Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus)

Weissman, David B. & Gray, David A., 2019, Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae), Zootaxa 4705 (1), pp. 1-277 : 29-32

Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus)

(European) House Cricket

Figs 7–10

Although not a Gryllus and not native to the US, Acheta domesticus is widespread in the western US and seems to be expanding its range (Weissman et al. 1980, 2012). Additionally, calling songs of feral males, anecdotally, appear to be getting louder (even as we grow older and our hearing gets worse) and the chirps seemingly more regular, thus sounding more like a native Gryllus species ( Weissman et al. 2012). Because we have been spending more time locating these feral males, for identification purposes and to confirm that they are not a Gryllus , we include our collection data here (see Fig. 10 ). Many more eastern US collection sites are given in Walker (2019). Interestingly, this species appears not to have established permanent colonies in Australia, despite being introduced ( Rentz & Weissman 2017).

Distribution. Worldwide cosmopolitan cricket.

Recognition characters and song. Usually straw colored (but some individuals dark—see Fig. 7 ), always with long hind wings, unless apterous ( Weissman & Rentz 1977b, Walker 1977), and a distinctive, irregular, dark transverse bar extending between the eyes. A similar bar is seen in introduced Gryllodes sigillatus but this other cricket always has short hind wings, longer cerci, more flattened appearance, and quicker evasive movements. Song ( Figs. 8 , 9 ; R 11–133 ), in A. domesticus , 2–4 (usually 2–3) pulses/chirp delivered at 40–200/minute, dominant frequency 4500–5000 Hz. Compare with the more rapid chirp rate of G. sigillatus on SINA ( Walker 2019).

Geographic range. Fig. 10 .

Specimens examined. Arizona. La Paz Co., Quartzite , 26-vi-1980 (S80-46) ; 27-vii-1981 (S81-33) ; 14-ix-2011 (S11-89). Maricopa Co., Buckeye , gas station, 840’, 18-ix-2011 (S11-102). Gila Bend , 712’, 1-viii-2009 (S09-103); 30-vii-2015 (S15-111) . Goodyear , 31-vii-1981 (S81-46) . Scottsdale , 22-iv-1985 (S85-41) . Hwy 85 10.5 m N Ajo , 1240’, 20-viii-1998 (S98-73) . Pima Co., Ajo, 1720 ’, 20-viii-1998 (S98-72, 98-74). Catalina , 2940’, 18-viii-1998 (S98-65) . Organ Pipe National Monument , 1-ix-1961 , D.C. Rentz. Outskirts Tucson on Saguaro Rd. , 31-vii-1981 (S81-35) . Yuma Co., Telegraph Pass , 676’, 15-ix-2011 (S11-92, S11-94). California. Imperial Co., Algodones Dunes 2.6 m NW Glamis off Ted Kipf Road , 240’, 15-ix-2011 (S11-91) . El Centro , 27 & 28-i-1959 , Kirschbaum, D.C. Rentz. Inyo Co., Death Valley National Park, Furnace Creek , 5-vi-1983 (S83-60) ; 5-v-2003 (S03-36) . Kern Co. Bakersfield near Cal State Bakersfield , 5-viii-1980 (S80-70) . Los Angeles Co., CSU Northridge campus, 8-v-2003 (S03-47) . Westlake Village , 22-v-1982 . Orange Co., Crystal Cove , 7-vii-1976 . Tustin , 20-vii-1975 ; 12-vi-1976 . Riverside Co., Blythe , 26-vi-1980 (S80-47) . Corn Springs , 1-ix-2001 ; 18-iv-2010, 3-ix-2012 ; 10-iv-2015. Joshua Tree National Monument, Cottonwood Springs , 3000’, 7-viii-1988 (S88-78) . Palm Springs , 2-iv-1989 (S89-8) . UC Riverside campus, 15-vii-2001 (S01-96) . Box Canyon Rd 10.9 m E Mecca , 800’, 7-viii-1988 (S88-76) . San Bernardino Co., Baker , 1000’, 4-viii-1991 (S91-72) . Barstow , 2300’, 22-vii-2016 (S16-28) . Havasu Lake , 460’, 13- ix-2011 (S11-84) . Newberry Springs , 2160’, 16-viii-1998 (S98-59) . Route 66 at intersection I40 , truck stop. 2103’ 23-vii-2016 (S16-32). Ludlow exit off I40 , 2060’, 16-viii-1998 (S98-60). San Bernardino Mts., Mill Creek Ranger Station , 2800’, 25-vii-1981 (S81-27) . San Diego Co., Borrego Springs , 8-viii-1988 (S88-83) . Santa Clara Co., Los Gatos , 10-ix-1990 . Stanford University, Lake Lagunita , 26-viii-1983 (S83-113) . Shasta Co., Shasta Lake, Bridge Bay Road yacht area, 4-viii-1980 (S80-67) . Kansas. Sedgewick Co., Wichita , 9-viii-1980 . Nebraska. Red Willow Co., McCook , 28-viii-1989 (S89-74) . Nevada. Clark Co., Cottonwood Cove , 750’, 24-vi-1980 (S80-36) ; 26-vii- 1981 (S81-31) . Oregon. Benton Co., Corvallis , 18-i-1969 , Tao. Utah. Utah Co., Provo , 1-ii-1965 , A.T. Whitehead. Texas. Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village , 1860’, 28-v-2016 (S16-12) . Tarrant Co., Grapevine Lake Dam , 23-v-2001 (S01-48) . Tom Green Co., San Angelo , 11-vi-1988 (S88-30) . Val Verde Co., Del Rio , 1000’, 27-vi-1986 (S86-48).

