Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai ( Chujo , 1958)

Lee, Chi-Feng & Hsieh, Chia-Hung, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of the leaf-beetle genus Gonioctena Chevrolat, 1836 in Taiwan (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae, Gonioctenini) reveals new synonymies and one new species, ZooKeys 1120, pp. 1-46 : 1

Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai ( Chujo, 1958)

Figs 14A-F , 15 , 16

Phytodecta (s. str.) kamikawai Chûjô, 1958: 72 (Taiwan).

Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai : Kimoto 1969: 22 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto 1986: 56 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto and Chu 1996: 53 (catalogue); Kimoto and Takizawa 1997: 369 (catalogue); Wang et al. 1998: 49 (China: Fujian); Cho and Borowiec 2006: 179 (aedeagus); Kippenberg 2010: 433 (catalogue); Yang et al. 2015: 50 (catalogue); Cho 2016: 185 (redescription).

Gonioctena kamikawai : Kimoto 1987: 187 (additional records in Taiwan); Kimoto 1989: 247 (additional records in Taiwan); Takizawa et al. 1995: 7 (additional records in Taiwan).

Type.

Holotype ♂ (TARI, original designation): " Hoorin [h] (= Fenglin, 鳳林) / FORMOSA [p] / 10.VIII.1934 [h] / COL. [p] M. Kamikawa [h, w] // Phytodecta / Phytodecta kamikawai / Chûjô [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, w] // Holo / Type [h, w; circle card with red letters and border but fade out] // 697 [p, w]" .

Other material (n = 77).

Taiwan. Hsinchu: 1♀ (TARI), Lupi (魯壁), 12.III.2009, leg. H. Lee ; 1♂ (TARI), Mamei (馬美), 4.V.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu ; 1♀ (TARI), Wufeng (五峰), 17.III.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu ; Hualien: 1♂ (TARI), Jinma tunnel (金馬隧道), 5.V.2014, leg. J.-F. Tsai ; 1♂, 1♂ (TARI), Pilu (碧綠), 17.V.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 7♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 1.VI.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 22.VI.2009, leg. U. Ong ; Ilan : 1♀ (TARI), Fushan Botanical Park (福山植物園), 8.V.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 1♂ (TARI), Suchi trail (四季林道), 19.V.2010, leg. H.-J. Chen ; Kaohsiung: 2♂ (TARI), Chungchihkuan (中之關), 3.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu ; 1♂ (TARI), Erhchituan (二集團), 1.IV.2015, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 2♂ (TARI), Tengchih (藤枝), 2-5.VI.2008, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 2.X.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “26.V.2009”; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 19.III.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 8.II.2014, leg. W.-C. Liao ; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “28.III.2015”; 1♂ (TARI), Tona trail (多納林道), 13.II.2013, leg. B.-X. Guo ; 3♂ (TARI), same locality, 3.II.2013, leg. W.-C. Liao ; Nantou: 1♂ (TARI), Chingching (清境), 6.IV.2010, leg. Y.-T. Wang ; 1♂ (TARI), Kuantaoshan (關刀山), 19.IV.2014, leg. Y.-L. Lin ; 1♂ (TARI), Tatachia (塔塔加), 9.VI.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee ; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “27.IV.2010”; Pingtung : 2♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 8.V.2009, leg. U. Ong ; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “1.VIII.2009”; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 24.IV.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung ; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “17.III.2014”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “10.VI.2014”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “24.II.2015”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “14.II.2016”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “9.IV.2018”; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “29.VI.2018”; Taichung : 1♂ (TARI), Piluhsi (畢祿溪), 1.VII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 1♂ (TARI), Sungmao trail (松茂林道), 20.V.2012, leg. T.-H. Lee ; 1♂ (TARI), Wuling (武陵), 30.VI.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu ; Taipei: 1♀ (TARI), Manyuehyuan (滿月圓), 7.VI.2010, leg. C.-L. Chiang ; Taitung: 1♂ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 23.VI.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 1♂ (TARI), Hsiangyang (向陽), 28.III.2014, leg. W.-C. Huang ; Taoyuan: 2♂ (TARI), Hsuanyuan (萱源), 21.IV.2010, leg. S.-F. Yu ; 4♂ (TARI), Hsuehwunao (雪霧鬧), 2.IV.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 2♀ (TARI), Paling (巴陵), 29-30.IV.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou ; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “23.V.2009”; 4♂ (TARI), same but with “21.III.2010”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “28.III.2010”; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “20.III.2011”; 1♂ (TARI), Tungyanshan (東眼山), 12.IV.2007, leg. H. Lee ; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “2.V.2009”.

Redescription.

