Scorpaena papillosa papillosa (Schneider & Forster, 1801)

Wibowo, Kunto & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2020, Review of the Scorpaena papillosa species complex (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae) with description of a new species from southwestern Australia, Zootaxa 4852 (5), pp. 527-546 : 528-530

Scorpaena papillosa papillosa (Schneider & Forster, 1801)

English name: Red Scorpionfish

Figures 1 A–B, 2A, 3A–B, 4, 5, 6, 7A–F; Tables 1–3

Synanceia papillosus Schneider & Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 196 (based on G. Forster drawing labelled " Scorpaena cottoides "; neotype designated herein; type locality: New Zealand).

Scorpaena cruenta Solander in Richardson, 1842a: 217 (type locality: Cape Kidnappers, New Zealand); Gunther 1860: 112 (in part, New Zealand); Hutton 1873: 261, pl. 8, fig. 15 ( New Zealand); Hector 1875: 239 (west coast of Otago, New Zealand); Phillips 1927: 14 ( New Zealand).

" Scorpaena cottoides ": Richardson 1842b: 95 ; Richardson 1843: 18; Forster in Lichtenstein 1844: 128, fig. 190 of G. Forster drawing (reproduced from Synanceia papillosus Schneider & Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801 ); Forster in Hoare 1982: 240 (Dusky Sound Bay, New Zealand).

Helicolenus papillosus: McCulloch 1929: 385 (in part, New Zealand); Whitley 1968: 83 ( New Zealand).

Scorpaena ergastulorum (not Richardson): McCulloch 1929: 383 (in part, New Zealand).

Ruboralga cardinalis (not Solander & Richardson in Richardson): Whitley 1968: 84 (in part, New Zealand); Graham 1974: 349 (Otago, New Zealand).

Scorpaena papillosa: Paulin 1982: 438 , figs. 1, 2B (between Three Kings Islands and Snares Islands, New Zealand); Paulin & Roberts 1992: 137 ( New Zealand); Motomura et al. 2005a: 18 ( New Zealand); Motomura et al. 2005b: 867 (in part, New Zealand); Motomura & Struthers 2015: 1099, fig. 156.9 ( New Zealand).

Neotype. NMNZ P.028043, 164.6 mm SL, Matatuahu Point, Tawharanui Peninsula, Hauraki Gulf , North Auckland, North Island , 36º23′S, 174º49′E, 0–5 m, A. Stewart & C. Paulin, 8 Apr. 1992.

