Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1957
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.396.1.1 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:88E81C6A-69D2-4C50-9D58-738C8270C720 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5227456 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/066EE960-FFF0-8B2F-0451-E843FA8E0285 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera |
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Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera View in CoL
(Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946. Type species: Simulium canadense Hearle. View in CoL
Female: Wing length, 2.5–5.0 mm. General coloration blackish brown; scutum blackish with 1+1 silvery vittae joining ( Figs. 1F, G View FIGURE 1 ) or not ( Figs. 1H, I View FIGURE 1 ) to 1+1 anterior submedian, subtriangular or subquadrate spots, and bordered laterally and posteriorly by silver pruinose areas. Legs yellowish to grayish brown, with apices dark brownblack. Frons convergent below ( Fig. 1A View FIGURE 1 ), frontoocular triangle deep, about as long as wide ( Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ); maxillary palpus with sensory vesicle elongate, nearly 1/2 length of basal article ( Fig. 2B View FIGURE 2 ). Cibarium broadly Ushaped, with basal portion often thickened, medially cleft, and without strong teeth, although often with wrinkles or small serrations situated upon pair of sublateral, subovoidal prominences ( Figs. 2A, F, G View FIGURE 2 ). Basal sector of R bare. Sc with 6–18 setae ventrally. Hind basitarsus 5.7–6.0 times longer than broad ( Fig. 1C View FIGURE 1 ); claw with small, subbasal tooth ( Figs. 1D, E View FIGURE 1 ). Gonapophysis subtriangular, with blunt apex, gradually concave internal margins, surpassing posterior margin of sternite VIII ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ). Anal lobe subquadrate to subrectagular, sparsely haired, except for truncate distal margin ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 ). Genital fork with stout, capitate rod and apically expanded tines bearing strong anteriorly directed apodemes ( Figs. 5E, H View FIGURE 5 ). Spermatheca ovoid, with internal spicules ( Fig. 2I View FIGURE 2 ).
Male: Wing length, 2.6–5.0 mm. General coloration similar to female, differing as follows: Scutum generally velvety black with anterior 1/3 having whitish pruinosity ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ). Sc typically bare. Hind basitarsus ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 ) 2.7–3.6 times longer than broad. Basistylus subquadrate, with small protuberance on external margin. Dististylus thin, elongate, 1/ 3 longer than basistylus, with small haired subbasal carina posteriorly, and one subapical spine ( Figs. 3C, F View FIGURE 3 ). Ventral plate subquadrate, with narrow median carina ( Figs. 3D, G View FIGURE 3 ). Endoparameres with broad base and numerous strong hooks ( Fig. 3E View FIGURE 3 ). Median sclerite subrectangular.
Pupa: Cocoon slipper or shoe shaped, typically neatly and coarsely woven and with or without reinforced anterior margin; length at base ca. 3.5–4.5 mm (range = 2.4–7.0 mm) ( Figs. 4–5 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 ). Gill inflated, gradually flattened, pseudosegmented (annulated), and lacking secondary branches ( Figs. 4–5 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 ) to cylindrical, smooth, with having secondary branches ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Frontoclypeus gradually swollen basally ( Figs. 3H, I View FIGURE 3 ). Frontoclypeus and anterodorsum of thorax smooth or covered with abundant impressed (concave) platelets or rounded or pointed (elevated) granules. Frontoclypeus with 2+2 frontal and 1+1 facial setae. Thorax with 3(4)+3(4) dorsocentral and 2+2 dorsolateral stout trichomes. Abdominal chaetotaxy as in Figure 7 View FIGURE 7 . Setae of abdominal tergite I relatively short, hairlike, with small platelets along anterior margin; setae of abdominal tergites II–VI short, slender. Tergites II–IV with 4+4 retrorse hooks, those of tergite II smaller; tergites V–VIII with minute spine combs. Tergite X with or without pair of terminal spines. Sternites IV–VII with small, wrinkled areas.
Larva: Body length, 6.5–12.0 mm. Posterior portion of body typically dorsally flattened and gradually distended ventrally ( Fig. 9G View FIGURE 9 ); body without evident setae. Cervical sclerites free or adjoining posterior margin of postgena ( Fig. 8D View FIGURE 8 ). Antenna longer than labral fan stalk, with proximal article elongate and deeply incised, creating segmented appearance; medial article longer than basal and distal ( Figs. 8E, K View FIGURE 8 ). Cephalic apotome faintly darkened basally, typically lacking discernible headspots ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 ). Labral fan with 39–54 primary rays. Mandible with strong lateral process, robust intermedial and internal teeth, and two narrow marginal teeth ( Figs. 8C–G View FIGURE 8 ). Postgenal cleft somewhat blunt to deeply incised apically ( Figs. 8A, H, I View FIGURE 8 ); hypostomal bridge generally shorter than hypostomal height, ratio of hypostoma:hypostomal bridge = 0.7–1.5:1.0; anterior margin of hypostoma straight or curved ( Figs. 8B, J View FIGURE 8 ), with median tooth longer than corner teeth. Anal sclerite sometimes encircling posterior circlet. Posterior portion of abdomen often with accessory plates ( Figs. 9D, I, J View FIGURE 9 ). Rectal papillae of three major lobes, each with 15–78 secondary lobules. Posterior circlet with 102–400 rows of 16–27 hooks.