DNA. Multilocus 2017-045 (Gray et al. 2019) shows that A. domesticus is more closely related to Nigrogryllus than to Teleogryllus .

Discussion. Several of the above localities are natural habitats away from human disturbance—e.g. Algodones Dunes (S11-91), Telegraph Pass (S11-92), Box Canyon Road (S88-76), 10.5 m N Ajo (S98-73), which is why we recommended ( Weissman et al. 2012) a switch to Gryllodes sigillatus by the pet-feeder industry, because the latter does not appear to readily exist away from human disturbance. Olzer et al. (2019) compared behavior of feral and commercially reared A. domesticus .

Figures

FIGURE 7. Color variation found in wild A. domesticus. Both individuals from Orange Co., CA (S16-12).

FIGURE 8. Five second waveform of calling song of A. domesticus: (R11-133) Telegraph Pass, AZ (S11-94), at 24°C;

FIGURE 9. One second spectrogram of A. domesticus, same male as in Fig. 8.

FIGURE 10. Populations of Acheta domesticus that we studied.

FIGURE 11. Male (a) G. bimaculatus with obvious bilateral, pale-yellowish area at base of tegmina. Female (b) with similar, but smaller areas. Both specimens from commercial pet store.

FIGURE 12. Five second calling song of G. bimaculatus (R12-14) commercial pet store, at 25°C.

FIGURE 13. One second spectrogram of G. bimaculatus, same male as in Fig. 12.

FIGURE 14. Head on view of male G. locorojo showing head stripes.

FIGURE 15. Five second calling song of G. locorojo: (R12-3) commercial pet store, at 22°C.

FIGURE 16. One second spectrogram of G. locorojo, same male as in Fig. 15.

FIGURE 17. ITS2 gene tree. G. brevicaudus samples: S03-8 (G5); S16-1 (G3354, G3393); G. insularis samples: Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte, Mexico; G. bryanti samples: Andros Island, Bahamas; G. alexanderi sample: Clarion Island, Colima, Mexico.

FIGURE 18. Holotype male, and labels, of G. brevicaudus.

FIGURE 19. Top: Live male (Jasper Ridge, S92-44) G. brevicaudus showing distinctive yellow-orange markings that contrast with rest of black cricket. Bottom: Female from Palo Alto, CA (S87-33) showing short ovipositor.

FIGURE 20. Five second waveform (A) and one second spectrogram (B) of calling song (R03-8) of G. brevicaudus from San Benito Co., CA (S03-8), recorded at 24.5°C.

FIGURE 21. Known distribution for G. brevicaudus. Star shows type locality.

FIGURE 22. Left Panel: G. bryanti (on left) vs. sympatric G. assimilis (right), both from Bahamas. Note head wider than pronotum in G. bryanti. Right Panel: Three second waveform of typical single-pulse chirp calling song of G. bryanti (neotype male, GBM08, Andros Island, at 25 °C).

FIGURE 23. Male holotype (right) and female allotype (left) G. ovisopis.

