Diostracus, Loew, 1861 a

Pollet, M. A. A., Brooks, S. E. & Cumming, J. M., 2004, Catalog Of The Dolichopodidae (Diptera) Of America North Of Mexico, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2004 (283), pp. 1-114 : 48-53

Genus DIOSTRACUS Loew, 1861a

DIOSTRACUS Loew, 1861a: 43 . Type species: Diostracus prasinus Loew [Nearctic], by monotypy.

ASPHYROTARSUS Oldenberg, 1916: 193 . Type species: Liancalus leucostomus Loew , by original designation.

NOTES: Diostracus is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and is known from North America, Europe, and Eastern Asia. The majority of described species (>90%) occur in temperate Eastern Asia ( Saigusa et al., 1997). Adults are typically found near wet rocks and stones in mountain streams.

REFERENCES: Aldrich (1911b); Robinson (1964; key, North America).

mchughi Harmston, 1966b: 224 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: OR, Latourele Falls. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR.

olga Aldrich, 1911b: 71 . ST in? Type locality: USA: WA, Orcas Is., Olga. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, CA, ID [Hurley (personal commun.)].

prasinus Loew, 1861a: 44 . ST in MCZ. Type locality: USA: NY. DISTRIBUTION: QC, NS, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, PA, VA, TN, NC [ Robinson (1964); Bissett (1987); Hurley (personal commun.)].

Genus HYDATOSTEGA Philippi, 1865 HYDATOSTEGA Philippi, 1865: 779 . Type species: Hydatostega poliogastra Philippi [Neotropical], by monotypy.

MILLARDIA Curran, 1934: 231 . Type species: Medeterus viridiflos Walker , by original designation; preocc. by Millardia Thomas, 1911 . NOTES: Hydatostega has only recently been recognized as a separate genus by Hurley (1985) and only three species and three subspecies are known from the Nearctic. There appear to be many species at high altitudes and/or high latitudes of the southern Neotropical region. H. viridiflos subsp. gratiosa has also been encountered in Mexico. Adults are generally associated with standing water and are adept at skating on the surface. H. plumbea appears to be restricted to lakes with high salinity ( Herbst & Bradley, 1988; Hurley, 1995); and H. v. viridiflos to Atlantic coastal saline habitats ( Hurley, 1995).

REFERENCES: Hurley (1985, 1995; rev.) cerutias (Loew), 1872: 91 (Cent. 10, no. 65) ( Hydrophorus ); comb. by Hurley (1995). HT in MCZ. Type locality: USA: TX, Belfrage. DIS­ TRIBUTION: AB, MT, WY, CO, AZ, NM, SD, NE, KS, TX, OK, IA [ Hurley (1995)].

plumbea (Aldrich), 1911a: 50 ( Hydrophorus ); comb. by Hurley (1995). HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: WA, Grand Coulee, Soap Lake. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR, CA, NV, UT, SK, MB [ Hurley (1995)]. albomaculatus (Van Duzee), 1926c: 47 ( Hydrophorus ); synonymized by Hurley (1995). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Aweme [ Hurley (1995)].

viridiflos (Walker), 1852 –1853: 212 ( Medeterus ); transferred to Hydatostega by Hurley (1995), previously placed in Hydrophorus by Loew (1864b).

viridiflos subsp. fulvidorsum (Van Duzee), 1925e: 182 ( Hydrophorus ); subspecies status and combination by Hurley (1995). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: AB, Chin. DISTRIBUTION: NT, BC, AB, SK, MB, ID, NV, UT, MT, WY, CO, SD [ Hurley (1995)].

viridiflos subsp. gratiosa (Aldrich), 1911a: 49 ( Hydrophorus ); subspecies status and combination by Hurley (1995). LT designated by Hurley (1995: 133) in USNM. Type locality: USA: ID, Moscow. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, AB, WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, WY, ND, CO, NM, TX; MEX [ Hurley (1995)]. argentatus (Van Duzee), 1918: 50 ( Hydrophorus ); synonymized by Hurley (1995). HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, Berkeley.

