Coleophora mayrella (Hübner, [1813])

Koo, Jun-Mo & Cho, Soowon, 2024, Taxonomic revision of the family Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) in Korea, including seven newly recorded species of the genus Coleophora Hübner, Zootaxa 5558 (1), pp. 1-102 : 56-58

26. Coleophora mayrella (Hübner, [1813])

(Korean name: do-kkae-bi-tong-na-bang)

( Figs 9C ; 11K ; 14I, J ; 18B ; 23A, B ; 27B–O )

Phalaena (Tinea) fabriciella Villers, 1789: 527 [a junior primary homonym of Phalaena (Tinea) fabriciella Swederus, 1787 ]. Tinea mayrella Hübner, [1813] : Pl. VIII-47, Fig. 322. Type locality: Europe // [neotype (male) deposited in ZSM]. Porrectaria spissicornis Haworth, 1828: 537 . Type locality: UK. Elachista (Ornix) trochilipennella Costa, 1836: 296. Type locality: Italy, Napoli, above Camaldoli. Coleophora coruscipennella Clemens, 1860: 4 . Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania. Coleophora aeneusella Chambers, 1874: 128 . Type locality: USA, Kentucky. Coleophora auropurpuriella Chambers, 1874: 130 . Type locality: Canada, Ontario, London. Coleophora tuscaemiliella Costantini, 1923: 69 . Type locality: Italy, Emilia, Fiumalbo, Mandriole. Damophila moldaviella Nemeş, 2004: 9 . Type locality: Romania, Tazlsu. Damophila mayrella ; Anikin & Falkovitsh 1997: 305; Lelej 2016: 100; Anikin 2019: 75; Anikin 2021: 323. Coleophora mayrella ; Schütze 1931: 125; Vives 1988: 93; Landry & Wright 1993: 570; Baldizzone 1992: 303; Baldizzone

1994: 82; Baldizzone & Wolf 2000: 400; Hoare 2001: 46; Baldizzone & Savenkov 2002: 369; Baldizzone et al. 2006: 80;

Stübner 2007: 152; Oku 2013: 237; Buschmann & Richter 2016: 79; Richter 2017: 87; Baldizzone 2019: 130; Koo et al.

2020: 198. Coleophora mayerella [sic, recte mayrella ]; Hackman 1945: 36.

