Sadocus funestus (Butler, 1874)

Pessoa-Silva, Marilia, Hara, Marcos Ryotaro & Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2021, Revision of the southern Andean genus Sadocus Sorensen, 1886 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae), ZooKeys 1025, pp. 91-137 : 91

Sadocus funestus (Butler, 1874) Figures 2 , 5A-E , 8E, F , 9F , 11I-J , 12D-F

Gonyleptes funestis Butler, 1874: 153, figs 5, 5a [desc]; Loman 1899: 6, fig 3 [cit]; Sørensen 1902: 20 [cit]. (Type material NHM, ma holotype, examined by detailed photographs).

Discocyrtus funestus : Loman, 1899: 6, fig 3 [syst]; Sørensen 1902: 20 [syst].

Lycomedes funestus : Sørensen, 1902: 20 [syst]; Roewer 1913: 127, 130, fig 58 [rdesc].

Lycomedicus funestus : Roewer, 1923: 443, fig 557 [rdesc]; 1929: 214 [cat]; Canals 1936: 69 [cat]; Soares and Soares 1954: 271 [cat]; Muñoz-Cuevas 1973: 232, fig 4 [cit]; Cekalovic 1968: 7 [cat]; 1985: 18 [cat]; Cokendolpher 1993: 136 [eco].

Sadocus funestis : Kury, 2003: 191 [cat]; Pérez-González et al. 2020: 3 [cit].

Sadocus funestus : Kury et al., 2020b [cat].

Material examined.

Chile , Región de Los Ríos, Provincia de Valdivia , Corral , date or collector unknown, 1 ma (SMF 766); Same , Valdivia , date or collector unknown, 1 ma (SMF 276); Same , Curiñanco, 12.I.2006, Elizabeth Arias et al. coll., 1 ma, 2 fe, 3 juvs. (AMNH); Same, Oncol Park (-39.70025, -73.0), 12.I.2006, Elizabeth Arias et al. coll., 2 ma, 3 fe (AMNH); Same, 7.II.2004, T. Cekalovic coll., 2 ma (CAS 9026265); Same, 1 ma (AMNH); Same, 10.I.2006, Elizabeth Arias et al. coll., 1 ma, 2 fe (AMNH); Same, 7.II.2004, T. Cekalovic coll., 4 ma, 1 fe (AMNH); Same, (-39.712333, -73.307278), 01.I.2017, A. Anker & P.H. Martins coll., 1 ma (UFMG 22650); Same, 1 ma (UFMG 22651); Same, 2 ma (UFMG 22652); Same, 2 ma (UFMG 22653); Same, on the way to Oncol Park, 15.II.2004, T. Cekalovic coll., 1 ma (AMNH); Same, Chiguayco, I.1980, collector unknown, 1 ma (AMNH); Same, Las Lajas, Las Tablas, 9.I.1989, L.S. Kimsey coll., 1 ma, 3 fe ( MCZ 31262 ); Región da Araucanía, Villarrica (-39.03 -72.121), 1-30.I.1965, L. Peña coll., 1 ma ( MCZ 38272 ); ECUADOR, Canelos [doubtful record], date or collector unknown, 1 ma (SMF 777) .

Diagnosis.

Sadocus funestus can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the following characters: uniramous prodorsal apical apophysis on coxa IV; leg IV straight; and trochanter IV with four apophyses.

Redescription.

Male (CAS 9026265). Measurements. Dorsal scutum maximum length 9.3; dorsal scutum maximum width 10.0; prosoma maximum length 3.9; prosoma maximum width 5.0; leg femora: I 4.5; II 8.3; III 7.0; IV 8.0. Dorsum (Fig. 5A ). Dorsal scutum type gamma pyriform. Dorsal scutum anterior margin with nine granules, lateral margins with a row of granules and cluster of granules near scutal groove I. Ocularium with one pair of granules on anterior face. Scutal areas I-IV with six (three on each side), three, one, and six granules, respectively; scutal areas I-III each with one pair of paramedian tubercles. Scutal area IV completely divided. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with row of granules between ozopore area and anterior part of scutal area IV. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites I-III each with a row of granules. Chelicerae. Segment I with setae on bulla; fixed finger with four teeth, movable finger with three teeth. Pedipalps. Coxa with one ventro-apical spine. Trochanter dorsal face smooth, with one pair of geminated ventro-apical setiferous tubercles. Femur with a row of ventro-basal granules. Patella smooth. Tibial setation: prolateral IiIi/IiiI; retro-lateral iIiIi/iIiIi. Tarsal setation: prolateral IiIii/IiIi; retro-lateral iiIIIiii/iiIiiIii. Legs (Fig. 5B-E ). Coxa IV with one long, oblique, uniramous prodorsal apical apophysis, without retro-ventral apical spine. Trochanters I and III granulate; trochanter III with one retro-apical spine. Trochanter IV proapical spiniform apophysis with large base (ca. ⅓ of podomere length); additionally with two retro-dorsal apical apophyses with the ridges touching each other; retro-lateral face with two central granules and one apical spine. Femur III dorsal face granulate; ventral face with two rows of granules increasing in size apically. Femur IV with prodorsal row of large tubercles decreasing in size apically; prolateral row of tubercles; one retro-ventral row of granules; proventral row of granules increasing in size apically; one proventral apical spiniform apophysis, one retro-sub-apical spiniform apophysis, and two or three retro-ventral apical apophyses. Patella IV with five retro-ventral spines. Tibia III with ventral row of tubercles. Femur IV with retro-lateral row of spines and four ventro-apical spines. Tarsal counts: 6, 12, 7, 8. Penis (Fig. 11I, J ). Ventral plate of penis with deeper (than moderate) cleft on anterior margin, three pairs of MS A, four pairs of MS C, one pair of MS D, without MS B or E.