viridiflos subsp. viridiflos (Walker), 1852 –1853: 212 ( Medeterus ); subspecies status and combination by Hurley (1995). HT in BMNH. Type locality: North America. DISTRIBUTION: MB, QC, NY, NB, PEI, NS, NF, ME, MA, CT, NJ, DE, VA [ Hurley (1995)]. intentus (Aldrich), 1911a: 51 ( Hydrophorus ); synonymized by Parent (1934a). HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: MA, Horse Neck Beach [ Hurley (1985, 1995)]. indentus; error for Hydrophorus intentus listed by Foote et al. (1965) [ Hurley (1985)]. browni (Curran), 1930a: 73 ( Hydrophorus ); synonymized by Hurley (1995). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: QC, Bonne Esperance.

Genus HYDROPHORUS Fallén, 1823

HYDROPHORUS Fallén, 1823: 2 . Type species: Hydrophorus nebulosus Fallén [Palearctic], by validation of the I.C.Z.N. 1985:162.

APHROZETA Perris, 1847: 491 . Type species: Aphrozeta semiglauca Perris , designation by Coquillett, 1910c: 508. [= Medeterus viridis Meigen, 1824 ].

PARHYDROPHORUS Wheeler, 1896b: 185 . Type species: Parhydrophorus canescens Wheeler , by monotypy.

NOTES: Hydrophorus is known from all realms, but is most diverse in temperate, arctic, and boreal zones. The majority of Nearctic species occur in the north and west.

Adults of some species are often seen skating on the surfaces of stagnant water bodies, whereas others are found on the shores of large rivers and streams or in saltmarshes near the coast.

REFERENCES: Aldrich (1911a; rev.); Van Duzee (1923 c, 1926d; keys); Robinson (1964; key, eastern North America); Hurley (1985, 1995; rev.).

aestuum Loew, 1869a: 36 (Cent. 8, no. 60); removed from synonymy with Hydrophorus praecox (Lehmann), 1822 by Hurley (1985).

ST in MCZ. Type locality: USA: RI, Newport.

DISTRIBUTION: CA, WY, MT, NE, ND, SD, CO,

SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, PEI, ME, MN, MI, IL,

NY, NH, MA, NJ, RI, VA, NC, KS, OK, TX,

LA, MS, GA, FL, Bermuda; MEX, Neotropics

( Bahamas) [ Hurley (1985, personal commun.);

Woodley & Hilburn (1994)]. aestuans; error for Hydrophorus aestuum listed by Foote et al. (1965) under Hydrophorus praecox . agalma Wheeler, 1899: 66 . LT designated by

Hurley (1985: 18) in AMNH. Type locality:

USA: MI, Battle Creek. DISTRIBUTION: AB, ID,

MB, SK, MI, ON, MA [ Hurley (1985)]. alboflorens (Walker), 1848 –1849: 656 ( Medeterus ). ST in BMNH (4). Type locality: CAN:

NS. DISTRIBUTION: MN, WI, MI, ON, QC, NB,

NS, NY, PA, ME, NH, MA, WV, DC [ Hurley

(1985)]. pirata Loew, 1861a: 71 ; synonymized by Hurley

(1985). ST in MCZ. Type locality: USA: PA. algens Wheeler, 1899: 63 . LT designated by Hurley (1985: 22) in AMNH. Type locality: USA:

WY, Two­gwo­te­ee Pass. DISTRIBUTION: AK,

YT, BC, NT, AB, ID, MT, WY, CO, MB, QC

[ Hurley (1985, 1995)]. hirtipes Van Duzee, 1933b: 17 ; synonymized by

Hurley (1985). HT in CNC. Type locality:

CAN: QC, Thunder River. alpinus Wahlberg, 1844: 109 . ST in? NHRS.

