Philides Champion, 1906b: 129

Anzaldo, Salvatore S., 2017, Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, ZooKeys 683, pp. 51-138 : 93-95

Philides Champion, 1906b: 129 Figs 59 , 104

Type species.

Philides anthonomoides Champion, 1906 [by monotypy].

Gender.

Masculine.

Diagnosis.

Philides is easily differentiated from all other genera treated here except Philinna by the following characteristics: the body, especially the lateral surfaces, are densely covered in multifid setae; the antennal funiculus has 6 instead of 7 articles (as in Fig. 57 for Philinna ); the tibial apex does not have an uncus at the posterior apical angle and has either a small process at inner apical angle (as in Fig. 36 for Philinna ) or no process at all; the tibial apex is subcircular in cross-section (not laterally compressed as in all other genera) and with distinct fringe of spine-like setae around the apex; the prosternum behind the procoxae has ventrally projecting laterally compressed tubercles (as in Fig. 18 for Philinna ); the mesoventrite is vertical, unmodified or with posterolateral margins modified into somewhat projecting lamellae (as in Fig. 18 ); the first elytral interval has elongate, stout setae crossing over the suture in roughly posterior half (Fig. 104b ); and the fifth abdominal ventrite is strongly emarginate to accommodate the exposed pygidium. Philides differs from Philinna in the presence of tarsal claws with a broad tooth (Fig. 59 ; seen in Philides comans Champion, 1909, but not all observed specimens identified to P. anthonomoides had this tooth) and in overall appearance, with the known species of Philides belonging to the "shiny black" mimicry complex of Hespenheide (1995: 149). Some observed specimens identified as P. anthonomoides have the mesoventrite unmodified, with slight projections at the posterolateral margins or with the mesoventrite strongly excavated apically to receive the rostrum.

Phylogenetic relationships.

The numerous characters that differentiate this genus and Philinna from the rest of the conoderines treated here suggest improper placement in Conoderinae , as suggested by Lyal et al. (2006) due to the lack of sclerolepidia and differently constructed mesoventrite. Champion (1906: 130) and Hespenheide (1992: 2, 2002: 756) noted the similarity of these genera with Tachygonini (a group sometimes included in the Conoderinae but since relegated to a subtribe in the Curculioninae : Rhamphini , treated there most recently in Caldara et al. 2014) in having multifid setae covering much of the body. Further similarities of these three genera are the stout, crossed setae along the elytral suture. Tachygonines, however, have a more conoderine-like tibial apex than either Philides and Philinna , being laterally compressed and with an uncus at the posterior apical angle. Specimens were not observed for two of the three genera currently placed in the Tachygonina , reserving a reconsideration of the placement of the subtribe for future phylogenetic study. Philides also bears a resemblance to the Old World conoderine tribe Lobotrachelini , but the observed species of that tribe also differ from Philides and Philinna in having a more typical conoderine tibial apex. The only other genus treated here without simple tarsal claws is Psomus Casey, which does not have a similar broad, flat tooth as in Philides .

Host associations.

The larva of at least one species is an inquiline in galls made by a buprestid ( Medianero et al. 2007).

Described species.

Two. Numerous undescribed species and related genera occur in Central America (H. Barrios, personal communication). One additional described species is known from South America ( Rheinheimer 2011).

Range.

Mexico, El Salvador, Panama; South America ( Rheinheimer 2011).

Figures

Figures 55 - 66. Miscellaneous morphological structures. 55 Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] with an overlay showing an elongate second funicular article that is more than twice the length of the first 56 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001064] with an overlay showing a second funicular article that is subequal to the first, and seven distinct funicular articles 57 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing a funiculus composed of six articles 58 Microzurus sp. [SSAC 0001290] showing a short, slender fifth tarsal article and minute claws 59 Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] with a broad tooth at the base of the tarsal claw 60 Left metafemoral apex of Piazurus trifoveatus [SSAC 0001118] that is unarmed at the mesal and lateral faces 61 Left metafemoral apex of Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a tooth only at the mesal face 62 Left metafemoral apex of Peltophorus polymitus seminiveus [SSAC 0001117] showing a small tooth at both mesal and lateral faces 63 Left metafemoral apex of Hoplocopturus sulphureus [ARTSYS 0000801] showing a small tooth at the lateral face and an acuminate process at the mesal face 64 Metaventrite of Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [SSAC 0001291] showing deep, arcuate sulc 65 Lateral view of the metathorax of Euzurus ornativentris [ARTSYS 0000796] showing a large tubercle in anterior to the metacoxa 66 Dorsal view of the profemora of Copturomimus caeruleotinctus [SSAC 0001059] showing denuded, striolate regions.

Figures 103 - 105. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Zygopini and Conoderinae incertae sedis. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise specified. 103 a-b Zygopsella ruficauda [ARTSYS 0000526]; scale bar = 2 mm 104 a-b Philides comans [ARTSYS 0000804] 105 a-b Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000532].

Figures 19 - 36. Variation in the metatibial apex. 19 Mesotibial apex of Lechriops vestitus illustrating parts of the tibial apex: a) posterior apical angle with large, curved uncus; b) middle of the apex with produced, rounded inner flange; c) anterior apical margin with premucro; d) oblique ridge of premucro; e) apical setal tuft 20 Male Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with a tibial uncus arising at the middle of the apex 21 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with thick fascicles of golden setae near the anterior apical margin and a dense setal brush at the posterior apical face 22 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with a large, subapical premucro 23 Piazurus laetus [SSAC 0001077], showing a typical tibial apex for that genus 24 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016915] 25 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a pointed, premucro-like inner flange 26 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing an elongate, uncus-like inner flange. 27 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 28 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 16884] 29 Cylindrocopturus adspersus [ASUHIC 0016896] with a rounded, produced inner flange 30 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with a very short uncus 31 Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064707] with an elongate uncus and minute premucro 32 Phileas granulatus [ARTSYS 0000528] with the middle of the apex (between uncus and premucro) sunken 33 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0012325] with a short uncus and posterodistal setal comb extending halfway to the base of the tibia 34 Zygops erythropygus [ASUHIC 0086640] with short posterodistal setal comb. 35 Philenis flavipes [ASUHIC 0065102] 36 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] with a small tooth at the anterior apical angle.

Figures 10 - 18. Variation in the mesoventrite. 10 Lechriops californicus [ASUHIC 0024146] showing relatively parallel carinae marking the lateral margin of the rostral channel and a closure of the channel on the metaventrite 11 Microzygops nigrofasciatus [ARTSYS 0000797] with tubercles anterior to the mesocoxae and slight, arcuate carinae on the anterior region of the mesoventrite (encircling the central scaled region) 12 Paramnemyne decemcostata [ARTSYS 0000798] showing tuberculate posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite and a transverse carina near the posterior margin of the metaventrite 13 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing a deep ovoid receptacle on the meso- and metaventrite 14 Turcopus viscivorus [ARTSYS 0000530] showing a receptacle on the mesoventrite with prominently carinate posterior margin 15 Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001066] showing a completely unmodified mesoventrite covered with multifid setae 16 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0031514] showing a ventrally expanded posterior margin of the mesoventrite to receive the rostrum in repose 17 Philenis fuscofemorata [ARTSYS 0000659] with tubercles at the posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite and a deep depression at the posterior margin in between 18 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] showing slight lamellate processes at the posterolateral margins of the mesoventrite as well as transversely flattened projections behind the procoxae.