Gymnocodium, Pia, 1920 emend. Elliott, 1955

Vachard, D, Krainer, K & Lucas, SG, 2015, Late Early Permian (late Leonardian; Kungurian) algae, microproblematica, and smaller foraminifers from the Yeso Group and San Andres Formation (New Mexico; USA), Palaeontologia Electronica (English ed.) 3 (8), pp. 1-77 : 16-18

Gymnocodium ? johnsonii n. sp.

Figures 10.9, 10.10 , 11.8, 11.9 , 14.6, 14.7, 14.11 , 15.3, 15.5, 15.6-15.8, 15.10, 15.11 , 16.3-16.5, 16.7, 16.9 , 17.5, 17.8, 17.9 , 18.11 , 19.1, 19.2, 19.4-19.6, 19.9 , 20.17, 20.19

zoobank.org/ BCE369DB-86A5-45C7-8EAA-073A16E94617

? 1965 Gymnocodium bellerophontis (Rothpletz) ; Johnson and Kaska, p. 64, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

? 1965 Permocalculus cf. tenellus Pia ; Johnson and Kaska, p. 64-65, pl. 2, fig. 1.

? 1993 Gymnocodium ; Li and Mamet, fig. 4F.

? 2005 Gymnocodium ; Mamet and Zhu, fig. 6H.

v. 2013 b Gymnocodium ; Lucas, Krainer and Voigt, fig. 8 H, J .

v. 2013 Gymnocodiacean algae; Brose, Lucas and Krainer, fig. 6.1, 6.3.

v. 2013 Gymnocodium ; Brose, Lucas and Krainer, fig. 6.9.

v. 2013 b Gymnocodium sp. 1 ; Vachard, Krainer and Lucas, p. 348 (no illustration).

Etymology. In memory of J.H. Johnson for his fundamental work on the North American algae.

Holotype. NMMNH P-67509; Figure 10.9 ; sample MG (2) 12-12.

Paratypes. NMMNH P-67510, 67511, 67512; Figures 10.10 , 11.8-9 .

Material. 275 specimens.

Locus Typicus. NMMNH locality 8893; Yeso Group, Los Vallos Formation, Torres Member, Massacre Gap in the southern Fra Cristobal Mountains (New Mexico).

Stratum Typicum. Early? Kungurian (late Leonardian).

Diagnosis. A Gymnocodium ? characterised by some constrictions of the thallus, a poorly individualized medullar zone, and curved cortical siphons with large deltoid terminations.

Description. Thallus moderately large (L = 1.13- 4.50 mm, w = 0.45-3.00 mm), and periodically but asymmetrically compressed. Medullar zone generally sparitized and poorly individualized from the cortical zone. This cortical zone is relatively wide and crossed by euspondyl, curved, thin siphons, with terminal deltoids equilaterally triangular and relatively wide (0.05-0.07 (0.09) mm). Conceptacles not observed.

Comparisons. Gymnocodium ? johnsonii n. sp. differs from the typical Gymnocodium by the characters indicated above. From the rare moniliform Gymnocodium as such as G. nodosum ( Ogilvie-Gordon, 1927) Bilgütay, 1959 , it differs by larger dimensions (w = 1.27-2.40 mm in this latter species; see Roux, 1991), irregular swelling (against regular barrel-like segments), and less deep deltoid terminations. It differs from Siamporidium elongatum Endo, 1969 by a less elongate test and less ramified cortical siphons.

The new taxon Gymnocodium ? johnsonii n. sp., as one of the oldest representatives of the Gymnocodiaceae , may represent a missing link between an ancestral Boueina -like codiacean or Nanjinophycus -like gymnocodiaceans and the true gymnocodiaceans; i.e., Gymnocodium and Permocalculus . Nevertheless, Permocalculus Elliott, 1955 might correspond to another branch of this lineage, because its FAD is possibly located as early as the Sakmarian (see, Homann, 1972, plate 1, figure 8; identified as Gymnocodium cf. gracile Kordé ) or the early Wolfcampian ( Buitrón-Sanchez et al., 2012); i.e., prior to the first occurrence of Gymnocodium ? johnsonii n. sp.