Type locality: Sweden: Mts. Walli and Snjer­

ack nr Quickjock. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, NT,

MB, QC; Palearctic [ Hurley (1985, 1995); Negrobov (1991)]. epakter Hurley, 1985: 23 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN:

NT, Chesterfield. altivagus Aldrich, 1911a: 67 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: CO, Marshall Pass, 10,865 ft.

DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, BC, NT, AB, ID, MT,

UT, WY, CO, SK, MB, MN, ON, QC, NH, NF;

Palearctic [ Hurley (1985, personal commun.);

Negrobov (1991)]. wahlgreni Frey, 1915: 4 , 57, 63; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in MZHF. Type localities: Finland: Helsingfors; Vasa; Tuovilanlathi; Kontiolathi.

lividipes Van Duzee, 1926c: 50 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Aweme .

amplectens Aldrich, 1911a: 67 . ST in USNM (6). Type locality: USA: SD, Brookings; MI, Battle Creek. DISTRIBUTION: AK, ON, NT, NY, QC, YT, SD, MI [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

ampullaceus Van Duzee, 1924c: 247 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: AB, Banff. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, AB, ID, WY [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

angustifacies Hurley, 1985: 29 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: ON, Ottawa. DISTRIBUTION: MI, ON, QC.

aquatilis Aldrich, 1922a: 17 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: AK, Fairbanks. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, BC, NT, WA, OR, AB, ID, MT, WY, CO, SK, ND, MB, ON, QC, NF [ Hurley (1985, 1995, personal commun.)].

aquitilis; error by Cole & Schlinger (1969: 279) [ Hurley (1985)].

criddlei Van Duzee, 1925e: 181 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). ST in CAS (2), CNC (2). Type locality: CAN: MB, Aweme .

argentifacies Van Duzee, 1926c: 51 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Treesbank [ Hurley (1985)].

arnaudi Hurley, 1985: 32 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Valley. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, CO [ Hurley (1995, personal commun.)].

californicus Hurley, 1985: 32 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in EMEC. Type locality: USA: CA, Shasta Co., Lassen PK. Trail .

bovatus Hurley, 1985: 33 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: SK, Saskatoon.

brevicauda Van Duzee, 1923c: 259 . HT in OSU. Type locality: USA: AK, Savonoski, Naknek Lake. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, NT, MB [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

breviseta (Thomson), 1869: 510 ( Medeterus ). HT in NHRS. Type locality: USA: CA. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, WA, OR, CA [ Hurley (1985)].

canescens (Wheeler), 1896b: 187 ( Parhydrophorus ). LT designated by Hurley (1985: 38) in AMNH. Type locality: USA: WY, 40 mi N of Lusk. DISTRIBUTION: CA, UT, WY, CO, MB, SD, NE, KS, TX [ Hurley (1985)].

canities Van Duzee, 1923c: 253 . HT in OSU. Type locality: USA: AK, Savonoski, Naknek Lake. DISTRIBUTION: AK, QC [ Hurley (1985)].

canites; error by Van Duzee (1923c: 250) [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

chrysologus (Walker), 1848 –1849: 655 ( Medeterus ). HT in BMNH. Type locality: CAN: ON, Hudson’s Bay, Albany River, St. Martin’s Falls. DISTRIBUTION: AK, AB, NT, ID, WY, CO, SK, MB, MN, WI, MI, OH, ON, QC, NY, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NB, NS, NF [ Hurley (1985, personal commun.)].

chrysolygus; error for Hydrophorus chrysologus by Becker (1922a) and Parent (1934a) [ Hurley (1985)].

chrysolgus; error for Hydrophorus chrysologus by Van Duzee (1923c: 251) [ Hurley (1985)].

glaber , not Walker; misid. by Wheeler (1899) [ Hurley (1985)].

glabor; error for Hydrophorus glaber by Van Duzee (1923c) [ Hurley (1985)].