Material examined. 1♂, “ Mt. Samak / 22. VI. 1989 [[handwritten with underlining]] / K. T. Park // Coleophora [[in handwriting]] / mayrella (Hübner [[in handwriting]] / 1813 [[in handwriting]] / Det. K.T.Park 2017” // gen. slide no. CIS-6926 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000282, in CBNU; 1ex, “ Songgye, Hansu, Jecheon, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]] / KOREA / N36°53′9.08″ E128°5′18.77″ / May 30, 2011 Alt. 348m / Coll. E. S. Lee ” // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000283, in CBNU; 1ex, “ Miwon-li, Miwon-myeon, / Cheongwon-gun, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], KOREA / Midongsan Arboretum [[in Korean ]] / 16 May 2014 / C.K.Ahn, J.H.Yoo, E.J.Lim ” // COI barcode no. CBNU182 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000284, in CBNU; 1♂, “[[ NIBR specimen accession no.]] OONNIN0000015625 [[=NIBRIN0000855167]] / KOREA. (CB) [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]] Seowon-gu, / Cheongju-si, Gaesin-ding. / Jun Mo Koo, 10 May 2017 / [[line]] / NIBR // Coleophora mayrella / Det.: Kyu Tek Park, Jun Mo Koo, 24 / May 2016 / [[line]] / NIBR ” // gen. slide no. KJM0043, in NIBR; 1♂, “Gaesin-dong, Seowon-gu, / Cheongju-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], KOREA / N36°37′42.92″ E127°27′03.25″ / May 10, 2017 Alt. 66m / Coll. J. M. Koo ” // wings slide no. KJM0115 // gen. slide no. KJM0046 // COI barcode no. CBNU208 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000285, in CBNU; 1♂, “Gujora-ri, Irun-myeon, Geoje-si, / Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea / Gyeongsangnam-do Geoje-si Irun-myeon Gujora-ri [[in Korean]] / 34°48′01″ N 128°41′39″ E / 13-14. V. 2017 Coll. J. D. Kim // Coleophora [[in handwriting]] / mayrella (Hübner [[in handwriting]] / Det. K.T.Park 2017” // gen. slide no. CIS-6928 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000286, in CBNU; 2♂, 1ex, “Ijeon-li, Dongbu-myeon, / Cheongsong-gun, GB [[ Gyeongsangbuk-do ]], KOREA / N36°21′46.57″ E129°21′46.57″ / May 15, 2017 Alt. 381m / Coll. E. J. Lim ” // gen. slide nos. KJM00047, 00048 // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000287– 000289, in CBNU; 1♀, “ KOREA [ GB] [[ Gyeongsangbuk-do ]] / Cheongsong-gun Budong-myeon [[in Korean]] / Ijeon-ri (Jusan Reservoir) [[in Korean]] / 15. V. 2017 / 36.363022, 129.188409 / Paek Munki leg.” // wings slide no. KJM0516 // gen. slide no. KJM0117 // COI barcode no. CBNU199 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000290, in CBNU; 2ex, “ 2017.5.23. / Wol-ag [[=Worak]] Mountain practice forest [[in Korean]] / EUNJI LIM” // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000291, 000292, in CBNU; 4ex, “Hansu-myeon, Jecheon-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], / KOREA / N36°52′7.10″ E128°5′12.10″ / May 21-22, 2019 Alt. 214m / Coll. J. M. Koo, E. J. Lim” // COI barcode nos. CBNU200 , 201 // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000293–000296, in CBNU; 1ex, “Gaesin-dong, Seowon-gu, / Cheongju-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], Korea / N36°37′43.43″ E127°27′03.44″ / May 21, 2020 Alt. 67m / Coll. J. M. Koo, J. H. Na” // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000297, in CBNU; 13ex, “Gaesin-dong, Seowon-gu, / Cheongju-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], KOREA / N36°37′43.43″ E127°27′03.44″ / May 25, 2020 Alt. 67m / Coll. J. M. Koo, J. H. Na” // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000298–000310, in CBNU; 1ex, “Sugok-dong, Seowon-gu, / Cheongju-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], KOREA / N36°36′52.77″ E127°28′41.94″ / May 8, 2023 Alt. 76m / Coll. J. M. Koo, J. H. Na” // COI barcode no. CBNU593 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000311, in CBNU; 1ex, “Mokbeol-dong, Chungju-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], / KOREA / N36°57′19″ E127°59′03″ / May 16, 2023 Alt. 371m / Coll. T. U. Yu, J. H. Na” // COI barcode no. CBNU599 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000312, in CBNU; 3ex, “Danwol-dong, Chungju, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], KOREA / N36°56′52.08″ E127°54′23.37″ / May 17, 2023 Alt. 103m / Coll. T. U. Yu, J. H. Na” // COI barcode no. CBNU603 // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000313–000315, in CBNU; 3ex, “Bukbang-myeon, Hongcheon-gun, / GW [[Gangwon-do]], KOREA / N37°43′57″ E127°52′06″ / May 20, 2023 Alt. 188m / Coll. T. U. Yu, H. H. Ki” // COI barcode no. CBNU601 // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000316–000318, in CBNU; 7ex, “Hodang-ri, Ipjang-myeon, Seoduk-gu, / Cheonan-si, CN [[ Chungcheongnam-do ]], KOREA / N36°52′26.36″ E127°14′28.50″ / May 20, 2023 Alt. 196m / Coll. J. M. Koo, J. H. Na” // COI barcode nos. CBNU612 , 613 // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000319–000325, in CBNU; 1♀, 5ex, “ Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, CB [[ Chungcheongbuk-do ]], Korea / N36°37′39.79″ E127°27′01.20″ / May 26, 2023 Alt. 61 m / Coll. J. M. Koo, J. H. Na” // gen. slide no. KJM0474 // specimen accession nos. CBNUPM000326–000331, in CBNU; 1ex, “ Songhak-ri, Nam-myeon, Buyeo-gun, / CN [[ Chungcheongnam-do ]], KOREA / N36°13′47.73″ E126°47′54.01″ / May 27, 2023 Alt. 16m / Coll. B. R. Shin ” // COI barcode no. CBNU621 // specimen accession no. CBNUPM000332, in CBNU.

