Gymnocarpium dryopteris, (L.) Newman

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1964, Flora Europaea - Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae, Cambridge University Press : 22

1. G. dryopteris (L.) Newman , Phytologist 4: 371 (1851)

( Dryopteris linneana C.Chr. , Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fée , Polypodium dryopteris L. , Lastrea dryopteris (L.) Bory , Nephrodium dryopteris (L.) Michx ).

Rhizome far-creeping. Leaves 10- 40 cm, rolled up when young so as to form three small balls; petiole glabrous, with few scales near the base; lamina up to 30 cm wide, markedly deflexed, light green, glabrous; pinnae linear-lanceolate, opposite, pinnately lobed; each of lowest pair of pinnae often as large as rest of lamina, triangular, pinnate, basiscopic pinnule larger than acroscopic; ultimate segments more or less oblong, entire, toothed or lobed. 2« =160. Woods, and shady places amongst rocks. Most o f Europe, but rare in the south. All except Az Bl Lu Sa Sb Si Tu.