algens , not Wheeler; misid. by Snodgrass (1904) [ Hurley (1985)].

alter Parent, 1934a: 19 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). Type (s) not designated. Type locality: America.

claripennis Van Duzee, 1924c: 246 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Aweme. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, AB, NT, SK, ID, WY, CO, MB, ON [ Hurley (1985, personal commun.)].

nigrinervis Van Duzee, 1926c: 46 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: BC, Kamloops .

dioktes Hurley, 1985: 44 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne Meadows. DISTRIBUTION: CA, OR.

dreisbachi Harmston & Knowlton, 1963: 231 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: MI, Midland Co. DISTRIBUTION: AB, MI [ Hurley (1985)].

eldoradensis Wheeler, 1899: 65 ; removed from synonymy with Hydrophorus praecox (Lehmann), 1822 by Hurley (1985). LT designated by Hurley (1985: 47) in USNM. Type locality: USA: NM, Magdalena Mts. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, AB, MT, WY, UT, AZ, CO, NM, SK, MB, ND, SD, NE, KS, OK, TX, MN, IA, NY; MEX.

extrarius Aldrich, 1911a: 65 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: SD, Brookings. DISTRIBUTION: AB, SK, MB, SD, MN ON, QC [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

purus Curran, 1924c: 193 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Reston .

ferruginus Hurley, 1985: 50 . HT in WSU. Type locality: USA: OR, Neskowin. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR, CA.

flavihirtus Van Duzee, 1923c: 259 . HT in OSU. Type locality: USA: AK, Savonoski, Naknek Lake. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, BC, NT, AB, ID, MT, WY, UT, CO, MB, MI, QC, NF [ Hurley (1985, personal commun.)].

flavipennis Van Duzee, 1926c: 48 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: ON, Wainfleet. DISTRIBUTION: BC, MI, ON, QC, NY [ Hurley (1985)].

fumipennis Van Duzee, 1921a: 167 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: AK, St. Paul Is. DISTRIBUTION: AK, NT [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

glaber (Walker), 1848 –1849: 655 ( Medeterus ). ST in BMNH (3). Type locality: CAN: ON, Hudson’s Bay, Albany River, St. Martin’s Falls. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, BC, NT, AB, UT, WY, CO, SK, MB, ON, QC, NB, NF [ Hurley (1985)].

propinquus Van Duzee, 1923c: 256 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). ST in OSU, CAS (2). Type localities: USA: AK, Katmai ; Kodiak; Savonoski, Naknek Lake .

harmstoni Hurley, 1985: 57 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: WY, Teton Co., Togwotee Pass.

hesperius Hurley, 1985: 58 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: CA, Klamath River, nr Mouth. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, OR, CA [ Hurley (1995)].

hirpicifer Hurley, 1985: 59 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: NF, Labrador, Cartwright. DISTRIBUTION: MB, NS, NF [ Hurley (1995)].

innotatus Loew, 1864b: 212 . ST in MCZ. Type locality: USA: AK, Sitka. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, NT, WA, OR, CA [ Hurley (1985)].

vandykei Van Duzee, 1926d: 4 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: OR, Newport .

maculipennis Van Duzee, 1926c: 45 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: OR, Newport. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, OR, ID, CO [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

magdalenae Wheeler, 1899: 67 . LT designated by Hurley (1985: 63) in AMNH. Type locality: USA: NM, Magdalena. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, MT, UT, AZ, NM, CO, WY [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

manicatus Collin, 1935: 372 . HT in UMO. Type locality: CAN: QC, Ungava Bay, Akpatok Is., Port Burwell. DISTRIBUTION: NT, MB, QC, NF [ Hurley (1985)].

minimus Van Duzee, 1924f: 15 ; presumably a synonym of Hydrophorus aquatilis Aldrich, 1922a ( Hurley 1985). HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: AK, Fairbanks.