Coloration. Immersed in ethanol: carapace, trochanter, and leg IV brown; legs I-III, pedipalps fading from brown to yellowish. Tubercles and spines of dorsal scutum and free tergites yellowish. Live specimens (Fig. 9F ): carapace, coxa, and trochanter black, dry-mark on dorsal scutum; femora I-III, patellae-tibiae I-IV brown; free tergite green.

Variations (n = 21). Granules between lateral margin of carapace and ocularium varying from none to 4-19. Color of granules on carapace range from brown to yellowish. Measurements. Dorsal scutum maximum length 8.3-10.0; dorsal scutum maximum width 8.6-10.5; prosoma maximum length 3.4-4.0; prosoma maximum width 4.7-5.5; leg femora: I 4.5-5.0; II 8.3-9.4; III 7.0-7.9; IV 7.5-8.5.

Female (AMNH CHILE, Región de Los Rios, Provincia Valdivia, Parque Oncol, 10.I.2006, Elizabeth Arias et al. coll., 1 ma, 2 fe). Measurements. Dorsal scutum maximum length 8.4; dorsal scutum maximum width 10.0; prosoma maximum length 3.4; prosoma maximum width 5.0; leg femora: I 5.0; II 9.5; III 7.8; IV 9.7. Dorsum (Fig. 8E, F ). Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with two rows of tubercles. Legs. Coxa IV with short prodorsal apical apophysis, seen in a ventral view. Trochanter IV prolateral and dorsal faces unarmed, with one retro-lateral spiniform apophysis. Femora III-IV with a prolateral and a retro-lateral rows of tubercles, increasing in size apically. Tarsal counts: 5, 11, 7, 8.

Variations (n = 8). Dorsal scutum with 10-24 granules, the armature on the free tergites varying from one paramedian pair of blunt to pointed tubercles. Measurements. Dorsal scutum maximum length 5.5-8.3; dorsal scutum maximum width 8.7-10.0; prosoma maximum length 3.4-3.5; prosoma maximum width 4.5-5.0; leg femora: I 4.8-5.0; II 9.0-9.5; III 7.5-7.8; IV 9.3-9.7.

Geographical distribution

(Fig. 2 ). Chile, Región de Los Ríos, Provincia de Valdivia, Curiñanco & Chiguayco. The record for Ecuador is doubtful ( Kury 2003).

Figures

Figure 2. Geographical records of distribution of Sadocus species.

Figure 5. Sadocus funestus Butler. Male (CAS 9026265) A habitus, dorsal view B-E male right trochanter-tibia IV B dorsal view C prolateral view D ventral view E retro-lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 8. Female specimens of Sadocus A, B S. asperatus (CAS- 9055035) A dorsal view B lateral view C, D S. dilatatus (MZSP- 8022) C dorsal view D lateral view E, F S. funestus (AMNH) E dorsal view F lateral view G, H S. ingens (MZSP- 36965) G dorsal view H lateral view I, J S. polyacanthus (AMNH) I dorsal view J lateral view K Drawing of species inquirenda Carampangue nigronotatum extracted from Mello-Leitao 1943.

Figure 9. Photographs of living specimens of Sadocus A S. asperatus (ma) B S. asperatus (fe) C S. asperatus (ma) D S. dilatatus (ma) E S. asperatus (fe) F S. funestus (ma). A, B taken by R. Pinto-da-Rocha, C-F taken by Pedro H. Martins.

Figure 11. Distal part of penis Sadocus and Discocyrtus, dorsal and ventral views, respectively A, B S. asperatus, macrosetae colorized and numbered C, D S. ingens E, F S. polyacanthus G, H S. dilatatus I, J S. funestus K, L D. catharinensis. Scale bar of drawings: 0.1 mm.

Figure 12. Distal part of ovipositor of Sadocus A-C S. asperatus A upper view B villi C setae D-F S. funestus D upper view E lateral view F seta G-I S. ingens G upper view H, I setae J-L S. polyacanthus J upper view K lateral view L setae.