Therophilus stephensae, 2011
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.2887.1.1 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/16742D5F-FF9A-6A59-FF34-F8BDFA5E6E80 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Therophilus stephensae |
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Key to described species of Australian Therophilus
This key has been developed to enable the identification of described species of Australian Therophilus , which includes most of the commonly encounted species from eastern and south-eastern parts of the continent. In addition, character combinations at several couplets (e.g. couplets 7, 8, 13) make provision for undescribed taxa that comprise the majority of Therophilus species in Australia. The inclusion of undescribed material in the key should enable described Australian material to be identified successfully. 1. Paired carinae or groove between antennal insertions (toruli) ( Figs 7E–F View FIGURE 7 )........................................ 2
- Single rounded elevation or carina present between antennal insertions (toruli) ( Figs 7A–D View FIGURE 7 ).......................... 3
2.(1) Notauli mostly absent, if faintly present then with no associated sculpturing ( Fig. 15B View FIGURE 15 ); wings clear, not infuscate ( Fig. 15A View FIGURE 15 ); propodeum rugose (e.g., Figs 5D, E View FIGURE 5 ); groove between antennae, extending onto face ( Fig. 7E View FIGURE 7 )... T. stephensae Stevens n. sp.
- Notauli scrobiculate (e.g., Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ); wings infuscate; propodeum rugose-carinate (e.g., Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ); region between antennae elevated above toruli, with slight groove only developed dorsally, forming paired carinae (e.g., Fig. 7F View FIGURE 7 ).................................................................................................... T. rufobrunneus (Turner)
3.(1) Notuali with scrobiculate sculpturing or entirely smooth ( Figs 3A, B View FIGURE 3 ), rarely with faint punctate sculpturing............ 4
- Notauli absent ( Figs 3C–F View FIGURE 3 )............................................................................ 11
4.(3) Notauli with scrobiculate sculpturing ( Figs 3A View FIGURE 3 , 16A View FIGURE 16 ), or rarely with faint punctate sculpturing....................... 5
- Notaulus smooth ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 )............................................................................. 10
5.(4) Body with distinct black, red-orange and white (i.e. BROW) colour pattern ( Figs 12A–F View FIGURE 12 , 17A–H View FIGURE 17 )..................... 6
- Body with different colour pattern, including body entirely or mostly yellow or dark brown to black, or combination of yellow and dark brown to black (e.g., Figs 13B, D, G View FIGURE 13 , 16 C, D View FIGURE 16 )....................................................... 8
6.(5) Mesosoma black and head orange (e.g., Figs 12C, D View FIGURE 12 ); propodeal sculpturing unusual, with longitudinal rugose striations medially, rugose punctations antero-laterally and faintly granulate to smooth postero-laterally; ventro-posterior genal margin slightly expanded posteriorly (e.g., Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 )............................................... T. antipodus (Ashmead)
- Mesosoma mostly orange, except propodeum with varying amounts of black to dark brown; head often not entirely orange, sometimes mostly black to dark brown ( Figs 17E–H View FIGURE 17 ); propodeal sculpturing more extensive and pronounced, rugose to rugose-carinate ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 ).............................................................................. 7
7.(6) Sternalus long, curved, and entirely scrobiculate (e.g., Fig. 4F View FIGURE 4 ); groove along dorsal mesopleuron entirely scrobiculate (e.g., Fig. 4F View FIGURE 4 ); basal one-third of M+Cu not pigmented ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 )................................... T. rufithorax (Turner)
- With at least one of the following character states: sternalus relatively short and scrobiculate posteriorly only (e.g. Figs 4D, G View FIGURE 4 ); groove along dorsal mesopleuron smooth or not entirely scrobiculate (e.g., Figs 4G, H View FIGURE 4 ); most of basal one-third of M+Cu pigmented ( Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 )............................................................. undescribed Therophilus spp.
8.(5) T2 with striate sculpturing (e.g., Figs 5 C, D View FIGURE 5 )........................................ undescribed Therophilus spp.