Non-type material examined. 93 specimens, 18.4–208.4 mm SL. All specimens from New Zealand. Three Kings Islands: NMNZ P.014922, 1 of 5 specimens, 139.4 mm SL, west coast of Great Island , 34°08′30″S, 172°09′06″E, 5–7 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 28 Nov. 1983 ; NMNZ P.014910, 5, 80.2–175.4 mm SL, northwest of South West Island , 34°10′12″S, 172°04′09″E, 9–12 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 26 Nov. 1983 ; NMNZ P.014934, 1 of 2, 115.9 mm SL, northeast of Great Island , 34°09′00″S, 172°09′30″E, 12–15 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 25 Nov. 1983 . North Island: AMS I. 18282-010, 4 of 5, 73.2–114.2 mm SL, Goat Island, B. Russell ; BMNH 1872.4 .26.3, 159.0 mm SL, off Wellington ; CAS 13449, 3 , 18.2–56.2 mm SL, off Lottin Point, J. Moreland ; CAS 13450, 6 , 26.7 –76.0 mm SL, Bay of Islands , J. Moreland, 1–28 Feb. 1919 ; NMNZ P.001062, 191.7 mm SL, Wellington Harbour , 41°30′S, 174°50′E, J. Toft, 9 Jun. 1952 ; NMNZ P.002696, 183.9 mm SL, off Island Bay , Wellington, 41º21′S, 174º46′E, 27–28 m, line-fishing, D. Wilson & J. Moreland, 19 Jan. 1959 ; NMNZ P.003413, 58.7 mm SL, Spirits Bay , Northland, 34º27′S, 172º 50′E, 3–4 m, R. Dell & J. Moreland, 14 Nov. 1963 ; NMNZ P.008042, 1 of 3, 81.3 mm SL, Wahine Wreckage, off Barretts Reef, Wellington Harbour , 41º21′S, 174º50′E, 7–12 m, F. Climo, 17 Sep. 1973 ; NMNZ P.009810, 1 of 3, 40.6 mm SL, Ranfurly Bank, East Cape , Gisborne, 37°38′24″S, 178°51′42″E, 79–83 m, dredge, RV Tangaroa , 22 Jan. 1981 ; NMNZ P.014104, 4, 128.9– 177.7 mm SL, Scorching Bay , Wellington, 41º18′S, 174º50′E, 5 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 14 Jun. 1983 ; NMNZ P.017112, 190.2 mm SL, Seal Rock, Sugar Loaf Islands, New Plymouth , 39°03′30″S, 174°00′12″E, 23 m, D. Gibson, 23 Mar. 1985 ; NMNZ P.018263, 1 of 10, 89.7 mm SL, Tauranga Bay, Mayor Island , Bay of Plenty, 37°18′24″S, 176°15′48″E, 12 m, A. Stewart & C. Roberts, 18 Feb. 1986 ; NMNZ P.021674, 1 of 29, 80.4 mm SL, pools between Jackson and Fantail Bays, Coromandel , 36º32′S, 175º20′E, 0–3 m, G. Hardy et al., 8 Dec. 1987 ; NMNZ P.026291, 4 of 29, 108.5– 161.2 mm SL, Mangakino Channel, Pourerere , Hawke's Bay, 40°08′12″S, 176°52′00″E, 0–2 m, 17 Jan. 1991 ; NMNZ P.026325, 1 of 9, 134.1 mm SL, east coast of Mangakuri , Hawke's Bay, 39°56′30″S, 176°56′12″E, 0–2 m, 20 Jan. 1991 ; NMNZ P.028313, 65.5 mm SL, Onepoto Bay, Hicks Bay, East Cape , Gisborne, 37°35′30″S, 178°18′15″E, 0–1 m, East Cape Field Trip Team , 3 May 1992 ; NMNZ P.031644, 92.5 mm SL, off East Cape , Gisborne, 38°16′17″S, 178°45′16″E, 140 m, 7 Jan. 1995 ; NMNZ P.033382, 117.9 mm SL, off Cape Runaway , Gisborne, 37°32′57″S, 178°00′59″E, 100 m, C. Paulin et al., 3 May 1996 ; NMNZ P.044459, 24.8 mm SL, west coast of Paratutae Island, Whatipu, North Auckland, 37°02′47.5″S, 174°30′32.1″E, 0–1 m, C. Struthers et al., 8 Apr. 2008 ; NMNZ P.044467, 82.3 mm SL, Daniel Bay, Cornwallis Peninsula, North Auckland, 37°01′02.4″S, 174°36′01.2″E, 6–7 m, C. Struthers & T. Trnski on RV Tuatini , 9 Apr. 2008 ; NMNZ P.045788, 1 of 7, 124.8 mm SL, between Oruaiti Beach and Waihau Bay, East Cape , Gisborne, 37°37′00″S, 177°55′15″E, G. Hardy & M. Hardy, 22 Dec. 1982 ; NMNZ P.046117, 58.6 mm SL, Piha Beach, North Auckland, 36°57′39.3″S, 174°27′44.5″E, 0–2 m, C. Struthers & T. Trnski, 11 Apr. 2008 ; NMNZ P.046289, 75.7 mm SL, east coast of North Cape, North Auckland, 34°23′48.6″–24′05.4″S, 173°06′07.2″–06′21.6″E, 116–119 m, epibenthic sled, Oceans 20/20- RV Tangaroa , 14 Jul. 2009; NMNZ P.046317, 63.5 mm SL, east of Elizabeth Reef, Whananaki, Bay of Islands, North Auckland, 35°30′00.6″ –29′43.8″S, 174°32′29.4″E– 32′21.6″E, 64–66 m, epibenthic sled, Oceans 20/20- RV Tangaroa , 4 Jul. 2009 ; NMNZ P.013251, 1 of 2, 68.1 mm SL, Henderson Bay, North Auckland, 34°46′S, 173°08′E, G. Hardy & M. Hardy, 30 Dec. 1982 ; NMNZ P.018380, 1 of 3, 64.7 mm SL, Motupao Island , Northland, 34°28′30″S, 172°38′00″E, 0–4 m, G. Hardy & E. Nannestad, 9 Feb. 1986 ; NMNZ P.026362, 1 of 4, 129.8 mm SL, Pauanui Point Reef , Hawke's Bay, 40°04′24″S, 176°53′48″E, 7–10 m, 16 Jan. 1991 ; NMNZ P.028119, 1of 28, 131.3 mm SL, Onepoto Bay, Hicks Bay, East Cape , Gisborne, 37°35′15″S, 178°18′00″E, 0–3 m, East Cape Field Trip Team , 4 May 1992 ; NMNZ P.028374, 1 of 16, 46.1 mm SL, north of Tokomaru Bay, Gisborne, 38°06′54″S, 178°20′24″E, 0–1 m, East Cape Field Trip Team , 5 May 1992 ; NMNZ P.029866, 1 of 15, 75.9 mm SL, between Te