FIGURE 24. Holotype male (left), G. thinos. Female (right) from type locality showing typical, linear head stripes.

FIGURE 25. Calling song of G. thinos (R07-125) Cameron Co., TX (S07-25), at 25°C: (A) five second waveform, (B) one second spectrogram.

FIGURE 26. Known distribution of G. thinos.

FIGURE 27. ITS2 gene tree showing some separation between Padre Island and Boca Chica samples of G. thinos.

FIGURE 28. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus. G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C. G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C.

FIGURE 29. One second spectrograms of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus; same males as in Fig. 28.

FIGURE 30. ITS2 gene tree. G. firmus samples: S03-85 (G60, G61, G62); S07-25 (G1073, G1074); S07-26 (G1186, G1235); S10-63 (G1920, G1922); S10-67 (G1915); S11-29 (G2165, G2029, G2034); S13-41 (G2709); S13-59 (G2716); G. pennsylvanicus samples: S08-74 (G709, G710); S11-107 (G2208); S11-108 (G2211).

FIGURE 31. Five second calling song of G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C.

FIGURE 32. Populations of G. pennsylvanicus studied by us.

FIGURE 33. Size differences, in G. pennsylvanicus, between northern (right) from Berrien Co., Michigan, and southern (left) from Saline Co., KS [S02-49]).

FIGURE 34. Map of G. pennsylvanicus showing variation in file tooth number across the United States. File teeth range from 124 (Vancouver, S00-54)) to 223 (Oklahoma City, S02-48).

FIGURE 35. Long ovipositor G. pennsylvanicus from Saline Co., KS (S02-49).

FIGURE 36. Regression G. pennsylvanicus showing a weak correlation between number of file teeth and hind femur length, the latter a proxy for body size.

FIGURE 37. Regression G. pennsylvanicus vs. G. veletis demonstrating longer ovipositors in the former taxa. Specimens from only the 6 localities discussed in text.

FIGURE 38. Lectotype male, G. firmus, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 39. Populations of G. firmus that we studied.

FIGURE 40. Five second calling song in G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C.

FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65).

FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G. firmus (S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern.

FIGURE 43. Regression file tooth number vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’

FIGURE 44. Regression length ovipositor vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’

FIGURE 45. Regression body length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013).

FIGURE 46. Regression pronotal width vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013).

FIGURE 47. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013).

FIGURE 48. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus.

FIGURE 49. Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus.

FIGURE 50. Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus.

FIGURE 51. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. firmus.

FIGURE. 52. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. pennsylvanicus showing males with higher numbers of file teeth have lower pulse rates.

FIGURE 53. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate for combined comparison between G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus.

FIGURE 54. ITS2 gene tree. G. multipulsator sample: S03-41 (G577); G. assimilis samples: S10-64 (G1901); S16-12 (G3367, G3373); G. locorojo sample: type locality (Rainbow Mealworms); G. veintinueve samples: S02-39 (G134); S07-21 (G1139); S07-27 (G1140, G1211); S09-71 (G1451); OK, Love Co., Hwy 32 at Boggy Creek (2015-055).

FIGURE 55. Five second waveform (A) and one second spectrogram (B) of calling song (R09-89) of G. veintinueve from type locality (S09-71), recorded at 25°C.

FIGURE 56. Regression width pronotum vs. length hind femur in G. veintinueve vs. sympatric G. veletis, showing near morphological separation.

FIGURE 57. ITS2 gene tree. G. veintinueve samples: S02-39 (G134); S07-21 (G1139); S07-27 (G1140, G1211); S09-71 (G1451); OK, Love Co., Hwy 32 at Boggy Creek (2015-055). G. vernalis samples: S03-56 (G27, G1739); S03-62 (G31, G33). G. fultoni samples: S03-62 (G32, G34); S03-64 (G35), S07-22 (G1138). G. veletis samples: S03-58 (G39); S03-60 (G30); S15-9 (G2939); S15-16 (G2927, G2934); S15-21 (G2899); S15-24 (G2936); S15-25 (G2963, G2968, G2983); S15-53 (G3304, G3343).

FIGURE 58. Holotype male (left), G. veintinueve, paratype (middle) female (S09-71), and color variant (right) male (S02- 46).

FIGURE 59.. Known US distribution of G. veintinueve.