Bionomics: Immature stages are typically found on stones or vegetation in torrenticolous streams between 10–21°C in temperature at altitudes between 1000–3000m. Feeding habits of females are unknown.
Keys
Female ( S. nigricorne and S. temascalense , inseparable from several species) S. chiriquiense unknown.
1 Scutum with silvery submedian vittae joining 1+1 anterior silvery spot ( Figs. 1F, G View FIGURE 1 ). 2
Scutum with silvery submedian vittae not adjoining 1+1 anterior silvery spots ( Figs. 1H, I View FIGURE 1 ) ............................................................................................................................ 7
2 Wing length 2.5–2.7 mm ..................................................................................... estevezi View in CoL
Wing length> 3.0 mm .................................................................................................. 3
3 Cibarium with 1+1 spindleshaped phalanges in space between arms ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ) ......... 4
Cibarium lacking 1+1 spindleshaped phalanges in space between arms.......... ayrozai View in CoL
4 Scutum with anterior submedian 1+1 silvery spots subquadrate ( Figs. 1 F, G View FIGURE 1 )............ 5
Scutum with anterior submedian 1+1 silvery spots subtriangular ( Figs. 1 H, I View FIGURE 1 ).......... 6
5 Posterior margin of tergites II–V grayish ....................................................... canadense View in CoL
Posterior margin of tergites II–V not grayish...................................................... juarezi View in CoL
6 Cibarium with anterior rim thin ( Fig. 2F View FIGURE 2 ); wing length 3.1 mm .................... delatorrei View in CoL
Cibarium with anterior rim thick ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ); wing length 3.4–3.6 mm ........................... ................................................................................. dalmati View in CoL + ethelae View in CoL + larvispinosum View in CoL
7 Cibarium with acute indentation in space between arms ( Fig. 2A View FIGURE 2 ) ............................. 8
Cibarium with shallow indentation in space between arms ( Fig. 2G View FIGURE 2 ) ....................... 11
8 Scutum with anterior 1+1 submedian silver spots subtrapezoidal to subquadrate....... 9
Scutum with anterior 1+1 submedian silver spots subtriangular ......... microbranchium View in CoL
9 Wing length 2.7–3.1 mm ............................................................................................. 10
Wing length 3.4 mm ...................................................................................... menchacai View in CoL
10 Wing length 2.7–2.8 mm; scutum with anterior submedian 1+1 silver spots subtrapezoidal ................................ ............................................................................. capricorne View in CoL
Wing length 2.9–3.1 mm; scutum with anterior submedian 1+1 silver spots subquadrate ............................................................................................................................... burchi View in CoL
11 Wing length ca. 5.0 mm ............................................................................... contrerense View in CoL
Wing length less than 4.0 mm ................................................................................... 12
12 Wing length 3.7–3.9 mm; scutum with anterior submedian silvery spots subtrapezoidal ......................................................................................................................... carolinae View in CoL
Wing length <3.2 mm; scutum with anterior submedian silvery spots subtriangular.... .................................................................................................... gorirossiae + johnsoni View in CoL
Pupa
1 Gill branches cylindrical, smooth, with 4 or more secondary branches ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Cocoon typically slipper shaped ( Figs. 6 A, J View FIGURE 6 ) ......................................................................... 2
Gill branches flattened or subcylindrical, with noticeable wrinkling or annulations and lacking small secondary branches ( Figs. 4–5 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 ). Cocoon generally shoe shaped ( Figs. 4A, J, L View FIGURE 4 ; 5A, G View FIGURE 5 ) ........................................................................................................... 7
2 Secondary (ventral) gill branches smaller than primary anterodorsal branch. Ventral branch with 2 secondary accuminate processes; anterior margin of cocoon neatly woven ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Secondary gill branches as large as primary anterodorsal branch ( Figs. 6J, K View FIGURE 6 ). Ventral branch with 6–7 secondary, accuminate processes; anterior margin of cocoon ragged.. ....................................................................................................................... menchacai View in CoL
3 Gill with primary anterodorsal branch accuminate ( Figs. 6F, G View FIGURE 6 ).................................. 4
Gill with primary anterodorsal branch blunt ( Figs. 6 A–E, H, I View FIGURE 6 )................................. 5
4 Frontoclypeus and thorax with sparse granules ........................................... gorirossiae
Frontoclypeus and thorax lacking granules............................................... temascalense View in CoL
5 Frontoclypeus and thorax with abundant granules. Cocoon with reinforced anterior margin ............................................................................................................. carolinae View in CoL