Diagnosis. The species externally resembles C.hieronella Zeller,1849 , C.variicornis Toll, 1952 , C. paramayrella Nel, 1993 , and C. aleramica Baldizzone & Stübner, 2007 , all of which are metallic-green coleophorids with antennae thickened by dark scales within the basal half, followed by white and black annulations distally. However, it can be distinguished from the latter by the following genital characteristics: 1) in the male genitalia of C. mayrella ( Figs 14I, J ), the costa with a long and curved seta, the sacculus featuring a robust seta on the ventral edge, and cornuti forming an elongated linear formation are present, while in C. hieronella (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GM XVI, Fig. 50; Nuss & Stübner 2003: Figs 4 , 5 ), male genitalia possess cornuti arising from a sclerotized, slender and elongated base, forming a claw formation, in C. variicornis (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GM XVI, Fig. 51; Nuss & Stübner 2003: Figs 2 , 3 ), male genitalia possess the costa without a robust seta, and cornuti arising from a sclerotized broad and straight base, in C. paramayrella (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GM XVI, Fig. 48; Stübner 2007: Fig. 22 ), male genitalia possess the costa with a much shorter seta, the sacculus with a much shorter and slenderer seta on the ventral edge, and cornuti forming a relatively shorter claw formation, and in C. aleramica (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GM XVI, Fig. 49; Stübner 2007: Fig. 25 ), male genitalia possess the costa and sacculus with a shorter seta, and cornuti forming a robust elongated formation; 2) in the female genitalia of C. mayrella ( Fig. 18B ), the spinulate section in the posterior 1/5 of the ductus bursae, and the median lamina extending from the colliculum to the posterior 2/5 are present, in C. hieronella (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GF XVII, Fig. 51; Nuss & Stübner 2003: Figs 8 , 9 ), C. variicornis (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GF XVIII, Fig. 52; Nuss & Stübner 2003: Figs 6 , 7 ), and C. aleramica (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GF XVII, Fig. 50; Stübner 2007: Fig. 44), female genitalia possess a much shorter spinulate section and ductus bursae, the spinulate section in the posterior 1/5 of the ductus bursae, and the median lamina not exceeding the spinulate section anteriorly, and in C. paramayrella (see Baldizzone 2019: Pl. GF XVII, Fig. 49; Stübner 2007: Fig. 42), female genitalia possess the median lamina slightly exceeding the spinulate section.

Adult ( Figs 9C ; 11K ; 27B ): Forewing length 4.5–6.0 mm (wingspan 9.5–13.0 mm) (n=52) ( Oku 2013: wingspan 10.5–12.0 mm; Baldizzone 2019: wingspan 10.0–12.0 mm). See also Stübner (2007: Fig. 3 ); Oku (2013: Fig. 3 -30- 24); Baldizzone (2019: Pl. AD VIII, Fig. 49); Koo et al. (2020: Figs 3A–C ).

Male genitalia ( Figs 14I, J ; 23A ): See also Stübner (2007: Figs 21 , 59); Baldizzone (2019: Pl. GM XV, Fig. 47); Koo et al. (2020: Figs 3D, E ).

Female genitalia ( Figs 18B ; 23B ): See also Stübner (2007: Fig. 41); Baldizzone (2019: Pl. GF XVI, Fig. 48); Koo et al. (2020: Fig. 3F ).

Egg ( Figs 27C–E ): Egg translucent, ovaloid, with whitish luster and wrinkled surface.

