Monstera dissecta (Schott)

Croat, Thomas B., Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco & Ortiz, Orlando O., 2024, Revision of Monstera (Araceae: Monsteroideae) of Central America, Phytotaxa 656 (1), pp. 1-197 : 60-63

13. Monstera dissecta [(Schott) N.E.Br. ex Donn.Sm., Enum. Pl. Guatem. 5: 88. 1899, comb. inval.]; (Schott) Croat & Grayum, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(3): 659. 1987.

≡ Tornelia dissecta Schott (‘ Fornelia dissecta ’), Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 179. 1858. ( Figs. 24 , 25 )

Type: — Costa Rica. [Cartago:] Vulcan de Turialba [sic], 24 March 1857 (‘1856’), H.A. Wendland 500 (holotype GOET!;? isotypes W, destroyed [fragm.], K fide Engler & Krause (1908: 111, n.v.)) .

Monstera longipedunculata Matuda, Bol. Soc. Bot. México 14: 22. 1952. Type:— BELIZE. Middlesex : Stann Creek, 25 May 1939, P.H. Gentle 2796A (holotype MICH-1115585 !).

Robust herb, terrestrial or nomadic vine, appressed-climbing or pendent habit. SEEDLINGS: bearing foliose leaves. JUVENILE PLANTS: root climbers; stems light brown to beige, smooth, cylindrical; internodes 3–4 cm long, 5–10 mm diam.; petiole distinct, light green, smooth, 7–10 cm long, sheathed to base of the geniculum or blade; petiole sheath persistent; blades ovate to lanceolate, attenuate to subcordate at base, acuminate, subcoriaceous, 15–23 × 14–20 cm, not appressed to the phorophyte; fenestrations absent or present, only on one margin of the blade; margins entire or lobed (due to tearing of the perforations that extend to the margin). ADULT PLANTS: root climbers; stems beige to light brown, smooth, cylindrical; internodes 1–3 cm long, 0.8–3.0 cm diam., 1.0–1.2 times longer than wide; cataphylls light-green, deciduous; anchor roots light brown; feeder roots corky, dark brown; petiole light green, smooth, 15–55 cm long, fully sheathed or up to 5 cm before of the geniculum; petiole sheath persistent, horizontally open or revolute, fused at apex; geniculum smooth, sunken adaxially, convex abaxially, 1–3 cm long; blades ovate to elliptic or oblong, cuneate to rounded or truncate at base, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, obtuse to short-acuminate at apex, drying bright reddish, brownish or greenish, 23–58 × 14–35 cm, (1.3)1.7–1.9(2.0) times longer than wide, decurrent on the geniculum, decurrent portion 3–5 mm wide; midrib ribbed adaxially, convex abaxially, drying brownish on both surfaces; primary lateral veins 4–20 per side, sunken adaxially, prominent abaxially, departing midrib at 50–65°, drying brownish or reddish; secondary veins parallel and prominent, reticulate towards margins; collective veins visible towards lobes; fenestrations absent or present; margins entire, pinnatilobed or scarcely pinnatifid, 2–6 lobed per side. INFLORESCENCES on ascending and pendent stems, 1–5 simultaneously at flowering time, arranged in the leaf axils or into cataphylls; peduncle smooth, 12–24 cm long; spathe acuminate, light green during development, yellowish externally and cream internally at anthesis, with revolute margins and completely open at apex, deciduous after anthesis, scarcely marcescent, 16–24 × 12–15 cm, up to 10 cm longer than spadix; spadix creamy-yellowish (both during development and at anthesis), 6–15 cm long, 1.5–3.6 cm diam., 2.0–5.7 times longer than wide; basal sterile flowers 5–7 mm long, with an orange stigmatic secretion; fertile flowers 4–7 mm long; stamens 1.0– 6.5 mm long, with laminar filaments; anthers 1.3–2.7 mm long; ovary rectangular in longitudinal section, ribbed, 3–4 × 2–3 mm; style hexagonal, 2–3 × 4–5 mm; stigmatophore cupuliform, 0.4–1.0 mm long; stigma circular, with a yellowish stigmatic secretion; berries with a light-green stylar cap during development, mature stylar cap creamy-yellowish; pulp white; seeds black with brown dots, 4–7 mm long.

