Apenesia Westwood, 1874

Alencar, Isabel D. C. C. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2020, Revision of the world Apenesia Westwood (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), Zootaxa 4724 (1), pp. 1-72 : 6-7

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scientific name	Apenesia Westwood, 1874
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The genus Apenesia Westwood, 1874

Apenesia Westwood 1874: 170 . Type-species: Apenesia amazonica Westwood , by subsequent designation in Westwood 1881: 130.

Aeluroides Tullgren 1904: 429–428 . Type-species: Aeluroides sjostedti Tullgren , by monotypy. Synonymy by Kieffer 1914, 41: 391.

Neoapenesia Terayama 1995a: 886 . Type-species: Neoapenesia leytensis Terayama , by monotypy. Synonymy by Alencar et al. (2018).

Archaeopristocera Terayama 2004 , 27: 44. Type-species: Archaeopristocera miki Terayama , by monotypy. Synonymy by Azevedo et al. (2018).

Diagnosis. Male. Head usually wider than long. Maxillar palp short; palpal formula 4:3 ( Fig. 1.A View FIGURE 1 ). Clypeus broad, projected medially and with median acute tooth. Antenna short, never surpassing mesoscutum; flagellomere equally sized and short. Thorax very high in profile. Dorsal pronotal area short ( Fig. 1.B View FIGURE 1 ). Pronotal collar short laterally; propleuron easily seen in dorsal view. Propleuron aligned to pronotum in ventral view. Mesoscutum gibbous and wide. Forewing without poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 vein; Cu vein spectral anteriorly, and nebulose posteriorly; m-cu nebulose; medial flexion line deeply divided ( Fig. 1.C View FIGURE 1 ). Hypopygium short, with three stalks; median stalk very long; anterior corner stalk-shaped. Genitalia with paramere narrow and long, surface wholly setose ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 .E–F); cuspis developed dorsad ( Fig. 1.E View FIGURE 1 ), its base articulate in basivolella; basiparamere subdivided ventrally; apical projection on basiparamere apex in dorsal view; aedeagus with ventral apical lobe with warts and dorsal cover long and narrow. Female. Head distinctly wider than pronotal width, usually square ( Fig. 26 View FIGURE 26 ). Mandible long and narrow ( Fig. 24 View FIGURE 24 E–H). Palpal formula 4:3. Clypeus with basal margin surpassing posterior margin of torulus. Antenna short, not reaching posterior margin of head. Pronotum with a short and shallow depression at anterior median margin. Mesopleuron with concave surface in frontal view. Metapectal-propodeal complex with strong anterior constriction ( Fig. 25 View FIGURE 25 ). Anterior region of metapectal-propodeal complex with lateral margin bulging ( Fig. 25 View FIGURE 25 ).

Species included. A. amazonica Westwood, 1874 ; A. amenula sp. nov.; A. amoena Evans, 1963 ; A. aniela sp. nov.; A. azeda sp. nov.; A. beliella sp. nov.; A. berela sp. nov.; A. bicolor Vargas & Terayama, 2002 ; A. bifiela sp. nov.; A. celiela sp. nov.; A. chandela sp. nov.; A. chontalica Westwood, 1881 ; A. cila sp. nov.; A. colombela sp. nov.; A. conradti Kieffer, 1910 ; A. delicata Evans, 1963 ; A. dominica Evans, 1963 ; A. elela sp. nov.; A. esila sp. nov.; A. eura sp. nov.; A. farela sp. nov.; A. flavipes Cameron, 1888 ; A. formosa Vargas & Terayama, 2002 ; A. gabela sp. nov.; A. girena sp. nov.; A. goela sp. nov.; A. itoiela sp. nov.; A. joela sp. nov.; A. juliela sp. nov.; A. kelsiela sp. nov.; A. laevigata ( Evans, 1958) ; A. levis Kieffer, 1904 ; A. leytensis (Terayama, 1995) ; A. makiharai ( Sawada, Terayama & Mita, 2014) ; A. malaitensis Brues, 1918 ; A. miki ( Terayama, 2004) , A. modesta ( Smith, 1864) ; A. nigra Kieffer, 1904 ; A. parasitica ( Smith, 1865) ; A. perlonga Corrêa & Azevedo, 2006 ; A. proxima Kieffer, 1904 ; A. punctata Kieffer, 1904 ; A. sahyadrica Azevedo & Waichert, 2006 ; A. singularis Lanes & Azevedo, 2004 ; A. sjostedti ( Tullgren, 1904) ; A. substriata Kieffer, 1904 ; A. unicolor Kieffer, 1904 and A. vaurieorum Evans, 1969 .