- T2 smooth, or if sculpturing present, then less pronounced and non-striate ( Fig. 5B View FIGURE 5 )................................. 9
9.(8) Head and mesosoma dark brown to black ( Fig. 13D View FIGURE 13 ); propodeum coarsely rugose-carinate (e.g., Fig. 5C View FIGURE 5 ).............................................................................................. T. pedunculatus (Szépligeti)
- Head and mesosoma always with some yellow present, ranging from mostly yellow, to mostly black to dark brown but with yellow still distinctly visible ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ); propodeal sculpturing ranging from entirely rugose-granulate to entirely granulate ( Figs 3B View FIGURE 3 , 5B View FIGURE 5 ) [ Norfolk Island and neighbouring islands]..................................... T. mishae Stevens n. sp.
10.(4) Body mostly yellow, slightly darker dorsally ( Fig. 13B View FIGURE 13 ); propodeum mostly smooth; body not pilose, with setae generally sparse and relatively short (length <0.1 mm)............................................... T. martialis (Turner)
- Head orange, antenna black, mesosoma mostly black except for orange propleuron and pronotum, metasoma mostly black to dark brown ( Fig. 13H View FIGURE 13 ); propodeum extensively rugose-punctuate; pilose in appearance, setae relatively dense and long (length 0.1–0.15 mm)....................................................................... T. xanthopsis (Turner)
11.(3) Ventro-posterior genal margin slightly expanded posteriorly ( Figs 6C, D View FIGURE 6 )........................................ 12
- Ventro-posterior genal margin rounded, not expanded posteriorly ( Figs 2A–C View FIGURE 2 ).................................... 14
12.(11) Mesosoma black, or mostly so; propleuron sometimes partly or entirely orange ( Figs 12C View FIGURE 12 , 13E, F View FIGURE 13 ).................... 13
- Mesosoma mostly orange ( Fig. 12B View FIGURE 12 )...................................................... T. malignus (Turner)
13.(12) Sternalus distinctly scrobiculate (e.g., Fig. 4H View FIGURE 4 ); both ovipositor and fore wing lengths nearly as long or longer than body length................................................................................ T. latibalteatus (Cameron)
- With at least one of the following character states: sternalus mostly smooth (e.g., Fig. 4G View FIGURE 4 ); ovipositor or fore wing lengths obviously less than body length................................................... undescribed Therophilus spp.
14.(11) Sternalus relatively long, distinct and scrobiculate or mostly so ( Figs 4F, H View FIGURE 4 )...................................... 15
- Sternalus usually absent or mostly so ( Figs 2A View FIGURE 2 , 4D, E View FIGURE 4 ), if present then often short, indistinct and smooth, if scrobiculate then sculpturing faint and restricted to short posterior section only ( Fig. 4G View FIGURE 4 )......................................... 24
15.(14) Propodeal surface smooth or mostly so ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ), sometimes with faint punctate or rugose sculpturing antero-laterally and/or medially only ( Figs 3E, F View FIGURE 3 ), or with faint rugose-granulate sculpturing........................................... 16
- Propodeum more extensively and prominently sculptured..................................................... 18
16.(15) Mid tibial pre-apical spines extending well onto basal half of tibia; labial palpomere 3 length equal to or greater than 0.5x length of labial palpomere 4 ( Fig. 6A View FIGURE 6 )............................................... T. aalvikorum Stevens n. sp.
- Mid tibial pre-apical spines not extending onto basal half of tibia; length labial palpomere 3 less than 0.5x length of labial palpomere 4 ( Fig. 6B View FIGURE 6 ).................................................................................. 17
17.(16) Propodeum with faint rugose-granulate sculpturing; T1 and T2 appearing mostly smooth but with faint granulate-rugose sculpturing; ovipositor length equal to or longer than entire body length; broad, pointed elevation between antennae ( Fig. 7D View FIGURE 7 ); labial palpomere 3 highly reduced, may appear absent under light microscopy (e.g., Fig. 6B View FIGURE 6 )............. T. tricolor (Szépligeti)
- With at least one of the following character states: propodeum smooth, or mostly so ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ), may have faint punctate or rugose sculpturing antero-laterally and/or medially only ( Fig. 3E, F View FIGURE 3 ); ovipositor length obviously less than body length; may lack pronounced elevation between antennae, or may have sharper, more carinate elevation; labial palpomere 3 reduced but length greater than 0.2 length of labial palpomere 4.................................... undescribed Therophilus spp.