Larva ( Figs 27F, J, M, N ).

Larval case (seed miner) ( Figs 27K–O ): Seed case. See also Baldizzone (2019: Pl. AST VI, Fig. 45).

Host plants. [ Fabaceae ] Trifolium arvense L., Т. pratense L., and T. repens L. ( Falkovitsh 2006; Oku 2013: Baldizzone 2019).

Parasitoids. [ Eulophidae ] Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood, 1833) ( Mason 2013) , and Tetrastichus sp. ( Figs 27P, Q ). The latter is reported here for the first time as a parasitoid of C. mayrella .

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (European part, Far East), Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Japan, Korea; (accidentally introduced) Canada, USA, Argentina , Chile, Australia, New Zealand ( Anikin 2019; Baldizzone 2019; Koo et al. 2020).

Remarks. The species was first reported from Korea by Koo et al. (2020).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Newly recorded Coleophora spp. Venation. A, Coleophora clypeiferella, with close-up of frenulum, slide no. KJM0369 (female, reversed left wings, CBNUPM000333); B, C. kamchatica, with close-up of frenulum, slide no. KJM0478 (male, CBNUPM000212); C, C.lativittella, frenulummissing, slideno.KJM0179(female,OONNIN0000015631);D,C.levantis, frenulum missing, slide no. KJM0178 (male, OONNIN0000015632); E, hindwing of C. levantis, with close-up of frenulum, slide no. KJM0479 (female); F, C. parthenica, with close-up of frenulum, slide no. KJM0484 (female, CBNUPM000161); G, C. uliginosella, with close-up of frenulum, slide no. KJM0482 (female, CBNUPM000215); H, C. vacciniella, with close-up of frenulum, slide no. KJM0483 (male, CBNUPM000385).

FIGURE 3. Newly recorded Coleophora spp. Genitalia. A, female genitalia of Coleophora clypeiferella, with closeup of sterigma+colliculum (top), posterior portion of ductus bursae (middle), and signum (bottom), slide no. KJM0228 (CBNUPM000333); B, male genitalia of C. kamchatica, with close-up of transtilla bearing small spines (left) and distal portion of sacculus (right), slide no. KJM0157 (CBNUPM000212); C, phallus of male genitalia of C. kamchatica, with close-up of dorsal view of juxtal rods (left) and cornuti (right), slide no. KJM0157 (CBNUPM000212); D, female genitalia of C. lativittella, with close-up of sterigma+colliculum (top), posterior portion of ductus bursae (middle), and signum (bottom), slide no. KJM0088 (OONNIN0000015631).

FIGURE 4. Newly recorded Coleophora spp. Genitalia. A, male genitalia of Coleophora levantis, with close-up of sacculus, slide no. KJM0091 (OONNIN0000015632); B, male genitalia of C. levantis before slide preparation of A; C, phallus of male genitalia of C. levantis, with close-up of cornutus, slide no. KJM0091 (OONNIN0000015632); D, female genitalia of C. levantis, with close-up of sterigma+colliculum (left) and signum (right), slide no. KJM0420 (in INU); E, male genitalia of C. parthenica, slide no. KJM0476 (CBNUPM000160); F, phallus of male genitalia of C. parthenica, slide no. KJM0476 (CBNUPM000160); G, phallus of male genitalia of C. parthenica, slide no. KJM0121 (CBNUPM000018); H, female genitalia of C. parthenica, with close-up of sterigma+colliculum (top) and signum (bottom), slide no. KJM0477 (CBNUPM000161).

FIGURE 5. Newly recorded Coleophora spp. Genitalia. A, male genitalia of Coleophora uliginosella, slide no. KJM0461 (CBNUPM000214); B, phallus of male genitalia of C. uliginosella, with close-up of cornutus, slide no. KJM0461 (CBNUPM000214); C, phallus of male genitalia of C. uliginosella, with close-up of cornutus, slide no. KJM0296 (PCQAIN0000012023); D, female genitalia of C. uliginosella, with close-up of sterigma (top) and signum (bottom), slide no. KJM0462 (CBNUPM000215); E, male genitalia of C. vacciniella, with close-up of distal portion of sacculus, slide no. KJM0366 (CBNUPM000385); F, phallus of male genitalia of C. vacciniella, with close-up of cornuti (left) and spines forming a row in distal 1/3 (right), slide no. KJM0366 (CBNUPM000385).