Araroa and Horoera, East Cape , Gisborne, 37°37′36″S, 178°25′00″E, 0–3 m, East Cape Field Trip Team , 24 Jan. 1993 ; NMNZ P.031645, 1 of 2, 153.9 mm SL, off East Cape , Gisborne, 38°25′49″S, 178°23′32″E, 28 m, B. Lee, 10 Jan. 1995 ; USNM 177058, 141.2 mm SL, off Auckland, J. Howard , 6 Jan. 1953 ; USNM 339211 , 2 , 102.9 – 110.4 mm SL, off Cape Rodney , 36°17′S, 174°49′E, 4–5 m, T. Willis et al., 12 Nov. 1994 ; USNM 339350 , 3 , 62.8–113.1 mm SL, off Cape Rodney, 36°17′S, 174°49′E, 3–5 m, T. Willis & R. Taylor , 3 Nov. 1994 ; USNM 422095 , 96.4 mm SL, Bay of Plenty, J. Moreland, 17 Mar. 1965 . South Island : BMNH 1886.11 .18.16, 160.1 mm SL, off Otago ; NMNZ P.010581, 119.1 mm SL, off north Otago, 45º15′S, 171º00′E, 51–52 m, J. Graham, Aug. 1963 ; NMNZ P.019813, 171.4 mm SL, Balleny Reef, Fiordland , Southland, 46°06′54″S, 166°34′00″E, 12–18 m, 10 May 1986 ; NMNZ P.030265, 208.4 mm SL, Acheron Passage, Fiordland , Southland, 45°39′53″S, 166°44′47″E, 0–10 m, Fiordland Field Trip Team, 21 Mar. 1993 ; NMNZ P.030425, 175.4 mm SL, south of Cunaris Sound, Chalky Inlet, Fiordland , Southland, 45°58′09″S, 166°42′32″E, 2–31 m, Fiordland Field Trip Team, 24 Mar. 1993 ; NMNZ P.030927, 112.4 mm SL, Nelson Cable Bay , Nelson, 41°09′30″S, 173°24′30″E, 2–8 m, Cape Campbell Field Trip Team, 18 Nov. 1993 ; NMNZ P.035979, 196.1 mm SL, Open Bay Island, Popotai Islet, Westland , 43°51′49″S, 168°52′29″E, 14–19 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 14 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.035999, 186.9 mm SL, Jackson's Bay, Westland , 43°57′38″S, 168°37′28″E, 8–12 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 9 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.042853, 192.8 mm SL, Flowerpot Rock, Jackson's Bay, Westland , 43°57′52″S, 168°37′21″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 9 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.047824, 165.8 mm SL, southeastern of Kaikoura Peninsula , Canterbury, 42°26′26.3″S, 173°42′58.4″E, 48 m, fish trap, MoNZ/MARS Kaikoura Field Trip Team, 18 Nov. 2010 ; NMNZ P.021221, 1 of 2, 107.9 mm SL, Lighthouse Point, Kaikoura , Marlborough, 42°25′30″S, 173°42′54″E, 6–10 m, G. Hardy & D. Gibson, 23 Feb. 1987 ; NMNZ P.030239, 2, 79.2–80.2 mm SL, Pickersgill, Dusky Sound, Fiordland , Southland, 45°47′47″S, 166°35′06″E, 2–18 m, Fiordland Field Trip Team, 27 Mar. 1993 ; NMNZ P.036267, 1 of 9, 145.2 mm SL, north side of Smoothwater Bay, Westland , 43°57′59″S, 168°35′28″E, 2–3 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 8 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.036451, 1 of 10, 151.0 mm SL, off Homminy Cove , 43°58′28″S, 168°34′14″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Jackson-Haast Field Trip Team, 11 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.036576, 2, 19.0– 24.4 mm SL, Mock-Maker Reef, Jackson's Bay , 43°58′53″S, 168°37′16″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Haast-Buller Field Trip Team, 14 Feb. 1999 ; NMNZ P.037390, 1 of 2, 148.8 mm SL, Black Reef, off Westport , 41°43′29.0″S, 171°28′11.4″E, 0–3 m, MoNZ Haast-Buller Field Trip Team, 24 Feb. 2000 ; USNM 039664 , 144.1 mm SL, precise locality unknown, Otago Univ. Museum, 1888. Stewart Island: NMNZ P.027582, 157.6 mm SL, Harrold's Bay , Halfmoon Bay , 46°53′45″S, 168°09′15″E, 2–5 m, Stewart Island Field Trip Team, 4 Mar. 1992 ; NMNZ P.027759, 142.0 mm SL, Port Pegasus, 47°10′12″S, 167°41′06″E, 13–18 m, Stewart Island Field Trip Team, 11 Mar. 1992 . Snares Islands: NMNZ P.006828, 117.0 mm SL, Hoho Bay, Snares Island , 48º01′S, 166º35′E, 40 m, D. Horning, 9 Dec. 1974 ; NMNZ P.016331, 1 of 3, 182.8 mm SL, Hoho Bay, Snares Island , 48°01′30″S, 166°36′42″E, 9 m, linefishing, G. Scrimgeour et al., 30 Nov. 1984 ; NMNZ P.016333, 2, 160.3– 167.3 mm SL, west coast of Snares Island , 48°03′30″S, 166°29′00″E, 140 m, craypot, FV Savannah, 1 Dec. 1984 ; NMNZ P.016334, 3 of 6, 118.7– 174.2 mm SL, Hoho Bay, Snares Island , 48°01′30″S, 166°36′42″E, 6 m, G. Hardy & A. Stewart, 1 Dec. 1984 . Auckland Islands: NMNZ P.031135, 125.6 mm SL, Campbell Plateau , 48°46′35.4″–45′18.0″S, 167°19′27.6″–23′34.8″E, 135– 145 m, bottom trawl, RV Tangaroa , 3 Mar. 1994 . Chatham Islands: NMNZ P.026583, 163.6 mm SL, Heaphy Shoal, Chatham Island , 43°58′12″S, 176°36′36″W, 14–15 m, craypot, A. Stewart, 9 Feb. 1991 ; NMNZ P.026755, 1 of 2, 49.3 mm SL, Te Raki Bay, Chatham Island , 43°48′36″S, 176°53′00″W, 8–10 m, A. Stewart, 11 Feb. 1991 .

