Amphidraus Simon, 1900

Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2017, Ten new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini) and three new combinations, Zootaxa 4312 (3), pp. 401-437 : 402-404

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:304D1493-B681-4215-B1F9-C1911B70087B
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6044743
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/26058799-FF9E-FF93-E9AB-F934FADCFA6E
treatment provided by	Plazi (2017-08-31 10:07:43, last updated 2024-11-26 08:12:47)
scientific name	Amphidraus Simon, 1900
status

Treatment

Amphidraus Simon, 1900 View in CoL View at ENA

Amphidraus Simon, 1900: 60 View in CoL (type species: Amphidraus auriga Simon, 1900 View in CoL , original designation).

Nebridia Simon, 1902: 373 View in CoL (type species: Nebridia semicana Simon, 1902 View in CoL ); synonymized by ZHang & Maddison 2015: 22.

Relationships. Species of the Amphidraus-Marma clade sensu Zhang & Maddison (2015) are small to mediumsized jumping spiders with two promarginal teeth and one fissident retromarginal tooth with two or more cusps in the chelicerae ( Figs 1 View FIGURE 1 E, 1F); the male palp in these two genera has an embolic disc with projections independent from the embolus ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 C, 6C, 8C) ( Zhang & Maddison 2015). The clade includes Amphidraus View in CoL , Marma View in CoL and possibly Yacuitella View in CoL , which shares a similar male palp.

Revised diagnosis. Amphidraus can be distinguished from Marma and Yacuitella by the lobe on the proximal region of the tegulum ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 C, 6C; absent in Marma and Yacuitella ), and by the bifid tip of the embolus, forming a spiraled tube that varies in length ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 B; embolus simple in the other two genera). Amphidraus also differs from Marma by the complex arrangements of the tibial apophyses (RTA, RvTA and ITA; simple RTA in Marma ), and by a membranous distal retroventral expansion of the cymbium, in which part of the embolus rests (treated herein as “cymbial conductor”, Figs 3 View FIGURE 3 A, 3B, 4C; similar in Yacultella, but a narrow and not membranous structure in Marma , see Zhang & Maddison 2015: fig. 217).

Common features. Small-sized (2–3 mm) jumping spiders; thoracic area brown or black, cephalic area black, covered with sparse white and brown scales, mostly around the eyes; some species, such as A. mysticetus sp. nov. and A. caxiuanan sp. nov., have a longitudinal stripe of white scales on the carapace ( Figs 1 View FIGURE 1 A–D, 2A, 2C, 5A); others, such as A. sie Galvis, 2017, have a pair of longitudinal black stripes in this area (see Galvis 2017, fig. 17g); legs yellow or brown; sometimes front legs darker in males; abdomen dorsally brown and variegated; some species, such as A. sie Galvis, 2017, have a median, longitudinal white stripe (see Galvis 2017, fig. 17g); female with unmodified palp. Male palp: femur of some species (such as A. belzonte sp. nov., A. caxiuanan sp. nov., A. loxodontillus sp. nov. and A. simplex sp. nov.) with a ventral distal depression, in which the proximal tegular lobe fits when palp is flexed ( Figs 6 View FIGURE 6 A, 10A, 14D); some species have a subproximal ventral projection, such as in A. auriga , A. duckei , A. nigrigenu sp. nov. ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 D), A. santanae ( Fig. 15 View FIGURE 15 B) and A. simplex sp. nov. ( Fig. 14 View FIGURE 14 D); patella short, with dorsal tuft of white scales ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 C); a retrolateral patellar apophysis is present in A. sotairensis Galvis, 2017 (see Galvis 2017, fig. 11b); tibia as long as patella, with varied and complex arrangements of tibial apophyses, ranging from a single RvTA, such as in A. simplex sp. nov. ( Figs 14 View FIGURE 14 C, 14D), to a combination of RTA, ITA and RvTA, such as in A. belzonte sp. nov. ( Figs 10 View FIGURE 10 C, 10D) and A. pulvinus sp. nov. ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 D); cymbium oval ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 B, 8B); tegulum usually without retrolateral sperm duct loop (present in most Euophryini ); if present, poorly developed, such as in A. complexus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 and A. pulvinus sp. nov. ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 C); tegulum with rounded distal retrodorsal projection ( Figs 10 View FIGURE 10 C, 14C) and with a small membranous region on the prolateral border ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 A, 6A, 10A); embolus emerging from proximal portion of the embolic disc, projected towards the apex of the palp along the retrolateral side of the disc, and with a well sclerotized, straight portion and a poorly sclerotized, subapical or apical embolic filament, curling around the straight portion and resting on the cymbial conductor ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 C, 6C, 8C). Epigyne: epigynal plate with single ( Fig. 14 View FIGURE 14 E) or a pair of close, small semicircular copulatory openings ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 E, 16I); coupling pocket narrow or large, dorsal, at the posterior border of the epigynal plate ( Figs 16 View FIGURE 16 I, 21E, 24F) or large and ventral, at the median portion of the epigynal plate ( Figs 14 View FIGURE 14 E); some species, such as A. mysticetus sp. nov. ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 F) and A. draconicaudatus sp. nov., have glands in the copulatory ducts near the copulatory openings ( Fig. 24 View FIGURE 24 F); secondary spermatheca, when present, is semicircular and located near the copulatory opening ( Figs 14 View FIGURE 14 F, 21F); copulatory ducts short as in A. complexus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 (see Zhang & Maddison 2012, fig. 6) or long and convoluted in many species ( Figs 14 View FIGURE 14 F, 16J, 21F; see also Galvis 2017, figs 24e, 25b, 25e); primary spermatheca kidney-shaped ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 F, 14F); fertilization duct laterally projected ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 F, 21F).