Length 5.5-7.3 mm, width 3.1-4.2 mm. Body color (Fig. 14A-C ) yellowish brown; antennomeres VI-XI black; vertex with two large black spots; pronotum with nine black spots, arranged as follows: two pairs of black spots near apical margin, one pair near middle, the other pair near lateral margins; three black spots near basal margin, one pair near lateral margins, the other at middle; one pair of large black spots between one pair near middle and two spots near lateral margins; elytra copper brown, one pair of large black spots at humeral calli surrounding by yellowish brown border. Antennae (Fig. 15A ) with antennomere III slender, IV-VI slightly swollen, VII and VIII moderately swollen, IX and X strongly swollen, XI elongate oval, length ratios of antennomeres I-XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I-XI 2.6: 1.8: 2.3: 1.9: 1.4: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 1.1: 2.0. Pronotum 2.3 × wider than long, lateral margins widest at base, convergent anteriorly, anterior angles strongly produced; anterior and lateral margins bordered, lateral margins visible in dorsal view; trichobothria absent on anterior angles; disc covered with sparse fine punctures and mixed with finer punctures; both sides covered with much larger, denser punctures. Scutellum distinctly wider than long, narrowed posteriorly. Elytra 1.3-1.4 × longer than wide; lateral margins slightly wider posteriorly, widest near middle, convergent posteriorly; humeral calli well developed; disc covered with irregular coarse punctures arranged into double striae; interspaces covered with fine, sparse punctures. Hind wing well developed. Aedeagus (Fig. 15B, C ) with apical margin widely rounded; lateral margins slightly narrowed subapically; strongly curved in lateral view; endophallic sclerite extremely elongate, apex with one pair of pointed processes, basally membranous. Gonocoxae (Fig. 15D ) wide, apical margins irregular, with sparse long setae along apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 15E ) transverse and wide, with dense short setae along outer margin. Spermatheca reduced.

Variations.

In some adults the black spots on the vertex are combined. Some have enlarged black spots on the pronotum, sometimes connected, and darker antennomeres I-V, legs, and thoracic ventrites (Fig. 14D-F ).

Diagnosis.

Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai is the only member of the subgenus Gonioctena Gonioctena in the Taiwan fauna. Thus it is easily recognized by its subgeneric character -- trichobothria present on posterior angles of pronotum (trichobothria absent on anterior and posterior angles of pronotum in the subgenera Asiphytodecta and Brachyphytodecta ; trichobothira present on anterior and posterior angles of the pronotum in the subgenus Asiphytodecta Sinomela ). In addition, this species is characterized by its color patterns, shape of aedeagus, and apical processes of endophallic sclerites.

Host plants.

Fagaceae : Lithocarpus hancei (Benth.) Rehder ( Lee and Cheng 2010), L. brevicaudatus (Skan) Hayata (present study); Betulaceae : Alnus formosana (Burkill) Makino ( Lee and Cheng 2010). Adults fed on leaves of Alnus formosana in the laboratory but this was not observed in the field.

Biology.

Females laid more than 280 eggs at a time (Fig. 16A ). Larvae hatched in 5-7 days. The early instar larvae (Fig. 16B-D ) gregariously fed on young leaves but became solitary as mature larvae. Mature larvae (Fig. 16E ) burrowed into the soil and built underground chambers for pupation. The duration of the pupal stage was ten days. Newly emerged adults (Fig. 16F ) appeared after May and went into a resting stage after feeding. Three hibernating adults were found during May 2011 at Wulai (烏來), North Taiwan. They became active and fed on leaves on 15 January 2012. The following observations suggest that populations of Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai are multivoltine. Many larvae were found on 21 March 2010 at Paling (巴陵), North Taiwan; females were observed laying eggs on 10 May 2010, at Peitawushan (北大武山), South Taiwan. These adults were likely the first full generation of the season.

Distribution.

Endemic to Taiwan. This species is widespread in lowlands and mid-elevations.

Figures

Figure 14. Habitus of Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai (Chujo) and G. (Sinomela) osawai Kimoto A G. (s. str.) kamikawai, typical adult, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D G. (s. str.) kamikawai, darker adult, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view G G. (Sinomela) osawai, dorsal view H ditto, ventral view I ditto, lateral view.

Figure 15. Diagnostic characters of Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai (Chujo) A antenna B aedeagus, dorsal view C aedeagus, lateral view D gonocoxae E abdominal ventrite VIII.

Figure 16. Natural history of Gonioctena (s. str.) kamikawai (Chujo) on host plant, Lithocarpus brevicaudatus (Fagaceae). A eggs B first-instar larvae C second-instar larvae D third-instar larva E fourth-instar larva F adult.