Diagnosis. A subspecies of Scorpaena distinguished from other members of the S. papillosa complex by the following combination of characters (all morphometrics based on specimens less than 70 mm SL): pectoral-fin rays 15–17 (mode 16); scale rows in longitudinal series 42–48 (44 or 45); scale rows above lateral line 6–8 (7), below 13–18 (14); scale rows between 6th dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 6–8 (7), between last dorsal-fin spine base and lateral line 6–8 (7); body depth 30.4–37.2 (mean 34.1) % of SL; upper-jaw length 16.8–20.4 (19.4) % of SL; maxilla depth 4.8–6.3 (5.5) % of SL; postorbital length 17.8–20.3 (19.0) % of SL; least distance between interorbital ridges 0.8–1.8 (1.3) % of SL; 1st anal-fin spine length 8.9–12.7 (10.9) % of SL; anterior lacrimal spine simple or with 1–3 additional spinous points on posterior margin; two separated pores behind lower jaw symphysial knob (rarely united, in 5 of all specimens examined); supraocular tentacle tiny or small (usually tiny); all fins of preserved specimens usually blackish or yellowish-brown with many small blackish spots on soft rayed portions; largest recorded specimen 208.4 mm SL.

Distribution. Distributed throughout New Zealand waters, from the Three Kings Islands (34°S) to the Campbell Plateau and Auckland Islands (48°S) ( Fig. 4 ). Specimens examined in this study had been collected from shallow rocky reef to deep water habitats at depths between 0–151 m, most commonly in depths less than 25 m.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of head of Scorpaena papillosa papillosa, NMNZ P.028043, neotype, 164.6 mm SL. Lateral (C) and dorsal (D) views of head of S. vesperalis n. sp., WAM P. 28521-003, holotype, 58.7 mm SL. Numerous small papillae and sensory pores on head and outer margin of eye not illustrated. Yellow, red and blue arrowheads indicate coronal spines, anterodorsal lacrimal spine and lateral lacrimal spine, respectively. Scale bar indicates 5 mm.

FIGURE 4. Distribution of Scorpaena papillosa papillosa (blue circles), S. p. ergastulorum (yellow squares), S. vesperalis n. sp. (red triangles), based on collected specimens examined in this study. Arrowheads indicate type localities of S. p. papillosa and S. vesperalis n. sp.