FIGURE 60. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. assimilis and (B) G. multipulsator. (A) G. assimilis: (R13-231) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 25°C; (B) G. multipulsator: (R15-325) Pima Co., AZ (S15-108), at 25.4°C.

FIGURE 61. One second spectrograms of G. assimilis (A) and G. multipulsator (B), same males as in Fig. 60.

FIGURE 62. ITS2 gene tree. G. assimilis samples: S10-64 (G1901); S16-12 (G3367, G3373); G. multipulsator sample: S03- 41 (G577); G. locorojo sample: type locality (Rainbow Mealworms); G. veintinueve samples: S02-39 (G134); S07-21 (G1139); S07-27 (G1140, G1211); S09-71 (G1451); OK, Love Co., Hwy 32 at Boggy Creek (2015-055).

FIGURE 63. Neotype male, Gryllus assimilis, photographs and labels.

FIGURE 64. Color variation in G. assimilis from reddish female (left, Brackettville, TX, S10-63) to dark male (right, Quintana Roo, Mexico, S02-12). Note head narrower than pronotum and hirsute and dull pronotum surface.

FIGURE 65. Top: Five second waveform of calling song of G. assimilis (R13-231) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 25°C; Bottom: One second waveform of same song showing individual pulses.

FIGURE 66. Known US distribution, G. assimilis within native range (also found introduced in south Florida, see SINA: https://sina.orthsoc.org/).

FIGURE 67. Holotype male, Gryllus multipulsator, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 68. Color variation in G. multipulsator, from reddish male (left, Riverside Co., CA, S03-41); brown female (middle, Santa Cruz Island, CA, S04-65); black male (right, Riverside Co., CA, S03-41).

FIGURE 69. Top: Five second waveform of calling song of G. multipulsator (R15-325) Pima Co., AZ (S15-108), at 25.4°C; Middle: One second waveform of same song showing individual pulses; Bottom: Expansion of an individual chirp showing decreasing pulse rate towards end of chirp.

FIGURE 70. Known US distribution, G. multipulsator.

FIGURE 71. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. rubens, (B) G. texensis, and (C) G. regularis. (A) G. rubens: (R13-220) Tulsa, OK (S13-68), at 25°C; (B) G. texensis: (R13-224) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 26°C; (C) G. regularis (R99- 211) Sinaloa, MX (S99-86), at 25.5°C.

FIGURE 72. One second spectrograms of (A) G. rubens, (B) G. texensis, and (C) G. regularis, same males as in Fig. 71.

FIGURE 73. ITS2 gene tree. G. rubens samples: Orlando, FL (F122); Lake City & Ocala, FL (Genbank SRA, Berdan et al. 2016); G. regularis samples: S07-2 (G1101); S07-41 (G1085); S15-67 (G3154); S15-102 (G3280); G. texensis samples: S15-43 (G3048); S16-12 (G3382, G3403, G3404, G3421); Uvalde, TX (d102); Bastrop, TX (d1042).

FIGURE 74. Holotype female G. rubens, with labels.

FIGURE 75. Regression of pronotum width vs. ovipositor length in the only two trilling eastern US taxa shows that holotype most consistent with G. rubens.

FIGURE 76. Populations of G. rubens that we studied.

FIGURE 77. One second waveform, pulse rate of 56, of calling song of G. rubens: (R13-220) Tulsa, OK (S13-68), at 25°C.

FIGURE 78. Regression of number file teeth vs. hind femur length showing separation of sympatric G. rubens from G. texensis.

FIGURE 79. Regression of number file teeth vs. teeth/mm showing separation of sympatric G. rubens from G. texensis.

FIGURE 80. Color variation in G. rubens, all three individuals from Cape Girardeau Co., MO (S02-58).

FIGURE 81. Atypical G. rubens calling song: (R02-74) Cape Girardeau Co., MO (S02-58), at 26°C.

FIGURE 82. Left: Regression of sympatric G. rubens and G. texensis from Tulsa, OK (S13-68) showing lack of separation in individuals for pulse rate vs. file teeth number. Right: Histogram of pulse rates of these same males.

FIGURE 83. Neotype male, G. texensis, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 84. One second waveform, pulse rate of 75, of calling song of G. texensis: (R13-224) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 26°C

FIGURE 85. Regression of file teeth number vs. hind femur in G. texensis vs. G. rubens showing overlap but lower number of teeth in latter.