18 (15) Propodeum with prominent longitudinal carinae forming spindle-shape medially ( Fig. 5F View FIGURE 5 )......................... 19
- Propodeum with distinct surface sculpturing that may be carinate but not forming a spindle shape medially............. 20
19 (18) Hind leg black to dark brown except for two pale bands occurring on basal half of tibia ( Fig. 12E View FIGURE 12 ); scutellar sulcus divided into four main pits by three distinct longitudinal carinae; ante-ocular pit distinct (e.g. Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 )....... T. leucogaster (Holmgren)
- With at least one of the following character states: hind leg either mostly black to dark brown with one or no pale bands in basal half of tibia or hind leg with more yellow to brown (e.g., Figs 12A, C, D View FIGURE 12 ); scutellar sulcus divided into two main pits by one distinct medial longitudinal carina, sometimes with small, indistinct carinae laterally; ante-ocular pit indistinct or absent.............................................................................. undescribed Therophilus spp.
20 (18) Body colour ranging from entirely yellow (marginally darker dorsally) to propodeum and metasoma mostly dark brown to black; white reflective setal field on postero-lateral mesosoma absent............................ T. minor (Szépligeti)
- Body with distinct black, red-orange and white (i.e. BROW) colour pattern; white reflective setal field on postero-lateral mesosoma ( Figs 12F View FIGURE 12 , 15C View FIGURE 15 )................................................................................ 21
21.(20) Hind tibia with distinct black and white banded colour pattern ( Figs 12E View FIGURE 12 , 13D, H View FIGURE 13 , 14E, F View FIGURE 14 ).......................... 22
- Hind tibia mostly of uniform colour, without banded pattern ( Figs 12A–D View FIGURE 12 )..................................... 23
22.(21) T1 and T2 with faint granulate sculpturing ( Fig. 5H View FIGURE 5 ); ante-ocular pit small and indistinct (e.g., Fig. 8B View FIGURE 8 ); posterior margin of head, when viewed dorsally, broadly excavated, excavation marginally greater than median ocellus diameter; distance of lateral ocelli from median ocellus marginally greater than median ocellus diameter.................... T. rugosus (Turner)
- With at least one of the following character states: T1 and T2 smooth; ante-ocular pit absent (e.g., Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ); excavation of posterior margin of head, when viewed dorsally, less than median ocellus diameter; distance of lateral ocelli from median ocellus less than median ocellus diameter................................................. undescribed Therophilus spp.
23.(21) Propodeum extensively and prominently rugose ( Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ); T1 striate-rugose in anterior half, smooth posteriorly ( Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ); T2 smooth anteriorly, faintly striate-rugose posteriorly; ovipositor much longer than metasoma but considerably less than entire body length; distinct carina between antennae................................................ T. minimus (Turner)
- With at least one of the following character states: propodeum with rugose sculpturing, but not as extensive or prominent (e.g., Fig. 5D View FIGURE 5 ); T1 and T2 mostly smooth; ovipositor slightly longer than metasoma; elevation between antennae broader and more rounded, not carinate............................................................ undescribed Therophilus spp.
24.(14) Antennal scape entirely or mostly orange, pedicel partly orange and dark brown to black ( Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 ).................. 25
- Antennal scape and pedicel entirely dark brown to black ( Figs 12A, B View FIGURE 12 )......................................... 26
25.(24) Body length greater than 7 mm; ovipositor nearly as long as body; mesosoma entirely black with distinct setal field postero-laterally ( Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 ); all coxae orange ( Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 ); subpronope bordered posteriorly by long carina that extends to anterior margin of pronotum (e.g., Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ); scutellar sulcus scrobiculate with five longitudinal carinae (e.g., Fig. 3D View FIGURE 3 ); excavation of posterior margin of head, when viewed dorsally, approximately equal to median ocellus diameter............ T. festinatus (Turner)
- With at least one of the following character states: body length less than 7 mm; ovipositor considerably shorter than body; mesosoma with orange anteriorly; setal field indistinct or absent from postero-lateral mesosoma; hind coxa entirely or mostly dark brown to black; subpronope bordered posteriorly by short carina/e that do not extend to anterior margin of pronotum (e.g., Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ); scutellar sulcus with three or fewer longitudinal carinae (e.g., Figs 3C, F View FIGURE 3 ); excavation of posterior margin of head, when viewed dorsally, indistinct and less than median ocellus diameter.................... undescribed Therophilus spp.