Distribution and ecology: — Monstera dissecta ranges from Belize to Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama from sea level to mostly less that 700 (1150) m, in Tropical wet forest, Premontane wet and Lower montane rain forest life zones.

Phenology: —Flowering September to November. Fruiting occurs mostly February, June, July, and September to November.

Discussion: —The species is a member of sect. Monstera . It differs from the other species in its persistent and revolute petiolar sheath, its hardly perforated but often pinnatilobed leaf blade, with a decurrent base, its externally yellowish spathe, and the stigma slightly raised by a cupuliform stigmatophore, with yellowish secretion. It is similar to M. limitaris and M. monteverdensis but differs from the latter which has a deciduous petiolar sheath, and pinnatilobed, never-fenestrate leaves, and a light green and externally pruinose spathe. It differs from M. limitaris which has petioles with brown-dark warts on the base, leaves with pinnatilobed margins, and undulating base decurrent on the geniculum and fenestrations on each side next to the midrib, and the stigma raised by a columnar stigmatophore and with transparent secretion.

Monstera dissecta is highly variable in vegetative morphology and growth form; adult and reproductive plants can have entire and pinnatilobed leaf blades in ascending stems or have completely entire leaves in ascending and hanging stems.

Monstera dissecta material collected in Costa Rica had been determined by Madison (1977) as “ M. dilacerata (K.Koch & Sello) K.Koch ”, apparently based on misinterpretation of photos of the lost type, which had been made from a sterile cultivated plant of uncertain geographical origin ( Croat & Grayum, 1987; Grayum, 1997). Grayum (1997) and then Boyce (1998) concluded that the name M. dilacerata is in fact a synonym of Epipremnum pinnatum ( Linnaeus (1763: 1374)) Engler in Engler & Krause (1908: 60), an Asian species (see Grayum & Cedeño-Fonseca 2018 for its neotypification). Grayum (1997) further determined that all Costa Rican material previously identified as M. dilacerata represented not only M. dissecta , but also M. glaucescens , M. lentii and M. pinnatipartita .

For more details about the taxonomic comments and nomenclatural notes see Cedeño-Fonseca et al. (2022).