myllomerus Hurley, 1985: 68 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: NT, Yellowknife [ Hurley (1995)].

parvus Loew, 1862: 214 (Cent. 2, no. 67). HT in MCZ. Type locality: USA: IL. DISTRIBUTION: IL, MI, PA, NH, MA, CT [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

pectinipes Van Duzee, 1923c: 254 . HT in OSU. Type locality: USA: AK, Katmai [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

pensus Aldrich, 1911a: 68 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: ID, Craig’s Mt. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, OR, ID, UT [ Hurley (1985)].

phaeopteryx Hurley, 1985: 73 . HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: AK, Pt. Barrow [ Hurley (1995)].

phalarus Hurley, 1985: 74 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Warkworth Cr., nr Churchill. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, AB, SK, MB [ Hurley (1995)].

philombrius Wheeler, 1890: 378 . HT in AMNH. Type locality: USA: WI, Milwaukee Co. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, WA, OR, CA, NT, ID, NV, UT, AZ, AB, MT, WY, CO, NM, SK, MB, ND, SD, NE, KS, TX, MN, IA, AR, MS, WI, ON, MI, IN, QC, NY, NJ, VA, NS [ Hurley (1985, personal commun.); Bissett (1987)].

phoca Aldrich, 1911a: 63 . HT in USNM. Type locality: CAN: BC, Vancouver Is., Corfield. DISTRIBUTION: AK, BC, WA, OR, CA [ Hurley (1985)].

spinosus Van Duzee, 1933b: 16 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in AMNH. Type locality: USA: OR, Lincoln Co., Boiler Bay .

oregonensis Van Duzee, 1933b: 19 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in AMNH. Type locality: USA: OR, Lincoln Co., Boiler Bay .

pilitarsis Malloch, 1919a: 51 . ST in CNC (3), INHS (2). Type locality: USA: AK, Teller. DISTRIBUTION: AK, NT [ Hurley (1985)].

plautus Hurley, 1985: 80 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: NT, Yellowknife. DISTRIBUTION: NT, AB, SK [ Hurley (1995)].

rhionopous Hurley, 1985: 82 . HT in UMSP. Type locality: USA: NY, Long Is., Cold Spring Harbor.

signifer Coquillett, 1899: 344 ; justified emendation of Hydrophorus signiferus by Foote et al. (1965). HT in USNM. Type locality: Russia: Bering Is. DISTRIBUTION: AK, YT, NT, MB, QC, NF; Palearctic [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

signiferus Coquillett, 1899: 344 ; original spelling of Hydrophorus signifer [ Negrobov (1979a); Hurley (1985)].

magnicornis Frey, 1915: 4 , 58, 70; synonymized by Negrobov (1979a). ST in MZHF. Type localities: Finland: Muonio ; Enontekis; Bjäloguba; Kusomen; Kittila¨; Kantalaks; Ponoj; Kola [ Hurley (1985)].

kolaensis Frey, 1915: 71; as magnicornis variety. HT in? MZHF. Type locality: Russia: Kola Peninsula , Alexandrovsk [ Negrobov (1991)] .

nigribarbus Van Duzee, 1923c: 257 ; synonymized by Hurley (1985). HT in OSU. Type locality: USA: AK, Katmai .

sodalis Wheeler, 1899: 68 . ST in USNM (4), AMNH (3). Type localities: USA: WY, Lusk ; Ft. Caspar; Natrona Co.; Dubois; Hunter’s

Creek; Black Rock Creek. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, UT, AZ, AB, MT, WY, CO, NM, SK, MB, SD, NE, MN, MI [ Harmston & Rapp (1983); Hurley (1985)].

trichaspis Hurley, 1985: 86 . HT in CNC. Type locality: CAN: MB, Fort Churchill. DISTRIBUTION: AK, MB [ Hurley (1995)].

viridifacies Van Duzee, 1923c: 255 . HT in OSU. Type locality: USA: AK, Savonoski, Naknek Lake. DISTRIBUTION: AK, NT, CO, MB [ Hurley (1985, 1995)].

