Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt, 1833

Hodgson, Chris & Foldi, Imre, 2006, A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males, Zootaxa 1263 (1), pp. 1-250 : 1-250

Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt

( Fig. 13 )

Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt , in Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833: 356.

Material studied IRAN, Kermenshah , on Cynodon dactylon , 5.viii.1999, H. Vahedi ( BMNH): 10/10

♂♂ (in fair to good condition).

Mounted material

Large, 3.3–4.3 mm long, 0.92–1.15 mm wide across prealare. With a pair of large compound eyes which nearly meet ventrally. Body with few setae, none very long; all setae hair­like, apparently with shallow basal sockets (hs); loculate pores (lp) present on abdomen only, probably in dorsopleural region; each 9–14 m wide, mainly with 7–20 loculi. Collared setae (cs), hairs (hrs) and convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae long, with long setae randomly distributed, often with satellite setae (sats). Some sclerotised areas with nodulations. Legs well developed but anterior pair fossorial; anterior femur rather setose, with many bifurcated setae (bs), legs otherwise with few setae; spur­like setae present on all tibiae and tarsi; tarsi 1 segmented; claws without a denticle; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; abdomen without lateral caudal extensions; segments VI and VII with groups of tubular ducts (tdc) dorsally. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised and quadrate; with a very long, thin aedeagus.

Head

Triangular in dorsal view, length 265–290 m, width across compound eyes 410– 475 m. Dorsally with a well­developed postoccipital suture (pos) extending across posterior part of epicranium but not reaching eyes laterally; postocciput (poc) possibly absent; rest of dorsal surface of head (dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep)) barely sclerotised. Midcranial ridge (mcr) absent. Dmep with 0–3 hs dorsal head setae (dhs) on each side, each 5–7 m long. Pores absent. Laterally with a pair of compound eyes (cde), each more or less oval in shape, but much broader ventrally, where they nearly meet; each cde about 155–190 m long and each with about 80–100 ommatidia. Each compound eye (cde) with a narrow, lightly sclerotised, ocular sclerite (ocs) along postero­dorsal and posterior margins, each with a single ocellus (o) dorsally, 50–55 m wide. Preocular ridge (procr) probably present on dorsal margin of cde. Postocular ridge (pocr) present posterior to each ocular sclerite (ocs), extending from near each ocellus to posterior margin of each compound eye; sclerotised ventral projection (p) probably present. Ventrally with a series of strongly sclerotised ridges forming a four­armed cross, composed of: (i) midcranial ridge (vmcr) anteriorly, (ii) a pair of preocular ridges (procr) laterally and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges (pror) posteriorly; each pror extending posteriorly to fuse with ventral plate (vp) which lies medially along anterior margin of prothorax. Ventral part of epicranium (vmep) otherwise membranous except for some lesser sclerotisation in each angle between mid­cranial ridge (mcr) and preocular ridges (procr); setae few ­ with just 3–5 hs on each side anterior to preocular ridges. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. No structures representing tentorial arms, tentorial bridge or tendon­like apodeme detected but mouth (m) clearly visible in centre of ventral plate (vp). Ventral plate (vp) rather quadrate and sclerotised, extending posteriorly onto prothorax. Ventral sclerites (vs) absent.

Antennae: usually 14­segmented (2 specimens with 13 segments and 1 with 15 segments); scape without a sclerotised articulatory socket with head; length 1.7–2.0 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.49). Scape (scp) 115–134 m long, 120–140 m wide, sclerotised, with about 6–10 large stiff setae, each about 55–60 m long, + 3–5 minute hs. Pedicel (pdc) 74–84 m long, 90–105 m wide; with 12–20 hs only; no campaniform sensilla (camp) or coeloconic sensilla (cos) detected on any specimen. Each flagellar segment (III to apex) 85–112 m wide; each segment with 12–23 long setae, mostly on outer margin, particularly on more apical segments (setae mostly about 96–110 m long); each long seta with 0 or 1 (usually 0, rarely 2) satellite setae (sats); most segments also with a few short hs; segments III–XI each with 0–5 bristles (ab) on outer surface; segments VI–XI with a group of peg­like setae, also on outer surface, while segment VI (and sometimes IV and apical segment) have a group of coeloconic sensilla (cos). Apical segment elongate oval (partially divided on 1 specimen), with a diffuse group of 14–20 long seta; with a few basiconic sensilla (bass); capitate setae (caps) absent. Segment lengths (m): III 140–145, IV 153–170, V 145–155, VI 150–155, VII 135–153, VIII 130–153, IX 125–135, X 115–135, XI 115–125, XII 110–125, XIII 100–130, XIV 125–169.