Composition. Thirty-five species (alphabetical order): Amphidraus argentinensis Galiano, 1997 , A. auriga Simon, 1900 , A. belzonte sp. nov., A. bifidus sp. nov., A. bochica Galvis, 2017 , A. caxiuanan sp. nov., A. chie Galvis, 2017 , A. colombianus Galvis, 2017 , A. complexus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 , A. duckei Galiano, 1967 , A. draconicaudatus sp. nov., A. guaitipan Galvis, 2017 , A. guatavita Galvis, 2017 , A. janauari sp. nov., A. loxodontillus sp. nov., A. mae Galvis, 2017 , A. mysticetus sp. nov., A. nigrigenu sp. nov., A. pae Galvis, 2017 , A. pulvinus sp. nov., A. quimbaya Galvis, 2017 , A. quinini Galvis, 2017 , A. santanae Galiano, 1967 , A. semicanus ( Simon, 1902) , A. sie Galvis, 2017, A. sikuani Galvis, 2017 , A. simplex sp. nov., A. somondoco Galvis, 2017 , A. sotairensis Galvis, 2017 , A. sua Galvis, 2017, A. tanimuca Galvis, 2017 , A. tisquesusa Galvis, 2017 , A. tundama Galvis, 2017 , A. zaque Galvis, 2017 , and A. zipa Galvis, 2017 .

Notes. The species described by Simon ( A. auriga and A. semicanus ) were already redescribed by Galiano (1962, 1963). These and the species described by her ( A. duckei , A. santanae and A. argentinensis ) have goodquality diagnostic illustrations and descriptions and do not need redescriptions. The same can be said about A. complexus . The species recently described from Colombia can be recognized with the aid of Galvis (2017).

References

Galiano, M. E. (1962) Los generos Amphidraus Simon y Marma Simon (Araneae, Salticidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 18, 31 - 44.

Galiano, M. E. (1963) Las especies americanas de aranas de la familia Salticidae descriptas por Eugene Simon: Redescripciones basadas en los ejemplares tipicos. Physis Buenos Aires (C), 23, 273 - 470.

Galiano, M. E. (1967) Dos nuevas especies del genero Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae, Salticidae). Physis Buenos Aires (C), 27, 95 - 100.