Additional specimens examined: — BELIZE. Stann Creek: Jaguar Preserve, 10 km W of Maya Center, off Southern Highway, 16°45’N 088°35’W, 400 m, 25 May 1990, M.J. Balick 2718 (MO!); Toledo: In high ridge, on hill slope, Balsam Hill, Edwards Road beyond Columbia, 16°20’N 088°10’W, 6 Jan 1948, P.H. Gentle 6358 (LL!). GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Between Hacienda Yaxcabnal along Río Icvolay and Río Apia, 6–8 miles northwest of Cubilgüitz, 15°42’28”N 090°27’54”W, 210–250 m, 13 Mar 1942, J.A. Steyermark 45022 (MO!); Izabal: Livingston. Chocón Machacas, 15°40’35”N 088°58’06”W, 30 enero 2003, Anonymous 3078 (MO, USCG); Petén: Dolores. Km 78, Santo Toribio Road. In high forest on top of hill, 16°31’45”N 089°27’15”W, 20 Apr 1961, E. Contreras 2146 (LL!). HONDURAS. Atlántida: Proyecto de Punta Sal, 25 km NO de Tela, nivel del mar, bosque húmedo tropical. Cerro de Punta Sal, asociación de Orbignya y Sabal, 15°05’N 087°05’W, 170 m, 16 Abril 1993, C.H. Nelson & R. Andino U. 15678 (MO, TEFH); Jardin Botanico de Lancetilla, camino entre el arborétum y Nuevo San Francisco, 15°41’59”N 087°28’00”W, 20–500 m, 18 enero 1994, C.H. Nelson et al. 17337 (TEFH!); Along trail to dam for municipal water supply of Tela, Lancetilla Botanical Gardens, on road ca. 2 mi WSW of Tela and S of main hwy. Printed label for specimens 64586–64646 reads 9/2/1987, but fieldbook states 10/2/1987, 15°44’N 087°27’W, 70–90 m, 10 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 64632 (MO!); Esparta. Valley of the Río Leán, vicinity of Las Lomas, between San José de Texíguat and Suyapa de Leán (Matarras), 15°33’N 087°26’W, 80 m, 16 May 1991, G. Davidse et al. 34439 (MO!); Tela. Lancetilla Valley, near Tela, 15°42’40”N 087°27’28”W, 20–600 m, 06 December 1927 – 20 March 1928, P.C. Standley 54465 ( US!); Lancetilla Valley ca. 10 miles southeast of Tela; in forest preserve along Río Lancetilla, on trail to water reservoir, 15°44’N 087°27’W, 10–150 m, 03 August 1977, T.B. Croat 42626 (MO!); Cortés: Nacimiento del Rio Lindo, 600 m, April 1951, L.O. Williams & A. Molina 18267 (EAP); Omoa. 5 km west of Puerto Cortés on road to Omoa. Roadside through low-lying farm land, with patches of forest, 15°47’56”N 087°57’13”W, 10 m, 20 May 1987, S. Blackmore & M. Chorley 3994 (BM, MO); 2–3 miles southwest of Omoa on road from Puerto Cortes to Guatamalan border; sea level; pastures with few trees, 15°45’09”N 088°04’00”W, 0 m, 2 Aug 1977, T.B. Croat 42557 (MO!); Santa Cruz de Yojoa. North of Lago de Yojoa, along gravel road (old Hwy 1) ca. 2–6 miles from junction with new Hwy 1, southwest of Santa Cruz de Yojoa. Disturbed area along road near lake, 14°55’25”N 087°58’39”W, 600 m, 04 August 1977, T.B. Croat 42742 (MO!, US!); Olancho: Dulce Nombre de Culmí. Between El Jocomico and Cerro El Mulato. River valley jungle with Mahogany, 15°13’56”N 085°22’33”W, 500 m, 5 Feb 1982, S. Blackmore & G.L.A. Heath 1688 (BM, MO). NICARAGUA. Atlántico Norte: Cerro La Pimienta, E range, summits of two peaks, northernmost and central; cloud forest and elfin forest, 13°44’00”N 084°59’45”W, 900–1160 m, 17 Apr 1979, J.J. Pipoly III 5249 (MO!); Colonia Kururia, 14°41’N 084°04’W, 25–50 m, 03 March 1979, J.J. Pipoly III 3963 (MO!); Reserva Bosawas, Municipio de Bonanza, Cerro Cola Blanca, 14°06’N 084°31’W, 700–880 m, 2 Junio 1997, R.M. Rueda & I. Coronado 6517 (HULE); Ibo Tingni, drainage of Caño Sung Sung, N of road between Puerto Cabezas and Río Wawa; gallery forest and adjacent savanna, 14°10’N 083°30’W, 5–10 m, 6 October 1978, W.D. Stevens 10668-B (MO!); Along road to Panua (entrance ca. 7.6 km NW of Santa Marta), ca. 1.6 km NW of Panua and 5.7 km from main road; low ”island” of broadleaf forest in pine savanna, 14°18’N 083°41’W, 20 m, 20 Apr. 1978, W. D. Stevens 7766 (MO!); Atlántico Sur: Municipio de Kukra Hill, Río Kama, comunidad de San Brown, Reserva privada Los Chávez, 12°08’12”N 083°55’56”W, 0–10 m, 21 April 2004, A. Grijalva 7496 (HNMN); Finca Santa Rosa, 2.5 km ENE of Rama; pastures and old fields, 12°11’N 084°12’W, 50 – 75 m, 5 Apr 1966, G.R. Proctor et al. 27335 (F!, NY!); Kurinwacito, 13°08’N 084°55’W, 80–100 m, 18 marzo 1984 – 22 marzo 1984, P.P. Moreno 23691 (MO!); Caño Montecristo, del Campamento Germán Pomares hacia arriba hasta Las Benitas, 11°36’N 083°51’W, 10 m, 6 febrero 1982, P.P. Moreno & J.C. Sandino 14922 (MO!); Punta Gorda, 11°30’55”N 083°46’30”W, 0–2 m, 12 febrero 1982, P.P. Moreno & J.C. Sandino 15198 (MO!); Along new road from Río Blanco to Río Copalar, ca. 29 km E of Río Blanco, at ford of small stream, 12°52’30”N 085°02’30”W, 200–400 m, 14 February 1979, W.D. Stevens 12194 (IBE, MO); Monkey Point; beach and bluff near village, 11°36’00”N 083°40’00”W, 0–20 m, 7 April 1981, W.D. Stevens 19990 (MO!); Boaco: NE de Mombachito, 12°25’N 085°32’W, 600–700 m, 11 mayo 1982, J.C. Sandino 2819 (MO!); Cerro Mombachito, 8.5 km noroeste de Camoapa, 12°24’N 085°33’W, 900–1020 m, 24 enero 1980, M. Araquistain & P.P. Moreno 1004 (MO!); Quebrada Río Grande, al NE de Cerro Mombachito, 12°25’N 085°32’W, 600–700 m, 30 sept. 1980, P.P. Moreno 3251 (MO!); Upper SW slope of Cerro Mombachito, S of road between Boaco and Camoapa, 12°24’N 085°33’W, 900–1000 m, 3 October 1979, W.D. Stevens et al. 14586 (MO!); Jinotega: Cordillera Isabelia, near Río Bote, Comarca de Bocaycito, 117 km from Matagalpa; lower montane rain forest [Seymour series (#)], 13°17’N 085°36’W, 1200 m, 6 May 1976, D.A. Neill 278 (7149) (MO!); Río San Juan: La Lupe, ca. 25 km ENE of Boca de Sabalo; primary forest lightly logged with silvicultural treatment, clay soils, hilly, 11°08’N 084°21’W, 80–120 m, 28 June 1997 – 2 July 1997, J. Salick & E. Stijfhoorn 8266 (MO!); 2 km al NW de Sábalos, 11°02’N 084°29’W, 70 m, 23 febrero 1984, P.P. Moreno 23299 (MO!); Municipio de San Carlos, Reserva Esperanza Verde, 11°05’N 084°44’W, 50 m, 1 Junio 2002, R.M. Rueda et al. 17268 (HULE!, MO!, US!); Rivas: Isla Ometepe, Volcán Maderas, N slope, Finca Argentina, 11°27’N 085°31’W, 600 m, 23 February 1978, D.A. Neill & P.C. Vincelli 3222 (MO!); Isla Ometepe, Volcán Maderas, N slope; cloud forest, 11°27’N 085°31’W, 800–1000 m, 24 February 1978, D.A. Neill & P.C. Vincelli 3254 (HNMN!, MO!). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Along road between Cañas (Guanacaste) and Upala, 100 m, 25 June 1976, (Fl., Fr.), T.B. Croat 36403 (MO!); San Carlos, Florencia, San Luis de Florencia, A unos 100 m al oeste de la plaza de deportes de San Luis, 280 m, 16 February 2011, (Fl.), C. Trejos 25 (CR!); San Carlos, Florencia, 9 km north of Ciudad Quesada on road to La Florencia, in patch of forest along Río Peje on property of Jose Corrales, 300 m, 3 June 1986, (Fr.), B.E. Hammel & G. Nevers 15310 (CR!, MO!); Lower W-SW slopes of Volcan Arenal, Pre-montane wet forest, 17 September 1988, (Fl.), V. Funk 10474 (CR!); San Carlos, Florencia, 22 km NE of Quesada by air, 4 km W of Muelle de San Carlos, Disturbed, seasonally dry primary forest, 9 April 1983, (Fr.), R. Liesner 14106 (CR!, MO!); San Carlos, Pital, San Carlos, Pital, ca. 8 km NE de Boca Tapada, ruta a Río San Juan, alrededores de Laguna Canacas, 50 m, 27 February 2004, (Fr.), A. Rodríguez (CR!); Along road between Cañas (Guanacaste) and Upala, 100 m, 25 June 1976, (Fr.), T.B. Croat 36404 (MO!); Los Chiles, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, 30 m, 8 July 1987, (Fr.), N. Zamora 1354 (MO!); San Ramón, Peñas Blancas, Reserva Biológica Soltis Center, Sendero a la Catarata, 500 m, 29 Agosto 2016, (Fr.), M. Cedeño et al. 929 (USJ!); Upala, Aguas Claras, Sendero Cabinas Bromelia, 490 m, 15 Diciembre 2016, (Fl.), M. Cedeño et al. 976 (USJ!); San Carlos, Monterrey, Río La Muerte, 110 m, 24 Febrero 2017, (Fl.), M. Cedeño et al. 1001 (USJ!). Cartago: Turrialba, Pavones, Javillo de Turrialba, 750 m, 30 November 1994, (Fr.), V. Nilson et al. 610 (CR!); Turrialba, CATIE, 525–600 m, 9 May 1983, (Fr.), R. Liesner 15258 (MO!); Turrialba, Forested slope leading down to the Río Reventazón behind main building of CATIE, 560–600 m, 30 July 1985, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 5739 (MO!). Guanacaste: Liberia, Mayorga, Estacion Cacao, Cerro Cacao, Bosque primario, 1060 m, 8 February 1995, (Fr.), A. Rodríguez 40 (CR!); Tilarán, Río Piedra, Arenal de Tilarán, 600 m, 7 December 1983, (Fr.), E. Valerio 69 (USJ!); Tilaran, Arenal, Santuario de la Divina Misericordia, 650 m, 11 April 2016, (Fr.), M. Cedeño et al. 872 (USJ!). Heredia: Sarapiquí, Las Horquetas, Along main road ca. 1 km SE of Las Horquetas (Buenos Aires) de Sarapiquí, 70 m, 2 June 1985, (Fl.), M.H. Grayum & B. Jacobs 5319 (CR!, MO!); Sarapiquí, Las Horquetas, Reserva Rara Avis, Sector Catarata, 700 m, 16 June 1995, (Fl.), S. Marten 878 (CR!); Sarapiquí, Horquetas (Buenos Aires), Finca CECAFOR, Sarapiquí, 80 m, 19 October 2006, (Fr.), D. Beatríz 28 (CR!); Sarapiquí, La Virgen, Bosques remanentes siguiendo el sendero del Río Peje, 100 m, 12 July 2003, (Fr.), J. Gonzales 3966 (CR!); Sarapiquí, Horquetas (Buenos Aires), Puerto Viejo a Rio Corinto, potreros, 100 m, 2 September 1993, (Fl.), B.E. Hammel 18993 (CR!); Finca La Selva, 100 m, 17 July 1982, (Fr.), B.E. Hammel 13217 (MO!); La Selva Biological Station, 100 m, 20 March 1980, (Fr.), B.E. Hammel 8189 (MO!); Finca La Selva, 100 m, 2 August 1979, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 2179 (MO!); Finca La Selva, 100 m, 12 August 1980, (Fr.), B.E. Hammel 9524 (MO!); Estación Biológica La Selva At confluence of Río Sarapiquí and Río Puerto Viejo, 50–80 m, 3 May 1987, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 8297 (MO!); Finca La Selva, 100 m, 22 May 1980, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 2844 (MO!); Finca La Selva, 100 m, 13 July 1982, (Fr.), B.E. Hammel 13159 (MO!); Sarapiquí, La Virgen, Estación Biológica La Tirimbina, Sendero la Ceiba, 197 m, 19 Febrero 2016, (Fr.), M. Cedeño et al. 1053 (USJ!). Limón: Pococí, Roxana, Along road between Mata de Limón, (incorrectly identified on Agua Fría quadrangle as ”Milloncito”) and Millón, 25 m, 7 