Hexatoma (Eriocera) Macquart, 1838

Podenas, Sigitas, Park, Sun-Jae, Byun, Hye-Woo & Podeniene, Virginija, 2022, Hexatoma crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) of Korea, ZooKeys 1105, pp. 165-208 : 165

Hexatoma (Eriocera) Macquart, 1838

Hexatoma (Eriocera) Macquart, 1838: 78, pl. 10, fig. 2; Alexander 1948: 528-529 (in catalogue); Ishida 1959: 2 (in key); Savchenko 1983: 67 (note on distribution); 1986: 342-344 (descriptive note), figs 174,1-2, 176,1-3, 178,1-2; 1989: 121 (descriptive note), figs 58,1, 59,1-2, 60,1.

Caloptera Guerin-Meneville 1831: 20 (nom. obl.).

Eriocera Macquart 1838: 78; Edwards 1921: 67-70 (redescription), pl. 10, figs 1-12.

Evanioptera Guerin-Meneville 1838: 287.

Pterocosmus Walker 1848: 78.

Allarithmia Loew 1850: 36, 38.

Oligomera Doleschall 1857: 387.

Physecrania Bigot 1859: 123.

Arrhenica Osten Sacken 1860: 243-244.

Penthoptera Schiner 1863: 220.

Androclosma Enderlein 1912: 34-35, fig. U.

Globericera Matsumura 1916: 471.

Coreozelia Enderlein 1936: 22 (in key), fig. 40.

Type species.

Hexatoma macquarti (Enderlein, 1912) (= Eriocera nigra Macquart, 1838, = Hexatoma macquarti (Enderlein, 1912)) (Brazil).

Description.

Most characters as for the genus. Medium-sized to large crane flies with body length 6.5-32.0 mm and wing length 7.5-21.0 mm. Most species dark colored, but some could be orange-yellow (e.g., H. masakii Alexander, 1934).

Head. Rounded, vertex with distinct tubercle. Antennae sexually dimorphic. Male antenna longer than that of female, sometimes few times longer than body, 6- or 7-segmented, female antenna 8-11-segmented. Verticils missing or indistinct, but male flagellum often with two longitudinal rows of short erect spines.

Wing. Radial sector with three branches, discal cell always present, three or four branches of M reaching wing margin.

Terminalia. Male terminalia slightly elongate, not wider than preceding abdominal segments. Epandrium transverse, posterior margin slightly concave. Gonocoxite elongate with two pairs of terminal gonostyli. Outer gonostylus long, narrow with spine-shaped apex. Inner gonostylus long, fleshy, and setose. Aedeagus simple, usually short, and straight (Figs 7-9 , 17 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 30 , 31 , 40 , 44 , 52 , 53 ), but could be long (Figs 36 , 37 ) and arched (Figs 57 , 58 ). Paramere usually two-branched and variable among species. Ovipositor with long and narrow cercus and long hypovalva, distal part of cercus slightly raised upwards, acute, some species with subapically dilated hypovalva.

Subgenus H. (Eriocera) includes 556 extant species (seven of them with two subspecies each). It has a worldwide distribution with the highest diversity in the Oriental region, 286 species (four of them with two subspecies each), the Neotropics, 143 species, and the Eastern Palearctic, 65 species. Thirty-three species (one of them with two subspecies) are recorded from Nearctic, 29 species (one with two subspecies) from Afrotropics, five species from Australasia, and four species from West Palaearctic ( Oosterbroek 2022). Three fossil species are described from Eocenian Baltic amber ( Evenhuis 2014).

List of Korean Hexatoma crane flies

Hexatoma (Eriocera) gifuensis Alexander, 1933

Hexatoma (Eriocera) ilwola Podenas, sp. nov.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) masakii Alexander, 1934

Hexatoma (Eriocera) pernigrina Alexander, 1938

Hexatoma (Eriocera) pianigra Podenas, sp. nov.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) serenensis Podenas, sp. nov.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) stackelbergi Alexander, 1933

Hexatoma (Eriocera) ussuriensis Alexander, 1934

Figures

Figures 7 - 11. Hexatoma (Eriocera) gifuensis Alexander, 1933 7 male genitalia, dorsal view 8 aedeagal complex, fronto-dorsal view 9 aedeagal complex, dorsal view 10 male, general vew 11 ovipositor, lateral view (tip of cercus broken). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (7); 0.1 mm (8, 9); 1.0 mm (10, 11).

Figures 12 - 19. Hexatoma (Eriocera) ilwola Podenas, sp. nov. 12 holotype, male, dorsal view 13 head and thorax, dorsal view, paratype, female 14 male antenna, holotype 15 female antenna, paratype 16 female wing, paratype 17 male genitalia, dorsal view, holotype 18 aedeagal complex, dorsal view 19 ovipositor, lateral view, paratype. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (12 - 17, 19); 0.1 mm (18).

Figures 21 - 25. Hexatoma (Eriocera) masakii Alexander, 1934 21 male, lateral view 22 male genitalia with ninth segment removed, dorsal view 23 male genitalia, dorsal view 24 male wing 25 male wing variation with open discal cell. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (21, 24, 25); 0.5 mm (22, 23).

Figures 26 - 32. Hexatoma (Eriocera) pernigrina Alexander, 1938 26 male, lateral view 27 male antenna 28 female antenna 29 male wing 30 male genitalia, dorsal view 31 male genitalia with ninth segment removed, dorsal view 32 ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (26 - 29, 32); 0.5 mm (30, 31).

Figures 40 - 46. Hexatoma (Eriocera) serenensis Podenas, sp. nov. 40 aedeagal complex, dorsal view, paratype 41 holotype, male, dorsal view 42 head and thorax, dorsal view, holotype, male 43 male wing, paratype 44 male genitalia, dorsal view, paratype 45 female, lateral view, paratype 46 ovipositor, lateral view, paratype. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (40); 1.0 mm (41 - 46).

Figures 50 - 53. Hexatoma (Eriocera) ussuriensis Alexander, 1934 50 male, dorsal view 51 male wing 52 male genitalia, dorsal view 53 male genitalia with ninth segment removed, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (50, 51); 0.5 mm (52, 53).

Figures 33 - 38. Hexatoma (Eriocera) pianigra Podenas, sp. nov. 33 holotype, male, lateral view 34 female antenna, paratype 35 female wing, paratype 36 male genitalia, dorsal view, holotype 37 male genitalia with ninth segment removed, dorsal view 38 ovipositor, paratype. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Figures 54 - 58. Hexatoma (Eriocera) lygropis (Alexander, 1920) 54 male, dorsal view 55 erroneous image of H. lygropis on which were based all Korean records 56 male wing 57 male genitalia, dorsal view 58 male genitalia with ninth segment removed, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (54, 56); 0.5 mm (57, 58). (55 after Kim (1971)).