Occurrence. Kungurian (late Leonardian) of New Mexico (Yeso Group, Torres Member: samples MG 10-13, MG(2) 10-15, MG(2) 12-3, MG(2) 12-4, MG 12-4a, MG(2) 12-5, MG(2) 12-8, MG 12-9, MG(2) 12-12, MG(2) 12-13, MG(2) 12-14, MG 13e; San Andres Formation, McLeod Hills, lower part (MLY) and reference sections (SAR): samples MLY 5-26, MLY(2) 5a-12, MLY(2) 5-13, MLY(2) 6-5, MLY 6-6, MLY(2) 6-6, MLY 6-7, MLY 6-11, MLY 6-12, MLY(2) 6-14, MLY(2) 6-15, MLY(2) 6-17, MLY(2) 6-18, MLY(2) 6-19, MLY(2) 6-20, MLY(2) 6-22, MLY 6-25, MLY 6-27, MLY 6-32, MLY 8-5, SAR 2-1, SAR 2-2, SAR 2-3, SAR 2-4, SAR 7-8, SAR 7-9, SAR(2) 8-7/ 8-17, SAR(2) 8-11, SAR 8-15, SAR 8a-15, SAR 8a- 16, SAR 8a-25)). Possibly present in the Artinskian-Kungurian (Leonardian) of Guatemala and in the Lower Permian of South China ( Li and Mamet, 1993) and North China ( Mamet and Zhu, 2005).

Figures

FIGURE 10. 1-3. Ellesmerella rara n. sp. 1. NMMNH P-67501, holotype and microfacies. Yeso Group. Sample MG 13c. 2. NMMNH P-67501, detail of holotype. Yeso Group. Sample MG 13d. 3. NMMNH P-67502, paratype encrusting the concavity of a bivalve shell. Yeso Group. Sample MG 13i. 4-6. Boueina? tubulata n. sp. 4. NMMNH P-67504, paratype. Oblique section with two medullar siphons (left) and numerous cortical siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-17. 5. NMMNH P-67503, holotype. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-12. 6. NMMNH P- 67505, paratype. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-19b. 7-8. Undetermined Chlorophyta. 7. NMMNH P-67514, subaxial section with possible connections between two orders of siphons or of laterals L1 and L2 (top, right). Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-1. 8. Oblique section with distal parts of siphons or laterals. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-9. 9-10. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 9. NMMNH P-67509, holotype. Longitudinal section. Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-4. 10. NMMNH P-67510, paratype. Compressed longitudinal section. Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-12. 11. Gymnocodium? bacillum n. sp. NMMNH P-67513, holotype. Longitudinal section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-4.

FIGURE 11. 1-4, 6-7. Boueina? crassundia n. sp. 1. NMMNH P-67506, holotype. Oblique section showing all the types of siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-7a. 2. NMMNH P-67494, paratype. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-13. 3. NMMNH P-67495, paratype. Axial section with medullar siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-11. 4. NMMNH P-67507, paratype. Oblique section with cortical siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-27. 6. NMMNH P-67507, paratype. Oblique sections with cortical siphons (already illustrated in Brose et al., 2013, figure 6.8). San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-9. 7. NMMNH P-67496, paratype. Oblique section with cortical siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-28. 5. Undetermined Chlorophyta. NMMNH P-67516, oblique sections with siphons or L2 and L1 laterals (bottom, left). San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-10. 8-9. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 8. NMMNH P-67511, paratype. Axial section with well preserved medullar zone. Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-3. 9. NMMNH P-67512, paratype. Axial section more recrystallized than Figure 11.8. Specimen already illustrated in Lucas et al. (2013b, figure 8J). Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-5. 10. Tubiphytes epimonellaeformis n. sp. NMMNH P-67518, a paratype encrusting a productoid spine (left); another paratype (right); and an isolated brachiopod spine (centre). San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 12-3.

FIGURE 14. 1-4, 10. Boueina? crassundia n. sp. 1. Axial section through dilated deltoid terminations. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-16. 2. Oblique section through the siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-25. 3. Tangential sections of the siphons. Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-5. 4. Subaxial sections of cortical siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-7. 10. Subaxial section showing medullar and cortical siphons. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a- 19a. 5, 8-9. Gymnocodium? bacillum n. sp. 5. Tangential section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR(2) 8-9. 8. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR(2) 8-20. 9. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR(2) 8-14. 6-7, 11. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 6. Axial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG(2) 12-13. 7. Subaxial section without calcified medullar zone; the internal sediment contains an Eotuberitina reitlingerae Miklukho-Maklay, 1958. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR(2) 8-17. 11. Axial section completely recrystallized. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 6-14.