November 1987, (Fl.), M.H. Grayum & B.E. Hammel 8406 (CR!, MO!); Talamanca, Cahuita, P.N. Cahuita, Sector Puerto Vargas, Sendero Las Baulas, 1 m, 24 August 2011, (Fl.), A. Estrada et al. 5084 (CR!); Pococí, Colorado, North shore of the mouth of the Río Colorado at Barra del Colorado, between the village and the Caribbean Sea, Low-land, tropical wet forest just behind the river white, 3 m, 12 September 1986, (Fr.), G. Davidse & G. Herrera 30955 (CR!, MO!); Pococí, Colorado, P.N. Tortuguero, Llanura de Tortuguero, Estaciòn Cuatro Esquinas, 2 m, 18 October 1989, (Fr.), J. Solano 17 (CR!); Limón, Valle la Estrella, Along road leading south from Finca Concepción, Valle La Estrella, to Hitoy Cerere reserve (to E of Río Cerere), 100 m, 31 July 1985, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 5761 (CR!, MO!); Siquirres, Pacuarito, Banana and cacao plantations on level areas between Siquirres and the Río Pacuare, and remnant forest on steep hills south of the railroad bridge over the río Pacuare, 80 m, 20 December 1969, (Fr.), W. Burger & R. Liesner 6936 (CR!); Limón to Moin road, 3 m, 21 February 1984, (Infer.), Khan et al. 1200 (CR!, MO!); Talamanca, Sixaola, R.V.S. Gandoca-Manzanillo, Sendero entre Gandoca y Manzanillo, Aprox. 1,2 Km de la entrada al sendero por el sector de Gandoca, 1 m, 11 April 2012, (Fr.), A. Estrada et al. 5344 (CR!); Limón, Valle la Estrella, Sea shore vegetation swamp forest cacao plantations and secondary growth along the Caribbean Coast between the río Bananito and Cahuita, 5 m, 9 February 1977, (Fr.), W. Burger et al. 10500 (CR!, MO!); Limón, Matama, Limón, Valle de la Estrella, Fila Matama, Cerca de 11 km SW del pueblo de Aguas Zarcas, Punto 51, Bosque maduro dominado por Tetragastris panamensis , Calatola costaricensis, Quaribaea , Sloanea y Billia rosea , 800 m, 1 November 2007, (Fr.), D. Solano 4892 (CR!); Pococí, Colorado, Tortuguero, Sendero al pie del Cerro Tortuguero, entrando por Caño Palma, 4 m, 1 September 1995, (Fl.), A. Cascante & A. Ruiz 673 (CR!); Limón, Valle la Estrella, Reserva y alrededores del Hotel Colón Caribe, Borde de Estero Negro, 5 m, 25 August 2011, (Fr.), S. Lobo et al. 3008 (CR!); Pococí, Colorado, Cerro Coronel, E of Laguna Danto, Tall evergreen forest on gentle to moderately steep slopes, 75 m, 16 January 1986, (Fr.), W. Stevens 23667 (CR!, MO!); Pococí, Toro amarillo, 30 August 1936, (Fr.), F. Solís 429 (CR!); Pococí, Roxana, P.N. Tortuguero, Estación Agua Fría, ca. 8 km al Sureste siguiendo el Sendero Los Raudales, hasta llegar a las primeras Lomas de Sierpe, Bosque primario, 55 m, 27 February 1988, (Fr.), R. Robles & L. Flores 1637 (CR!); Talamanca, Sixaola, Patch of slightly disturbed primary forest on level tract behind Naisa house, Ganddoca, 3 m, 4 May 1985, (Fl.), M.H. Grayum & G. Schatz 5281 (CR!, MO!); Talamanca, Sixaola, Colecta en sendero; a orilla de la costa de Manzanillo hacia Gandoca, 10 m, 4 October 2000, (Fr.), L. Acosta 2850 (CR!); Limón, Valle La Estrella, Hitoy Cerere, Senderos en los alrededores de la estacion, 90 m, 19 June 1997, (Fr.), A. Rodríguez 2320 (CR!); Pococí, Guapiles, Finca Bosque Lluvioso, Sendero Los Helechos, Bosques secundarios, 300 m, 8 January 2008, (Fr.), L. Vargas 2910 (CR!); Bahia de Portete Parque Nacional, 10 m, 7 January 1984, (Fr.), S. Thompson 1172 (MO!); Low areas mostly in