FIGURE 86. Regression of pronotum width vs. ovipositor length in G. texensis vs. G. rubens showing generally shorter ovipositor length in former.

FIGURE 87. Regression of file teeth number vs. hind femur length in G. texensis vs. G. armatus showing overlap but generally more teeth in latter.

FIGURE 88. Populations of US G. texensis that we studied.

FIGURE 89. Color variation in G. texensis, both pictured individuals from Brackettville, TX (S10-63).

FIGURE 90. Regression of file teeth vs. teeth/mm showing separation of sympatric G. rubens from G. texensis.

FIGURE 91. One second waveform, pulse rate of 39, of calling song of G. regularis (R99-211) from Sinaloa, MX (S99-86), recorded at 25.5°C

FIGURE 92. Regression of width pronotum vs. hind femur length in G. regularis vs. G. cohni showing narrower pronotum in the latter.

FIGURE 93. Holotype male (left) and paratype female (right), both from the type locality (S07-61)

FIGURE 94. Known US distribution of G. regularis.

FIGURE 95. G. regularis with subtle pairing of pulses (R11-167), from Yavapai Co., AZ (S11-105), at 21°C.

FIGURE 96. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs of (A) G. integer, (B) G. armatus with introductory trill, and (C) G. armatus without introductory trill. (A) G. integer: (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C; (B) G. armatus: (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C; (C) G. armatus (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C.

FIGURE 97. One second spectrograms of (A) G. integer, (B) G. armatus, and (C) G. armatus; same male recordings as in Fig. 96.

FIGURE 98. ITS2 gene tree and distribution map for both G. armatus and G. integer showing both geographic separation and zone of possible hybridization. Collection stop numbers for G. armatus: S04-121 (G358, G359); S05-110 (G511, G512, G513, G515); S07-26 (G1165); S07-33 (G1077); S07-79 (G1228); S10-62 (G1918); S10-63 (G1899); S11-90 (G2172); S12- 36 (G2264); S12-104 (G2411); S13-18 (G2473); S13-46 (G2566); S15-54 (G3096, G3077, G3081); S15-71 (G3101, G3074); S15-73 (G3072); Albuquerque, NM (2003-175); Cordes Junction, AZ (2006-241); Agua Fria, AZ (2006-244). Collection stop numbers for G. integer: S03-100 (G58, G59); S04-36 (G243); S04-40 (G210); S0455 (G245, G246); S04-60 (G218); S04-128 (G370); S05-23 (G477); S05-99 (G499); S06-77 (G629); S09-109 (G1439); S09-114 (G1441, G1445); S11-72 (G2113, G2148); S11-73 (G2143); S12-116 (G2431); S15-80 (G3195, G3316); S15-91 (G3178, G3265); S15-95 (G3292); S16-21 (G3416); S17-6 (G3502, G3525); S16-5 (G3374, G3381); S16-12 (G3366); Hwy 276 mile 30 Sinclair Gas, Garfield Co., UT (2003-038, 2003-039, 2003-041); Winslow, AZ (2003-312, 2012-029, 2012-030, 2012-031, 2012-032).

FIGURE 99. Lectotype male, G. integer, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 100. Known US distribution, G. integer, along with sister species G. armatus, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area.

FIGURE 101. Five second waveform of typical calling song of G. integer (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C.

FIGURE 102. One second waveform of typical calling song of G. integer (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C revealing the typical fast 3 pulse/chirp structure.

FIGURE 103. Anomalous song (top) of G. integer (R98-123) Churchill Co., NV (S98-95), at 25°C, without distinctive 3 pulse chirp structure. Spectrogram (bottom) of same male, but note different time scale.

FIGURE 104. 16S gene tree with G. integer samples in blue and G. armatus samples in purple. Locality information follows all ID numbers. Note the two 16S clades within G. armatus.

FIGURE 105. Lectotype male, G. armatus, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area.

FIGURE 107. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs G. armatus with (top) an introductory trill (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C, and without (bottom) (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C.

FIGURE 108. One second waveforms of typical calling song of G. armatus, same males as in Fig. 107, showing presence (top) and absence (bottom) of an introductory trill in a burst.

FIGURE 109. Atypical, irregular trill calling song of G. armatus (R05-43) Baker, CA (S05-110), at 21.5°C. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram.