FIGURE 6. Newly recorded Coleophora spp. Abdomen. A, female abdomen of Coleophora clypeiferella, slide no. KJM0228 (CBNUPM000333); B, male abdomen of C. kamchatica, slide no. KJM0157 (CBNUPM000212); C, female abdomen of C. lativittella, slide no. KJM0088 (OONNIN0000015631); D, male abdomen of C. levantis, slide no. KJM0091 (OONNIN0000015632); E, female abdomen of C. levantis, slide no. KJM0420 (in INU).

FIGURE 7. Newly recorded Coleophora spp. Abdomen. A, male abdomen of Coleophora parthenica, slide no. KJM0476 (CBNUPM000160); B, female abdomen of C. parthenica, slide no. KJM0477 (CBNUPM000161); C, male abdomen of C. uliginosella, slide no. KJM0461 (CBNUPM000214); D, female abdomen of C. uliginosella, slide no. KJM0462 (CBNUPM000215); E, male abdomen of C. vacciniella, slide no. KJM0366 (CBNUPM000385).

FIGURE 8. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Adult. A, Coleophora adspersella, CBNUPM000378 (male); B, C. albicans, CBNUPM000000381 (male); C, C. cristata, CBNUPM000147 (male); D, C. elodella, CBNUPM000425 (male); E, C. falkovitshella, CBNUPM000229 (female); F, C. fasciella, CBNUPM000336 (male); G, C. flavovena, CBNUPM000097 (female); H, C. fuscocuprella, CBNUPM000023 (male).

FIGURE 9. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Adult. A, Coleophora honshuella, CBNUPM000107 (male); B, C. kononenkoi, CBNUPM000224 (male); C, C. mayrella, CBNUPM000326 (female); D, C. melanograpta, CBNUPM000420 (male); E, C. montaniella, CBNUPM000132 (male); F, C. obducta, CBNUPM000203 (male); G, C. parki, CBNUPM000395 (female); H, C. quercicola, CBNUPM000044 (male).

FIGURE 11. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp.Venation.A, Coleophora adspersella, slide no. KJM0381 (male, CBNUPM000378); B, C. albicans, slide no. KJM0519 (male, CBNUPM000381); C, C. cristata, slide no. KJM0494 (female, CBNUPM000145); D, C. elodella, slide no. KJM0489 (male, CBNUPM000121); E, C. falkovitshella, slide no. KJM0508 (female, CBNUPM000229); F, C. fasciella, slide no. KJM0517 (male, holotype, CBNUPM000337); G, C. flavovena, slide no. KJM0487 (female, CBNUPM000098); H, C. fuscocuprella, slide no. KJM0209 (male, reversed left wings, CBNUPM000023); I, C. honshuella, slide no. KJM0165 (female, CBNUPM000104); J, C. kononenkoi, slide no. KJM0506 (male, CBNUPM000224); K, C. mayrella, slide no. KJM0516 (female, CBNUPM000290); L, C. melanograpta, slide no. KJM0486 (male, CBNUPM000090).

FIGURE 14. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Male genitalia.A, B, Coleophora flavovena, slide no. KJM0411 (in INU); C, D, C. fuscocuprella, slide no. KJM0233 (CBNUPM000024); E, F, C. honshuella, slide no. KJM0224 (CBNUPM000106); G, H, C. kononenkoi, slide no. KJM0293 (CBNUPM000224); I, J, C. mayrella, slide no. KJM0048 (CBNUPM000289).