Genus HYPOCHARASSUS Mik, 1878a

HYPOCHARASSUS Mik, 1878a: 627 . Type species: Hypocharassus gladiator Mik [Nearctic], by original designation.

DREPANOMYIA Wheeler, 1898: 217 . Type species: Drepanomyia pruinosa Wheeler , designation by Coquillett, 1910c: 535.

NOTES: Hypocharassus shows a disjunct distribution, being known from the Nearctic and the Oriental realms. Both Nearctic species occur along coastal areas of the Southeastern United States, where they are common on beaches near vegetation and occasionally found in immense numbers on floating seaweed. They are very wary and therefore very hard to capture ( Robinson, 1964). The larval stages are intertidal and form cocoons of sand in which they pupate.

REFERENCES: Becker (1922a); Smith (1952; biology); Robinson (1964; key, southeastern U.S.).

gladiator Mik, 1878a: 629 . HT in?NMW. Type locality: USA: GA. DISTRIBUTION: GA, FL,

NC. johnsonii (Wheeler), 1898: 219 ( Drepanomyia ).

HT in AMNH. Type locality: USA: FL, St. Augustine. pruinosus (Wheeler), 1898: 218 ( Drepanomyia ).

HT in AMNH. Type locality: USA: FL, St. Augustine. DISTRIBUTION: GA, FL, MA, RI, VA,

NC.

Genus LIANCALUS Loew, 1857a

ANOPLOMERUS Rondani, 1856: 141 . Type species: (1) Rondani, 1856: 141 = Hydrophorus regius (Fabricius) by original designation [ = virens Scopoli, 1763 ]; (2) Rondani, 1856: 228 = Hydrophorus notatus (Fabricius) , correction (see notes in Ulrich, 1972; Hurley, 1995); preocc. by Anoplomerus Dejean, 1835 (see notes in Ulrich, 1972; Negrobov, 1991) and Anoplomerus Guérin­Menéville, 1844 (see Ulrich, 1972; Hurley, 1995). Synonymy after Rondani, 1861: 11.

ANOPLOPUS Rondani, 1857: 14 . Type species: (1) Rondani, 1856: 141 = Hydrophorus regius (Fabricius) [ = virens Scopoli, 1763 ], automatic; (2) Rondani, 1856: 228 = Hydrophorus notatus (Fabricius) , automatic; (see notes in Ulrich, 1972, Hurley, 1995); n. name for Anoplomerus Rondani, 1856 ; preocc. by Anoplopus Wagler, 1830 . Synonymy after Rondani, 1861: 11.

LIANCALUS Loew, 1857a: 22 . Type species: Musca virens Scopoli, 1763 [Palearctic] [ = regius Fabricius, 1805 ], automatic. N. name for Anoplomerus Rondani, 1856 , not Guérin­Menéville, 1844.

NOTES: Liancalus is known from all realms except Australasia and Oceania. This genus is hygrophilous and is often found in association with vertical seepages. Adults of

L. similis are found in moist shaded areas in association with drainage culverts, freshet seeps, and waterfalls. Larvae are known from algal mats ( Corpus, 1986b).

REFERENCE: Van Duzee (1917a; key).

genualis Loew, 1861a: 70 . ST in MCZ. Type locality: USA: ‘‘Middle States’’. DISTRIBUTION: MN to QC and NB, s. to AR, MS, and GA (ON, MI, MO, IL, IN, KY, TN, OH, PA, NY, ME, NJ, NC, SC, WV, VA); MEX [ Robinson (1964, 1970b); Hurley (personal commun.)].

hydrophilus Aldrich, 1893c: 569 . ST in USNM (22), SEMC (4). Type locality: USA: SD, Black Hills. DISTRIBUTION: NV, UT, AZ, AB, NM, CO, SD [Hurley (personal commun.)].

limbatus Van Duzee, 1917a: 127 . HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, Berkeley. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, OR, CA, ID [Hurley (personal commun.)].

querulus Osten Sacken, 1877: 318 . ST in MCZ. Type locality: USA: CA, Sonoma Co., The Geysers. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR, CA, ID, UT, AZ, WY [Hurley (personal commun.)].

similis Aldrich, 1893c: 571 . ST in SEMC. Type locality: USA: WA. DISTRIBUTION: WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, MT; MEX [Hurley (personal commun.)].