Galiano, M. E. (1997) Descripcion de Amphidraus argentinensis, nueva especie (Araneae, Salticidae). Physis Buenos Aires (C), 53, 33 - 36.

Galvis, W. (2017) Nineteen new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Salticidae: EuopHryini) from Colombia, witH comments about tHeir conservation. Zootaxa, 4286 (1), 1 - 40.

Simon, E. (1900) Etudes aracHnologiques. 30 e Memoire. XLVII. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 69, 27 - 61.

Simon, E. (1902) Description d'aracHnides nouveaux de la famille des Salticidae (Attidae) (suite). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 46, 24 - 56, 363 - 406.

ZHang, J. X & Maddison, W. P. (2015) Genera of euopHryine jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae), witH a combined molecularmorpHological pHylogeny. Zootaxa, 3938 (1), 1 - 147.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Amphidraus mysticetus sp. nov. A carapace; B cepHalic area (different types of scales); C wHite scales; D brown scales; E left cHelicera, retrodistal view (unnamed arrows sHow promarginal teetH); F rigHt cHelicera, distal view. ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes.

FIGURE 3. Amphidraus mysticetus sp. nov. A left male palp, vental view; B same, embolic disc, ventral view; C same, retrolateral view; D same, RTA and RvTA, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; ED, embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA: retroventral tibial apopHysis; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 4. Amphidraus mysticetus sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E epigyne, ventral view; F same, cleared, ventral view. CC, cymbial conductor; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; FD, fertilization duct; PS, primary spermatHeca; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 6. Amphidraus caxiuanan sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 8. Amphidraus pulvinus sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; ITA, intermediate tibial apopHysis; RSDL, retrolateral sperm duct loop; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. Black arrows indicate pillow-like membrane.

FIGURE 10. Amphidraus belzonte sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; ITA, intermediate tibial apopHysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc. WHite arrow in C sHows tegular distal projection.

FIGURE 12. Amphidraus nigrigenu sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view. CC, cymbial conductor; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 14. Amphidraus simplex sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E epigyne, ventral view; F same, cleared, ventral view. CC, cymbial conductor; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; FD, fertilization duct; po, coupling pocket; PS, primary spermatHeca; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; SS, secondary spermatHeca; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 15. MorpHological variations in copulatory structures of Amphidraus santanae. A – C, E – G, I – K, M – O: left male palp; A – C Holotype from Santana, Amapá; E – G specimen from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; I – K specimen from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; M – O specimen from Canaã do Carajás, Pará; A, E, I, M: ventral views; B, F, J, N: retrolateral views; C: proventral view; G, K, O: retroventral views. D, H, L, P: epigyne, ventral view; D allotype from Santana, Amapá; H female from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; L female from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; P female from Canaã dos Carajás, Pará. dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 16. MorpHological variations in copulatory structures of Amphidraus santanae. A, C, E, G, left male palp, ventral view. B, D, F, H, same, tibia, retrolateral view; A – B specimen from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; C – D specimen from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; E – F specimen from Canaã do Carajás, Pará; G – H specimen from Tailândia, Pará; I – L epigyne, cleared, ventral view; I female from Vitória do Xingu, Pará; J female from São Félix do Xingu, Pará; K female from Canaã do Carajás, Pará; L female from Tailândia, Pará. CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; po, coupling pocket; PS, primary spermatHeca; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SS, secondary spermatHeca; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.

FIGURE 24. Amphidraus draconicaudatus sp. nov. A left male palp, prolateral view; B same, dorsal view; C same, ventral view; D same, retrolateral view; E epigyne, ventral view; F same, cleared, ventral view. CC, cymbial conductor; CO, copulatory opening; dPED, distal process on embolic disc; E, embolus; ED, embolic disc; FD, fertilization duct; po, coupling pocket; PS, primary spermatHeca; RTA, retrolateral tibial apopHysis; RvTA, retroventral tibial apopHysis; SD, sperm duct; SS, secondary spermatHeca; TL, tegular lobe; vPED, ventral process on embolic disc.