FIGURE 110. Atypical calling song of G. armatus (R13-52) Bisbee, AZ, at 24°C, with introductory trill followed by 2-10 pulse chirps. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram.

FIGURE 111. Color variation seen in second generation (summer) G. armatus, with both pictured male individuals from Baker, CA (S05-110).

FIGURE 112. Dark colored male G. armatus from Cornudas, TX (S01-65, R01-177).

FIGURE 113. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. fultoni and (B) G. vernalis. G. fultoni: (R03-86) Hocking Co., OH (S03-64), at 25°C; G. vernalis: (R03-104) Jefferson Co., MO (S03-56), at 24.5°C.

FIGURE 114. One second spectrograms of (A) G. fultoni and (B) G. vernalis, same males as in Fig. 113.

FIGURE 115. ITS2 gene tree. G. vernalis samples: S03-56 (G27, G1739); S03-62 (G31, G33). G. fultoni samples: S03-62 (G32, G34); S03-64 (G35), S07-22 (G1138).

FIGURE 116. Lectotype female, G. vernalis, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 117. Allolectotype male, G. vernalis, specimen and labels.

FIGURE 118. Pair of G. vernalis from Crawford Co., Indiana (S03-62). Note separation of tegmina of female (left).

FIGURE 119. Calling song (R03-104) of G. vernalis from Jefferson Co., MO (S03-56), recorded at 24.5°C.

FIGURE 120. Size and color comparison of G. vernalis (left, S03-56, Jefferson Co., MO) vs. G. fultoni (right, S03-62, Crawford Co., IN).

FIGURE 121. Populations of G. vernalis that we studied.

FIGURE 122. 16S gene tree and distribution map showing two 16S Clades for both G. vernalis and G. fultoni (the latter situation is discussed, below, under G. fultoni). G. vernalis samples: S03-56 (G26, G27, G1740); S03-57 (G28, G1700, G1701, G1738); S03-62 (G31, G33, G440); S14-35 (G2754, G2755). G. fultoni samples: S01-47 (G1704); S03-56 (G38, G1703); S03- 62 (G32, G34); S03-64 (G35, G1712); S07-22 (G1020, G1138).

FIGURE 123. Holotype male (upper) G. fultoni and allotype female (bottom), with labels.

FIGURE 124. Color variation in G. fultoni: female (left) and both males (middle and right), all three from Crawford Co., IN (S03-62). Note narrow heads, especially in male on right, and separation of female tegmina.

FIGURE 125. Calling song (R03-86) of G. fultoni from Hocking Co., Ohio (S03-64), recorded at 25°C.

FIGURE 126. Populations of G. fultoni that we studied. See Walker (2019) for more eastern localities.

FIGURE 127. Holotype male of G. cayensis, with labels.

FIGURE 128. Allotype female of G. cayensis, with labels.

FIGURE 129. Photograph of live G. cayensis female used in multilocus sequencing.

FIGURE 130. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. veletis and (B) G. planeta. G. veletis: (R03-118) near type locality (S03-58), at 24°C; G. planeta: (R15-160) near type locality (S15-61), at 24.9°C.

FIGURE 131. One second spectrograms of (A) G. veletis and (B) G. planeta, same males as in Fig. 130.

FIGURE 132. ITS2 gene tree. G. planeta samples: S15-61 (G3088, G3094, G3114, G3135, G3344, G3345, G3347); S15-63 (G3130). G. veletis samples: S03-58 (G39); S03-60 (G30); S15-9 (G2939); S15-13 (G2884, G2929); S15-16 (G2927, G2934); S15-21 (G2894, G2895, G2896, G2899, G2942); S15-24 (G2936); S15-25 (G2963, G2968, G2983); S15-53 (G3304, G3343); S15-62 (G3131, G3134); S15-67 (G3137, G3144); S15-78 (G3145, G3147); Salt Lake City, UT (2009-013). Most ITS2 sequenced western US G. veletis samples match closely with the two eastern US samples from near the type locality, but a few samples from eastern NV, central NM, and west TX are genetically somewhat divergent. G. montis Clade 1 ITS2 sequences fall within this Group, but alternative placements are supported by different genes and analysis methods (see under G. montis, page 201, for discussion).

FIGURE 133. Holotype male (left) G. veletis and allotype female (right), with labels.