, 1 Nov. 2003, oan de 3ult 501 (BKF, CMUB); Hard Palom [12.0256°, 99.2161°], 230 m, 23?ec. 1961, Larsen 8933 (C); Huay Bankau, 12°33&N 98°23&E, 530 m, 5 Nov. 1951, oan 3eusekom et al. 3280 (BKF, C, L, P); Khao Kampaeng, Chalerm Rattanakosin National Park, 1220 m, 26 Sept. 2001, oan de 3ult 258 (BKF, CMUB); km 33 Thong Pha Phum to Sangkhlaburi, 300 m, 2 Oct. 1998, Suddee et al. 889 (K, TC?); Sai Yok [12.2165°, 98.83°], 230 m, 12?ec. 1961, Larsen 8518 (C); Sai Yok, Wang Khamen [12.3833°, 99.0333°], 200 m, 23 Sept. 2000, Phengklai et al. 12038 (BKF); Thong Pha Phum, Ban Linthiu, 130 m, 26 Aug. 1999, Wongprasert 998-02 (BKF); Phetchaburi. Tung Luang [Thung Luang, 13.1°, 99.93°], under 30 m, 9 Nov. 1931, Kerr 20610 (BK, BM 2 sheets); Saraburi. Hin Lap [12.6630°, 101.1331°], 20 Aug. 1929, Put 2223 (BK, BM 2 sheets, L, PHN); Muak Lek, W of Forest Station, 300 m, 2?ec. 1963, Smitinand & Sleumer 1323 (BKF, K, L, SING); Chon Buri. Khao Khieo opened zoo [13.2129°, 101.0366°], 300 m, Phengklai et al. 12596 (BKF); Sriracha [13.1665°, 100.9333°], 60 m [200 ft], 30 Sept. 1929, Collins 1038 (BK, BM, L); Rayong. Klaeng, Khao Cha Mao National Park [12.9123°, 101.5221°], 22 Nov. 1959, Shimizu et al. T-23315 (BKF); Phangnga. Kuraburi, Klong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary [9.1665°, 98.3833°], 11 Sept. 1982, Fukuoka & Na Nakhon T-36103 (BKF).

HABITAT. In primary or disturbed lowland forest, evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, dipterocarp forest, on limestone, 60 – 2200 m.

CONSERVATION STATUS. Widespread; Least Concern (LC).

PHENOLOGY. Flowering May –?ecember. Fruiting October – February.

NOTES. Gomphostemma strobilinum is widespread in continental South East Asia. Continuous morphological variation is observed in this species ( Fig. 2 ), especially in Burma and Thailand where most specimens of it have been collected. Gomphostemma strobilinum has been described under several names depending on these variable characters, for example, G. wallichii (forms with cordate bracts), G. oariegatum, G. acaule . The characters used to diagnose these forms include the height of plant, colour and shape of bracts, and leaf decoration, all found to be variable based on field observations and herbarium specimens seen in this study. Intermediate forms between previously recognised taxa are frequently seen.

This species is easily recognised by having upright, mostly terminal or terminal and axillary inflorescences, with the inflorescences terminating leafy shoots.

Excluded names

Gomphostemma flaoescens (Zoll. & Moritzi) Miq. (Miquel 1839: 985). [a synonym of Cymaria dichotoma Benth. ].

Gomphostemma macrophyllum Miq. (Miquel 1839: 985) . [a synonym of Paraphlomis oblongifolius (Blume) Prain ]. Gomphostemma membranifolium Miq. (Miquel 1839: 988) . [a synonym of Paraphlomis jaoanica (Blume) Prain].

Gomphostemma petiolare Miq. (Miquel 1839: 985) . [a synonym of Paraphlomis jaoanica].

Gomphostemma insuaoe Hance (1882: 231) . [a synonym of Microtoena insuaois (Hance) Prain ex Briq.].

Gomphostemma luzonense Elmer (1908: 339) . [a synonym of Paraphlomis jaoanica].

Gomphostemma sumatrense Ridl. ( Ridley 1923b: 83) . [a synonym of Paraphlomis jaoanica].

Figures

Map 8. Distribution range of Gocphostecca stroĸilinuc.

Fig. 2. Gocphostecca flexuosuc. A habit; B stellate hairs with a 1-celled stalk froc lower leaf surface; C upper leaf surface inducentuc; D flower, lateral view; E glandular hairs with a culti-celled stalk froc corolla; F stellate hairs with a 1-celled stalk; G dissected calyx showing the outer surface on one lobe and the inner surface on the four others; H dendroid hair with a culti-celled stalk and stellate hair with a 1-celled stalk froc calyx. All froc Suddee et al. 933. DRAWN;Y ANDREW;ROWN.