Remarks. In Apenesia , the typically broad male clypeus that is projected medially and with a median acute tooth resembles species of Dissomphalus and some of Pristonesia Alencar & Azevedo as discussed in Alencar et al. (2018). Apenesia laevigata and A. colombela , however, present a trapezoidal clypeus without a median acute tooth, which is similar to typical males of Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 . Despite the difficulty in counting the number of labial and maxillar palps, the palpal formula in Apenesia is an exclusive diagnostic feature for both male and female specimens.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

References

Alencar, I. D. C. C., Waichert, C. & Azevedo, C. O. (2018) Opening Pandora's box of Pristocerinae: molecular and morphological phylogenies of Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) reveal several hidden genera. Systematic Entomology, 43, 481 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12295

Azevedo, C. O. & Waichert, C. (2006) A new species of Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from India, a parasitoid of coffee white stem borer Xylotrechus quadripes (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Zootaxa, 1174 (1), 63 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1174.1.5

Azevedo, C. O., Alencar, I. D. C. C., Ramos, M. S., Barbosa, D. N., Colombo, W. D., Vargas R., J. M. & Lim, J. (2018) Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zootaxa, 4489 (1), 1 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4489.1.1

Brues, C. T. (1918) Parasitic Hymenoptera from the British Solomon Islands collected by Dr. W. M. Mann. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 62, 97 - 125.

Cameron, P. (1888) Insecta. Hymenoptera (Families Tenthredinidae-Chrysididae). Subfamily Bethylinae. Biologica Centrali- Americana, 1, 448 - 457.

Correa, M. S. & Azevedo, C. O. (2006) O genero Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) na Mata Atlantica: notas e descricao de sete especies novas. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 50, 439 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262006000400001

Evans, H. E. (1958) The North and Central American species of Propristocera (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 59, 289 - 296.

Evans, H. E. (1963) A revision of the Apenesia in the Americas (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 130, 249 - 359.

Kieffer J. J. (1910) Serphidae, Cynipidae, Chalcididae, Evaniidae und Stephanidae aus Aquatorialafrika. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, Bd. 3, Lfg. 2, 1 - 29. [republished with the same title. In: Schubotz, H. (Ed.), 1912, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1907 - 1908. Band III, Zoologie I. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Leipzig, pp. 91 - 119]

Kieffer, J. J. (1914) Bethylidae. Das Tierreich, 41, 228 - 595.

Lanes, G. O. & Azevedo, C. O. (2004) New species and notes on Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa, 679 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 679.1.1

Sawada, H., Terayama, M. & Mita, T. (2014) New species of Neoapenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Japan, with special remarks on female morphology and bionomics. Entomological Science, 17, 324 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cns. 12061.

Smith, F. (1864) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. Wallace in the Islands of Mysol, Ceram, Waigiou, Bouru and Timor. Journal of the Proceeding of the Linnean Society, Zoology Suplement, 7, 6 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1863. tb 02085. x

Smith, F. (1865) Descriptions of new species of hymenopterous insects from the islands of Sumatra, Sula, Gilolo, Salwatty, and New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace. Journal of the Proceeding of the Linnean Society, Zoology Suplement, 8, 61 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1865. tb 02422. x

Terayama, M. (1995 a) Caloapenesia and Neoapenesia, new genera of the family Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) from the Oriental region, with proposals of two new synonymies of genera. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63, 881 - 891.

Terayama, M. (2004) Descriptions of new taxa and distribution records of the family Bethylidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) I. Subfamily Pristocerinae. Academic Reports of the Faculty of Engineering of Tokyo Polytechnic University, 27, 22 - 38.

Tullgren, A. (1904) On some Hymenoptera Aculeata from the Cameroons. Arkiv for Zoologi, 1, 425 - 462.

Westwood, J. O. (1874) Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 205 pp.

Westwood, J. O. (1881) Observations on the hymenopterous genus Scleroderma, Klug, and some allied groups. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1881, 117 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1881. tb 01536. x

Figures

FIGURE 1. General characteristics of Apenesia. A. Palpi; B. Mesosoma, dorsal view, C. Forewing; D. Hind wing; E–G. Genitalia: E. Basivolsella, internal view; F. Genitalia, dorsal view; G. Detail at higher magnifications of apical projection on basiparamere apex, dorsal view.

FIGURE 24. Head. A. Apenesia azeda; B. Apenesia celiela; C. Apenesia conradti; D. Apenesia sahyadrica. Mandible. E. Apenesia azeda; F. Apenesia celiela; G. Apenesia conradti; H. Apenesia sahyadrica. Lateral mesosoma. I. Apenesia conradti; J. Apenesia parasitica.

FIGURE 25. Dorsal mesosoma. A. Apenesia azeda; B. Apenesia celiela; C. Apenesia conradti; D. Apenesia parasitica, E. Apenesia sahyadrica. Body. F. Apenesia amazonica; G. Apenesia amoena; H. Apenesia bicolor; I. Apenesia chontaica; J. Apenesia delicata. (Scale bar F–J 250µm)

FIGURE 26. Body. A. Apenesia dominica; B. Apenesia flavipes; C. Apenesia formosa; D. Apenesia levis, E. Apenesia nigra; F. Apenesia proxima; G. Apenesia substriata; H. Apenesia unicolor; I. Apenesia vaurieorum. (Scale 250µm).