Frontoclypeus and thorax with, at most, sparse granules. Cocoon without or with only slightly reinforced anterior margin............................................................................... 6
6 Secondary gill branches strongly spinulate ( Figs. 6H, I View FIGURE 6 ). Frontoclypeus lacking granules ........................................................................................................................... johnsoni View in CoL
Secondary gill branches blunt or weakly spinulate ( Figs. 6 A–D View FIGURE 6 ). Frontoclypeus and thorax with minute nonelevated to indented granules, particularly at intersection of these structures ........................................................................................ larvispinosum View in CoL
7 Gill with 2 main branches: dorsal and ventral.............................................................. 8
Gill with 3 main branches: dorsal, medial, and ventral............................................... 12
8 Cocoon shoe shaped ( Figs. 4A, J, L View FIGURE 4 )............................................................................ 9
Cocoon slipper shaped ( Figs. 4D, F View FIGURE 4 ).......................................................................... 11
9 Dorsal gill branch 1.8 times longer than ventral branch and strongly curved ( Figs. 4J, K View FIGURE 4 ) .............................................................................................................. microbranchium View in CoL
Dorsal gill branch 0.6–1.0 times as long as ventral branch and weakly curved ( Figs. 4 B, L–N View FIGURE 4 ) ..................................................................................................................... 10
10 Gill protruding well beyond anterior margin of cocoon ( Figs. 4 L–N View FIGURE 4 ). Apex of gill branches blunt ............................................................................................... nigricorne View in CoL
Gill largely concealed by cocoon ( Figs. 4 A–B View FIGURE 4 ). Apex of gill branches accuminate .... ............................................................................................................................. ayrozai View in CoL
11 Dorsal gill branch accuminate, subequal in thickness to ventral branch, and only slightly curved apically ( Figs. 4F–I View FIGURE 4 ) ........................................... ethelae View in CoL + chiriquiense View in CoL
Dorsal gill branch blunt, twice as thick as ventral branch, and strongly curved apically ( Figs. 4D, E View FIGURE 4 ) .................................................................................................. capricorne View in CoL
12 Medial gill branch subglobose, inflated, tuberculated, not annulated, except basally ( Figs. 5N, O View FIGURE 5 ) .............................................................................................................. 13
Medial gill branch subcylindrical, scarcely or not tuberculated or annulated…............... 14
13 Dorsal and medial gill branches inflated, medial branch membranous ventrally; ventral branch small and subannulated .................................................................... contrerense View in CoL
Medial gill branch inflated, dorsal and ventral branches thin, subannulated ( Figs 5N, O View FIGURE 5 ) .................. ....................................................................................................... juarezi View in CoL
14 Medial gill branch rounded or weakly to strongly accuminate distally ( Figs. 4C View FIGURE 4 , 5C–F, G–I View FIGURE 5 ) ............................................................................................................................ 15
Medial gill branch thickened and capitate distally ( Figs. 5A, B, J–M View FIGURE 5 )...................... 17
15 Dorsal gill branch with small ventral protuberance near midlength ( Figs. 5C, G View FIGURE 5 ) .... 16
Dorsal branch lacking ventral protuberance ( Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ) ................................... canadense View in CoL
16 Dorsal gill branch with apex blunt ( Figs. 5C–F View FIGURE 5 ). Frontoclypeus with platelets laterally, medially with only puntuation ( Fig. 3I View FIGURE 3 ) .......................................................... delatorrei View in CoL
Dorsal gill branch with apex accuminate ( Figs. 5G–I View FIGURE 5 ). Frontoclypeus with platelets on entire surface ....................................................................................................... estevezi View in CoL
17 Dorsal gill branch globose apically, with well developed tubercles. Cocoon shoeshaped ( Figs. 5A, B View FIGURE 5 ) ............................................................................................. burchi View in CoL
– Dorsal gill branch with 3 apical prominences, lacking tubercles. Cocoon slipper– shaped ( Figs. 5J–M View FIGURE 5 ) ........................................................................................... dalmati View in CoL
Larva (mature). ( S. nigricorne unknown)
1 Hypostoma with anterior margin convex and with intermedian teeth above level of corner teeth ( Fig. 8J View FIGURE 8 ). Posterior portion of abdomen with accessory plates ( Figs. 9B–E View FIGURE 9 ) ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Hypostoma with anterior margin straight, intermedial teeth shorter than corner teeth ( Fig. 8B View FIGURE 8 ). Posterior portion of abdomen without accessory plates ( Figs. 9A View FIGURE 9 ).............. 8