Thorax

Prothorax: neck broad, with no indications of a cervical groove. Dorsally: pronotum (prn) represented by a single sclerotised bar dorsally more or less overlying ventral plate. Post­tergites (pt) small. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv), which extend anteriorly to ocular sclerite (ocs); with a large proepimeron (epm 1). Pleural ridge (plr 1) short, extending dorsally from articulation with coxa; pleural apophysis (pla 1) distinct. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) membranous, without a sternite or prosternal apophysis; with no transverse ridge. Pores absent. Setae as follows: median pronotal setae (mpns) absent; with a small group of 1–4 hs propleural setae (pl 1 s) on each side; with 1–5 post­tergital setae (pts) associated with each post­tergite; setae absent ventrally.

Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and oval (length 160–210 m, greatest width 245–270 m), with a nodulated surface; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) present, separating prescutum from scutum; prescutum without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and nodulated on anterolateral margin; with a group of 21–25 hs scutal setae (scts) on each side medially. Scutellum (scl) triangular, 260–380 m long, 500–700 m wide; anterior margin of scutoscutellar sutures (scuts) extending close to prescutum anteriorly; ridge (rd) along posterior margin slightly weaker; without oval membranous areas laterally; without scutellar setae (scls). Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegula (teg) large and sclerotised, with a group of 16–30 short hs tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2): width of peritremes 85– 120 m. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large, nodulated; length 445–570 m, width 570–700 m; with a total of 35–70 hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s) distributed throughout; median ridge (mdr) absent; anteriorly without a distinct marginal ridge (mr) but ridge well developed between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) moderately narrow posteriorly, waisted, with rather long arms which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) approximately triangular in shape, bounded ventrally by a broad marginal ridge, posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge and laterally by an extension of subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl with a group of 9–18 hs lateropleurite setae (lpls); 1 or 2 hs also occasionally present on marginal and subepisternal ridges; subepisternal ridge (ser) distinct. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent. Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other members of this group: costal complex of veins (ccx) distinct; axillary sclerites 1ax, 2ax and 3ax showing nothing distinctive and additional sclerite present.

Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) present as a pair of large sclerites, each with a broad arm which extends pleurally; with 4–10 hs metatergal setae (mts) extending across segment. Laterally: dorsospiracular setae (dss) absent. Suspensorial sclerites (ss) well developed. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 202–260 m ventrally; with a moderately deep pleural apophysis (pla 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral margin of metapleural ridge (plr 3); metepimeron (epm 3) absent. Posterior spiracles (sp 3): width of peritremes about 85– 115 m. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) large and sclerotised, with well­developed lateral apophyses (stn 3 a). Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) absent; anterior metasternal setae (amss): total of 3 or 4 hs; posterior metasternal setae (pmss): total of 9–13 hs.

Wings: large and well developed; length 3.2–3.3 mm; width 1.2–1.4 mm (ratio of length to width 1:0.4; ratio of total­body length to wing length 1:0.86). Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to subcostal thickening only lightly sclerotised; rest of wing membranous, sometimes with faint reticulations; with a line of 9–14 circular sensoria (sens) and 20–27 fine setae (als) along sclt; radius (rad) and media (med) veins apparently represented by light sclerotisations; alar fold (af) not detected. Alar lobe (al) present but unsclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised and quite broad, with a strong vein along anterior margin, which has a strong indentation proximally; length 320–340 m, width 55–65 m; with 1 blunt apical hamulus (ham), about 25 m long, which bends posteriorly.