FIGURE 18. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Female genitalia (all photographed in dorsal view). A, Coleophora honshuella, slide no. KJM0161 (CBNUPM000104); B, C. mayrella, slide no. KJM0474 (CBNUPM000326); C, C. melanograpta, slide no. KJM0184 (CBNUPM000072); D, C. montaniella, slide no. KJM0421 (CBNUPM000124); E, C. obducta, slide no. KJM0281 (CBNUPM000209).

FIGURE 21. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Abdomen. A, male abdomen of Coleophora adspersella, slide no. KJM0044 (CBNUPM000378); B, male abdomen of C. albicans, slide no. KJM0364 (CBNUPM000381); C, male abdomen of C. cristata, slide no. KJM0219 (CBNUPM000147); D, female abdomen of C. cristata, slide no. KJM0285 (CBNUPM000145); E, male abdomen of C. elodella, slide no. KJM0383 (CBNUPM000113); F, female abdomen of C. elodella, slide no. KJM0384 (CBNUPM000117); G, female abdomen of C. falkovitshella, slide no. KJM0342 (CBNUPM000229).

FIGURE 22. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Abdomen. A, male abdomen of Coleophora fasciella, slide no. KJM0284 (CBNUPM000334); B, female abdomen of C. fasciella, slide no. KJM0286 (CBNUPM000335); C, male abdomen of C. flavovena, slide no. KJM0411 (in INU); D, female abdomen of C. flavovena, slide no. KJM0397 (in KNA); E, male abdomen of C. fuscocuprella, slide no. KJM0233 (CBNUPM000024); F, male abdomen of C. honshuella, slide no. KJM0224 (CBNUPM000106); G, female abdomen of C. honshuella, slide no. KJM0161 (CBNUPM000104); H, male abdomen of C. kononenkoi, slide no. KJM0402 (in KNA).

FIGURE 23. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Abdomen. A, male abdomen of Coleophora mayrella, slide no. KJM0048 (CBNUPM000289); B, female abdomen of C. mayrella, slide no. KJM0474 (CBNUPM000326); C, male abdomen of C. melanograpta, slide no. KJM0225 (CBNUPM000078); D, female abdomen of C. melanograpta, slide no. KJM0184 (CBNUPM000072); E, male abdomen of C. montaniella, slide no. KJM0457 (CBNUPM000132); F, female abdomen of C. montaniella, slide no. KJM0353 (CBNUPM000131); G, male abdomen of C. obducta, slide no. KJM0299 (CBNUPM000203); H, female abdomen of C. obducta, slide no. KJM0281 (CBNUPM000209).

FIGURE 25. Reconfirmed Coleophora spp. Abdomen. A, female abdomen of Coleophora sternipennella, slide no. KJM0283 (CBNUPM000245); B, male abdomen of C. therinella, slide no. KJM0358 (CBNUPM000261); C, female abdomen of C. therinella, slide no. KJM0413 (in INU); D, male abdomen of C. versurella, slide no. KJM0280 (CBNUPM000362); E, female abdomen of C. versurella, slide no. KJM0470 (CBNUPM000365); F, male abdomen of C. vestianella, slide no. KJM0282 (CBNUPM000228); G, female abdomen of C. vestianella, slide no. KJM0532 (CBNUPM000396).

FIGURE 27. Ecological photographs of C. mayrella. A, field of white clover (Trifolium repens), which is a host plant; B, female ovipositing deep inside flower (on May 26th, 2023); C, egg (indicated by the black arrow) deposited between wings (composed of two middle petals) and keel (composed of two innermost petals) (on May 26th, 2023); D, egg (on May 26th, 2023); E, egg about to hatch (on May 30th, 2023); F, 1st instar larva (on May 30th, 2023); G, intact seed pod; H, damaged seed pod with close-up of hole penetrated by larva (top) and interior showing damaged inner wall, seed, and frass (bottom); I, close-up of hole penetrated by larva into seed; J, 2nd instar larva feeding on inside of seed (on June 1st, 2023); K–O, larval seed cases; P, Q, parasitoid, Tetrastichus sp., dorsal and lateral views, with close-up of submarginal vein showing the characteristic single seta of the genus (indicated by the red arrow).