26. (24)Mesosoma dark brown to black ( Figs 12C, D View FIGURE 12 ) or mostly so; pronotum and/or propleuron sometimes entirely orange or partly so ( Figs 13E, F, H View FIGURE 13 ).................................................................................. 27
- Mesosoma colour variable but always with more orange, particularly on anterior mesosoma ( Figs 12A, B, E, F View FIGURE 12 )......... 28
27. (26)Ovipositor long but variable in length, nearly as long as metasoma and mesosoma combined to longer than whole body ( Fig. 13E View FIGURE 13 ); hind tibia entirely dark brown to black except with pale region on basal margin; ante-ocular pit triangular (e.g., Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ); subpronope bordered posteriorly by pair of long carinae that extend to anterior margin of pronotum ( Fig. 4E View FIGURE 4 ); scutellar sulcus with medial longitudinal carina only (e.g., Figs 3C, F View FIGURE 3 )...................................... T. ruficeps (Szépligeti)
- With at least one of the following character states: ovipositor shorter than combined metasoma and mesosoma length; hind tibia either entirely dark brown to black (e.g., Figs 12A, D View FIGURE 12 ) or with two pale bands on basal half (e.g., Figs 12E View FIGURE 12 , 13D View FIGURE 13 ); anteocular pit absent (e.g., Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ) or if present then indistinct and non-triangular (e.g., Fig. 8B View FIGURE 8 ); subpronope bordered posteriorly by short carina/e that do not extend to anterior margin of pronotum (e.g., Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ); scutellar sulcus with three or more longitudinal carina, lateral carinae sometimes less prominent than medial carina (e.g., Figs 3D, E View FIGURE 3 ).... undescribed Therophilus spp.
28. (26)Fore wing nearly as long or longer than body; ovipositor as long or longer than body............................... 29
- Fore wing length much shorter than body; ovipositor longer than metasoma but considerably shorter than body.......... 30
29. (28)Sternalus absent; propodeal surface smooth; suture line between metapleuron and propodeum delineated by smooth groove (i.e. not scrobiculate); subpronope bordered posteriorly by carina that extends to anterior margin of pronotum (e.g., Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ); mid and hind leg black to dark brown; labial palpomere 2 equal in length and width to labial palpomere 4.................................................................................................. T. meridionalis (Turner)
- With at least one of the following character states: sternalus present, sometimes indistinct (e.g., Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ); propodeal surface with at least small patches of sculpturing, particularly anterior-medial and/or posterior-medial areas (e.g., Figs 3C, E, F View FIGURE 3 ); suture line between metapleuron and propodeum delineated by scrobiculate groove (e.g., Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ); subpronope bordered posteriorly by short and/or indistinct carina/e that do not extend to anterior margin of pronotum (e.g., Figs 4C, D, H View FIGURE 4 ); hind and/or mid legs partly pale or yellow; labial palpomere 2 shorter and wider than labial palpomere 4.......... undescribed Therophilus spp.
30. (28)Sternalus absent ( Fig. 17E View FIGURE 17 ) or represented by faint broad shallow smooth depression (e.g., Fig 2A View FIGURE 2 ), sometimes with faint irregular scrobiculate sculpturing posteriorly only; labial palpomere 2 shorter and wider than labial palpomere 4; ante-ocular pit distinct; cell 1-Rs petiolate and triangular; M+Cu entirely pigmented......................... T. unimaculatus (Turner)
- With at least one of the following character states: sternalus present (e.g., Figs 2A View FIGURE 2 , 4E, G View FIGURE 4 ); labial palpomere 2 of equal length and width to labial palpomere 4; ante-ocular pit absent or indistinct; cell 1-Rs non-petiolate, or if petiolate, cell highly reduced and circular; M+Cu not pigmented basally........................................... undescribed Therophilus spp.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.