Genus MELANDERIA Aldrich, 1922b

MELANDERIA Aldrich, 1922b: 146 . Type species: Melanderia mandibulata Aldrich [Nearctic], by original designation.

NOTES: Melanderia is an intertidal genus only known from the west coast of North

America. Adults have highly developed labellae which are used like mandibles ( Snodgrass, 1922).

REFERENCE: Arnaud (1958; rev.).

Subgenus MELANDERIA Aldrich, 1922b crepuscula Arnaud, 1958: 181 . HT in USNM.

Type locality: USA: CA, Monterey Co., Pacific

Grove, Pt. Pinos. mandibulata Aldrich, 1922b: 146 . HT in USNM.

Type locality: USA: WA, Ilwaco. DISTRIBU­

TION: WA, OR, CA [ Cole & Schlinger (1969)].

Subgenus WIRTHIA Arnaud 1958

Melanderia , subgenus Wirthia Arnaud, 1958: 184 . Type species: Hydrophorus curvipes Van Duzee [Nearctic], by original designation.

californica Harmston, 1972: 155 . Listed under the nominate subgenus in Foote et al. (1965). HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, San Diego.

curvipes (Van Duzee), 1918: 48 ( Hydrophorus ). HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, San Diego.

Genus PARAPHROSYLUS Becker, 1922a

PARAPHROSYLUS Becker, 1922a: 127 . Type species: Aphrosylus praedator Wheeler , designation by Foote et al., 1965: 509. Described as subgenus of Aphrosylus Haliday (1851) by Becker (1922a); listed as synonym of Aphrosylus by Foote et al. (1965), Cole & Schlinger (1969), and Robinson (1970b); given full generic status by Robinson & Vockeroth (1981).

NOTES: Paraphrosylus is known from the eastern coasts of the Pacific and is related to Melanderia , Cymatopus , Thambemyia , and Acymatopu s of the Pacific basin. All are confined to the intertidal zone where they occur mainly on rocky substrates.

REFERENCES: Wheeler (1897; rev., larvae); Saunders (1928; biology); Wirth & Stone (1956; biology); Corpus (1983; biology).

californicus (Harmston), 1952: 292 ( Aphrosylus ). HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: CA, Laguna. NEW COMBINATION.

direptor (Wheeler), 1897: 148 ( Aphrosylus ); comb. by Corpus (1983). ST in AMNH. Type locality: USA: CA, Pacific Grove. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, CA [ Cole & Schlinger (1969)].

grassator (Wheeler), 1897: 149 ( Aphrosylus ). ST in AMNH. Type locality: USA: CA, Pacific Grove. NEW COMBINATION.

nigripennis (Van Duzee), 1924e: 75 ( Aphrosylus ); comb. by Corpus (1983). HT in USNM. Type locality: USA: AK, Seward. DISTRIBUTION: AK, WA, OR [ Cole & Schlinger (1969)].

praedator (Wheeler), 1897: 146 ( Aphrosylus ); comb. by Corpus (1983). ST in AMNH. Type localities: USA: CA, Pacific Grove ; Point Lobos; San Diego Co., Point Loma and La Jolla. DISTRIBUTION: BC, WA, CA .

wirthi (Harmston), 1951a: 13 ( Aphrosylus ). HT in CAS. Type locality: USA: CA, San Mateo Co., Moss Beach. NEW COMBINATION.