FIGURE 15. 1-2, 4, 7, 9. Boueina? crassundia n. sp. 1. Oblique subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 5-1. 2. Oblique section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 5-27. 4. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 5-28. 7. Atypical axial section with excessively dilated siphons of medullar zones. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-8. 9. Two oblique sections with typical dilated siphons of medullar zones. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-10. 3, 5-8, 10-11. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 3. Tangential section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-6. 5. Transverse section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-11. 6. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-7. 7. Oblique section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-8. 8. Oblique subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-15. 10. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-12. 11. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-25.

FIGURE 16. 1-2, 6, 8. Boueina? crassundia n. sp. 1. Oblique section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-13. 2. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-14. 6. Tangential section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-30. 8. Atypical oblique section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 8-3. 3-5. Undetermined Chlorophyta. 3. Two sections (centre) with Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. (centre bottom and top) and Boueina? tubulata n. sp. (top right). San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-20. 4. At least six fragments. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-21. 5. Tangential section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 8-5. 7, 9. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. gen. n. sp. 7. Various sections associated with Globivalulina parapiciformis n. sp. (bottom, left) and G. novamexicana n. sp. (centre). San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-32. 9. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 6-27.

FIGURE 17. 1-4, 7. Undetermined Chlorophyta. 1. Tangential section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-27. 2. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-2. 3. Tangential section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-3. 4. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-8. 7. Oblique subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-3a. 6. Bryozoa. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-10. 5, 8-9. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 5. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-5. 8. Two specimens in subaxial and tangential sections. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-9 (already illustrated in Lucas et al., 2013b, figure 8H). 9. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 13e.

FIGURE 18. 1-5. Boueina? tubulata n. sp. 1. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-26. 2. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-9. 3. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-2. 4. Oblique section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY 5-18. 5. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-19. 6-11. Boueina? crassundia n. sp. 6. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-9. 7. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-19d. 8. Oblique section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-11. 9. Oblique subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-16. 10. Longitudinal section. San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5-14. 11. Oblique section (left). San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-12. 11. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. An axial section through the cortical zone (right). San Andres Fm. Sample MLY(2) 5a-12. 12. Tubiphytes epimonellaeformis n. sp. Specimen similar to Latitubiphytes Vachard, Krainer and Lucas, 2012 exhibiting a neosparitization of Miliolata, especially Hemigordiopsis, Baisalina or Pseudobaisalina (see Gargouri and Vachard, 1988; Vdovenko et al., 1993). San Andres Fm. Sample SAR(2) 12-15.

FIGURE 19. 1-2, 4-6, 9. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 1. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 2-1. 2. Tangential section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 2-2. 4. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 2-3. 5. Tangential section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 2-4. 6. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 7-9. 9. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-25 (already illustrated in Brose et al., 2013, figure 6.9). 3, 7-8, 10-16. Gymnocodium? bacillum n. sp. 3. Oblique subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 2-5. 7. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-3. 8. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-26. 10. Axial section. Yeso. Sample MG(2) 12-2 (already illustrated in Lucas et al., 2013b, figure 8D). 11. Axial section. San Andres. Sample SAR 8-8. 12. Axial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 13-6. 13. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-16. 14. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-15. 15. Two tangential sections. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 7- 8. 16. Subaxial section. San Andres Fm. Sample SAR 8a-23.

FIGURE 20. 1-4. Globivalvulina novamexicana n. sp. 1. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-18. 2. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-19a. 3. Oblique section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-1. 4. Recrystallized subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-4. 5-8, 10-11. Hemigordiellina aff. simplex (Harlton, 1928). 5. Random section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-23. 6. Random section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-7. 7. Random section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-11. 8. Random section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-12. 10. Random section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-13. 11. Random section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-14. 9. Eotuberitina reitlingerae Miklukho-Maklay, 1958. Axial section with basal disk. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-12a. 12. Geinitzina indepressa Cherdyntsev, 1914. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-13a. 13, 15. Boueina? crassundia n. gen. n. sp. 13. Oblique section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-1. 15. Tangential section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-10. 14. Palaeonubecularia sp. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-5. 16. Gymnocodium? bacillum n. sp. Axial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-11. 17, 19. Gymnocodium? johnsonii n. sp. 17. Two transverse sections. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-13. 19. Subaxial section. Yeso Group. Sample MG 12-4a. 18. Undetermined Chlorophyta. Subtransverse section through the laterals. Yeso Group. Sample MG 10-19. Scale bars 1-12 equal 0.10 mm; 13-19 equal 0.50 mm.