or near cacao groves, 10 m, 4 November 1984, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 4370 (MO!); Refugio Gandoca-Manzanillo Along Río Gandoca from mouth (”Gandoca Bar”) to ca. 2 km upstream, Mainly Rhiz- ophora toward mouth; Raphia, 5 m, 29 January 1987, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 8063 (MO!); Cahuita, Abundante en el bosque y en árboles aislados, 1 May 1985, (Fr.), E. Valerio 127 (USJ!); Talamanca, Cahuita, R.V.S.M. Manzanillo, 18 m, 4 October 2017, (Fl.), M. Cedeño et al. 1070 (USJ!); Estación Carrillo de 700 a 450 m, de la Fila al Cañón del Río Sucio, Bosque muy húmedo tropical-transición a premontano, 12 November 1983, (Fr.), I. Chacón & G. Herrera 1737 (CR!, MO!); Parque Tortuguero, Estación Cuatro Esquinas, 600 m al Este de la casa-estación, Sendero a la playa, Bosque secundario, 2 m, 3 December 1987, (Fl.), R. Robles 1444 (CR!, MO!); Barra del Colorado, S side, between town and ocean beach; beach and fresh to blackish swamp, 1 m, 26 January 1986, (Fl.), W. Stevens 24090 (CR!, MO!); Barra del Colorado, N side, between town and ocean beach, Swamp forest, 1 m, 26 January 1986, (Fr.), W. Stevens 24149 (CR!, MO!). San José: Hacienda Chirripó, 200 m, 1 February 1900, (Fr.), H. Pittier 16041 (MO!); 02 Octubre 1899, (Fr.), A. Tonduz 13320 (MO!); Perez Zeledon, Cordillera de Talamanca, 1150 m, 14 February 1996, (Fr.), E. Alfaro 475 (MO!). PANAMA. Bocas del Toro: North coast of Escudo de Veraguas Island, 09°05’N 081°33’W - 09°06’N 081°35’W, 5 m, 08 August 1987, G. McPherson 11411 (MO!); Chiriquí Lagoon, on Cayo Agua, 09°08’59”N 082°01’59”W, 5 m, 11 August 1987, G. McPherson 11478 (MO!); Water Valley, vicinity of Chiriquí Lagoon, 09°14’42”N 082°23’00”W, 24 Sep 1941, H. von Wedel 2755 (MO!); Columbus Island [Isla Colón], vicinity of Chiriquí Lagoon, 09°24’N 082°17’W, 30 Aug 1941, H. von Wedel 2609 (MO!); Water Valley, vicinity of Chiriquí Lagoon, 09°14’42”N 082°23’00”W, 0 – 120 m, 2 Oct 1940, H. von Wedel 984 (MO!); Wet wooded margin of Garey Creek southeast of Almirante across bay, 09°12’00”N 082°20’36”W, 22 Aug 1964, S.T. McDaniel 5165 (IBE, MO); Changuinola. About 1 mile S of Changuinola on the Changuinola River. Forest edge of banana grove, 09°24’06”N 082°30’00”W, 19 Apr 1969, R.L. Lazor & E.L. Tyson 2658 (MO!); Colón: Westernmost part of province, site of proposed copper mine (INMET). Along proposed road to coast. Collected with Jean-Yves Serein, 08°58’28”N 080°42’23”W, 130 m, 09 April 2009, G. McPherson 20793 (MO!); Panamá: Panamá. Slopes of Cerro Jefe between Cerro Azul and La Eneida about 15 miles northeast of Panama city, 09°12’50”N 079°23’05”W, 800–900 m, 30 Dec 1971, R.L. Wilbur et al. 15566 (DUKE!).

Figures

FIGURE 24. Monstera dissecta from Sarapiquí, Costa Rica.(A) Developing inflorescence.(B) Inflorescence with open spathe frontal and back views. (C) Immature infructescence. (D) Fertile flower; in lateral view (left), and longitudinal section (right). (E) Stylar plate with stigma (left) and one stamen (right). (F) Sterile flower; lateral view (left), longitudinal section (right). (G) Juvenile plant. (H) Adult plant. M. Cedeño et al. 1001 (USJ). Image from Cedeño-Fonseca et al. (2022).

FIGURE 25. Monstera dissecta. Adult plant growing 20 m above the ground in a tree in San Carlos, Costa Rica. Photo by M. Cedeño- Fonseca. (Not collected).