Legs. Prothoracic legs: fossorial; lengths (m): coxae (cx) 387–445; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 673–785; tibia (ti) 220–260 and tarsus (ta) 225–260; coxa (cx) with a group of 30–35 small hs near coxal base + about 18–20 longer setae distally. Trochanter (tr) with about 12 hs but without a long flagellate seta; each with a group of 8–19 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation. Femur (fm) with about 110–130 bifurcating setae (bs), 60 long hs (100–110 m long) plus about 60+ short hs. Tibia (ti) with 4–6 spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcating setae (bs) absent; with 25–40 hs elsewhere; spurs (tibs) at distal end of tibia (tibs) largest, each about 60–100 m long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, with a group of 8–19 campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcating setae; with 0–7 spinose setae along ventral margin plus about 10–12 hs setae on other surfaces; tarsal spurs (tabs) barely differentiated, each 40–55 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent. Claws (c) broadly fused to base of tarsus, without any articulation; length 130–180 m; without claw digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxae (cx) II 330–385; III 345–415 m; metacoxae with a group of 19–26 small hs near base + 31–55 longer setae distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 645–700; III 645–760 m long; metatrochanter with 14–25 hs but without either a long flagellate seta or bifurcate setae (bs); trochanter with a group of 10–14 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation. Metafemur with 22–24 spinose setae along posteroventral margin, plus 45–60 hs. Tibia (ti): II 660–725; III 715–765 m long; metatibiae with 19–35 spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcating setae (bs) absent; with 45–60 hs elsewhere; each tibia with 2 tibial spurs (tibs) distally, longest about 35–50 m long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented lengths: II 260–275; III 280–315 m long; with a group of 2 (–5?) campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface and perhaps more distally; without bifurcating setae (bs); with 7–12 spur­like setae along ventral margin plus about 25–30 hs setae on other surfaces; tarsal spurs (tabs) barely differentiated, 28–38 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent. Claws (c) broad basally, without a denticle (cd); claw III about 100–120 m long, with 2 strongly spinose digitules (cdgt), each about 20–25 m long.

Abdomen

Without caudal extensions. Small tergites (at) present mediolaterally on anterior borders of all segments; large sternites (as) present medially on segments II–VIII. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) absent medially on dorsum of segments I–VII, but with 2 or 3 on each side of VIII; ventral abdominal setae (avs) in broad bands of about 13–30 hs across posterior margin of sternites II–VII and with a small diffuse group of 3 or 4 on either side of VIII. Loculate pores (lp) absent from tergites and sternites of segments I–VII. Segments VI and VII each with a median group of 15–27 large, sclerotised tubular ducts (tdc) which secrete long wax filaments (each filament perhaps 4–5 mm long); each group of ducts with a band of minute setae along anterior margin. Pleurites only represented by 2 lightly sclerotised areas laterally on segment VIII. Pleural setae probably divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps), latter represented by a single hs per segment; dps very few (1–4 per segment) associated with a group of lp, with 1–3 lp on segments I–IV, 3–8 lp on V & VI, 7–13 lp on VII and 18–20 lp across VIII dorsally; each loculate pore 10–14 m wide, with 7–20 loculi in 1–3 rings but without a central loculus. Long setae entirely absent from abdomen. Abdominal spiracles (asp) apparently absent (also absent on adult female).

Genital segment: anus (an) not detected. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised and quadrate, with rather parallel sides, about 425–520 m long, 245–310 m wide; most of sclerotised area covered in numerous short hs (pss). Penial sheath with a long ventral slit, whose sides are more membranous than elsewhere on penial sheath. Attached to anterior margin of ventral slit is a broad, rather flat, heavily sclerotised basal rod (bra) from anterior end of which emerges a long, thin aedeagus, perhaps 0.9–1.0 mm long, possibly in a membranous sheath along part of its length. Aedeagus (aed) appears to emerge through a small projection on ventral, posterior margin of penial sheath, which has a few minute sensilla (psp); no eversible endophallus (eph) found.

Characters typical of male hypogeal margarodids

(i) fossorial anterior legs; (ii) thorax broadening rapidly behind head, with no neck; (iii) tarsi all 1 segmented; (iv) hamulohalteres each with 1 hamulus; (iv) each trochanter with a group of round campaniform sensilla; (v) abdominal segments VI and VII each with a median dorsal group of tubular ducts; (vi) scutellum strongly triangular, without a pair of membranous areas laterally; (vii) some species with satellite setae on antennae; (viii) some species with bifurcated setae, particularly on prothoracic legs; (ix) some species with loculate pores; (x) penial sheath generally short and squat; (xi) hamulohalteres with an indentation on anterior margin; (xii) most species with setae on or near each lateropleurite; (xiii) all coxae with a group of very small setae near basal articulation; (xiv) compound eyes particularly large, almost meeting ventrally; (xv) absence of collared setae; (xvi) absence of convex pores; (xvii) scutum without a median membranous area; (xviii) basisternum with marginal ridge poorly demarcated along anterior margin, and (xix) sternites generally well developed.

Figures

FIGURE 13. Male Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt. Letters as for Fig. 6 except K = peg­like seta, and U = segment VI of antenna.