2 Posterior portion of abdomen with only 1+1 accessory dorsolateral plates; ventral strut short, not encircling base of posterior circlet ( Figs. 6B, C View FIGURE 6 ). Posterior circlet with about 400 rows of hooklets ................................................................... S. paracarolinae View in CoL n. sp
Posterior portion of abdomen with 2+2 accessory dorsolateral plates ( Figs. 6D, E View FIGURE 6 ); ventral strut of anal sclerite encircling base of posterior circlet ( Figs. 9D–I View FIGURE 9 ). Posterior circlet with <300 rows of hooks ................................................................................. 3
3 Posterior portion of abdomen without ventrolateral accessory plates............. carolinae View in CoL
Posterior portion of abdomen with stout ventrolateral accesory plates ( Figs. 9D, H–J View FIGURE 9 ). ....................................................................................................................................... 4
4 Lobes of accessory ventrolateral plate shallowly incised ( Figs. 9H, I View FIGURE 9 [vl]). Segment VIII without ventrolateral papillae............................................................................... 5
Lobes of accessory ventrolateral plate deeply incised ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 [vl]). Segment VIII with well defined, sclerotized ventrolateral papillae ( Figs. 9 D–F View FIGURE 9 [vp]) ..................... 6
5 Labral fan with 43–48 primary rays; anal sclerite with 1+1 dorsal subrectangular flattened accessory plates ( Figs. 9 H, I View FIGURE 9 [df]) .................................................. larvispinosum View in CoL
Labral fan with 56 primary rays; anal sclerite without dorsal accessory plates johnsoni View in CoL
6 Accessory ventrolateral plates of posterior portion of abdomen with anteriorly directed accuminate processes. Posterior circlet with 310 rows of hooks .................. menchacai View in CoL
Accessory ventrolateral plates of posterior portion of abdomen with anterolaterally directed accuminate processes. Posterior circlet with 242–282 rows of hooks ............ 7
7 Accessory ventrolateral plates of posterior portion of abdomen strongly toothed ( Fig. 9 D View FIGURE 9 [vl]).Ventrolateral papillae of sternite VIII with accuminate tubercles( Figs.9D–F View FIGURE 9 [vp]) ...................................................................................................................... gorirossiae
Accessory ventrolateral plates of posterior portion of abdomen with serrated margin ( Fig. 9 J View FIGURE 9 [vl]). Ventrolateral papillae of sternite VIII smooth .................... temascalense View in CoL
8 Rectal papillae with 60–78 lobules ............................................................................... 9
Rectal papillae with 45 or fewer lobules .................................................................... 12
9 Rectal papillae with 72–78 lobules. Length of mature larva <7.0– 7.7 mm ............... 10
Rectal papillae with 60–66 lobules. Length of mature larva> 12 mm ......... contrerense View in CoL
10 Posterior circlet with about 114 rows of hooks. Labral fan with 39–40 primary rays ......................................................................................................................... delatorrei View in CoL
Posterior circlet with about 172–204 rows of hooks. Labral fan with 46–57 primary rays ..................................................................................................................................... 11
11 Posterior circlet with 172–178 rows of hooks. Labral fan with 46–54 primary rays...... .............................................................................................................................. burchi View in CoL
Posterior circlet with 194–206 rows of hooks. Labral fan with 56–57 primary rays...... .............................................................................................................. microbranchium View in CoL
12 Body length 8–10 mm. Hypostoma with 11–17 lateral setae...................................... 13
Body length 7–8 mm. Hypostoma with 10 or fewer lateral setae ............................... 15
13 Labral fan 42–44 primary rays. Ratio length of hypostoma/length of hypostomal bridge = 0.8 ....................................................................................................... dalmati View in CoL
Labral fan 48–56 primary rays. Ratio length of hypostoma/length of hypostomal bridge = 1.0 ............................................................................................................... 14
14 Posterior circlet with 18–20 hooklets per row. Rectal papillae with 15–24 lobules ....................................................................................................................... canadense View in CoL
Posterior circlet with 24–27 hooklets per row. Rectal papillae with 36–45 lobules ....... ............................................................................................................................. ayrozai
15 Body length 7 mm. Labral fan with 36–40 primary rays ..................................... ethelae View in CoL
Body length 7.3–8.0 mm. Labral fan with 42–50 primary rays ................................. 16
16 Body length 8 mm. Posterior circlet with 98–104 rows of 24–30 hooks ............ estevezi View in CoL
Body length 7.5–7.7 mm. Posterior circlet with 115–145 rows of 15–24 hooks ....... 17
17 Posterior circlet with 145 rows of ca. 17 hooks ................................................. juarezi View in CoL
Posterior circlet with 115–135 rows of 20–24 hooks.................................... capricorne View in CoL
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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