Latrunculia (Biannulata) lincfreesei Kelly, Reiswig & Samaai

Kelly, Michelle, Sim-Smith, Carina, Stone, Robert, Reiswig, Toufiek Samaai Henry & Austin, William, 2016, New taxa and arrangements within the family Latrunculiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), Zootaxa 4121 (1), pp. 1-48 : 14-16

Latrunculia (Biannulata) lincfreesei Kelly, Reiswig & Samaai sp. nov.

( Fig. 2 B, 7, 16AE; Tables 3 , 8 , 9 )

Material examined. Holotype — RBCM 015-00486-001: Shumagin Bank, 37.8 km SSW of Simeonof Island, Shumagin Islands, Gulf of Alaska, 54.563° N, 159.042° W, 139 m, 15 Jun 2013, NOAA Fisheries, FV Ocean Explorer, Station-haul 72, Cruise 201301, collected by N. Laman. Paratype— RBCM 015-00486-002: same locality data.

Type location. Shumagin Bank, Gulf of Alaska.

Distribution. Shumagin Bank, Gulf of Alaska.

Description. Spherical to elongate, thickly encrusting sponge, extremely wrinkled, folded, cavernous, contracted in life and when preserved, holotype about 4 cm high and wide ( Fig. 7 A), by 2 cm thick, paratype about 6 cm long, 2 cm wide, 2 cm thick ( Fig. 7 B). Surface covered in thin, almost strappy turrets about 1 cm high, some tapering to a point, some appear rounded on the ends, location of the areolate pore fields cannot be determined because of condition of specimens. Texture in life soft, compressible. Colour in life is bright orange-brown, turrets slightly lighter in colour. Attached to large, smooth pebbles ( Fig. 7 A, B).

Skeleton. A layer of vertically positioned anisodiscorhabds, several spicules deep, forms a palisade in the ectosome, below which is a layer of megascleres, 300–1000 µm thick, that are paratangential to the ectosome, criss-crossed in arrangement, and vertical near the pore fields. The choanosomal architecture is fibrous with huge tracts, 250–500 µm wide, forming a wide-meshed, irregular reticulation. Abundant anisodiscorhabds are scattered between the megascleres in the choanosome.

Spicules. Megascleres ( Fig. 7 D, E; Table 3 ), anisostyles, fusiform, slightly sinuous, head acanthose, 541 (480– 590) × 13 (10–15) µm.

Microscleres ( Fig. 7 F–J; Table 3 ), anisodiscorhabds, manubrium absent in over 60% of microscleres ( Fig. 7 F). In about 40% of anisodiscorhabds in the holotype and 10% of anisodiscorhabds in the paratype ( Fig. 7 G, J) a single, double or three-pronged microspined spine projects from the base of the shaft. The basal whorl consists of several thick sharp sculpted spines, which are ornamented with single spines and rows of tiny teeth, spines strongly curved horizontally then obliquely away from the shaft. The median and subsidiary whorls are also composed of serrated sculpted spines, approximately equal in diameter. The apical whorl consists of numerous thick, sharp, doublet spines that curve gently away from the shaft. There is no visible apex in any spicule. Anisodiscorhabds without manubrium, 63 (58–70) × 35 (30–38) µm, anisodiscorhabds with manubrium, slightly longer at 68 (63–73) × 35 (30–43) µm.

Substrate, depth range and ecology. Collected by trawl from a relatively flat seafloor with pebbles, cobbles and sand, in an area experiencing relatively high currents. Grows on bedrock, pebbles, sand and cobbles, in moderate current at a depth of 139 m.

Etymology. Named for J. Lincoln Freese, retired fisheries research biologist from Auke Bay Laboratories (NOAA Fisheries), who pioneered the use of deep-sea submersibles to study seafloor and sponge ecology in the Gulf of Alaska.

Remarks. The anisodiscorhabds of L. lincfreesei sp. nov. are very similar in appearance to those of southern hemisphere L. ( Biannulata ) species ( Fig. 6 Q–AF), with only two whorls of spines between the terminal substructures, the median and subsidiary whorls. In the majority of microscleres in the type specimen, the basal whorl forms a cuff of double spines slanting away from the shaft of the spicule; the manubrium is not apparent as an independent substructure. Similarly, the apical whorl forms a crown of doublet spines that slant away from the shaft and an apex tuft or spine is not apparent ( Fig. 7 F, H–I).

In about 40% of anisodiscorhabds in the holotype, and about 10% in the paratype, and in some protorhabds, there is a large, frequently divided, acanthose manubrium projecting from the base of the spicule ( Fig. 7 G, J). Although the presence of a distinctive manubrium in some spicules might suggest affinity of L. lincfreesei sp. nov. with the subgenus Latrunculia , the most pragmatic decision is to recognise the dominant form of the microscleres, those without a manubrium, thus classifying the species with the L. ( Biannulata ) group. In terms of the overall structure and micro-ornamentation, the anisodiscorhabds of L. lincfreesei sp. nov. are very similar to those of L. (B.) triloba Schmidt, 1875 ( Fig. 14 , 16 A–F), from the southwest coast of Norway, but the spicules of the latter are much smaller (anisostyles, 370 (350–385) × 11 (10–13) µm; anisodiscorhabds, 48 (45–53) × 32 (28–35) µm). Latrunculia (B.) lincfreesei sp. nov. is distinguishable from other North Pacific Latrunculia species in the form of the sponge, being highly cavernous with strappy surface turrets, and in the larger size of the anisostyles and anisodiscorhabds, which are also highly characteristic in morphology and ornamentation.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Distribution of North Pacific Latrunculiidae species: A. Gulf of Alaska, U. S. A and British Columbia, Canada; B. Central Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, U. S. A. Locality data for the four Kurile Island specimens of Latrunculia (Uniannulata) oparinae subgen. nov. taken from Samaai & Krasokhin (2002) and Samaai et al. (2006). L = Latrunculia, B = Bomba gen. nov.

FIGURE 6. Megascleres and microscleres of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) hamanni sp. nov.: A. Histological section showing palisade of anisodiscorhabds in outermost ectosome, a paratangential layer of megascleres below palisade, and cavernous choanosome beneath ectosome (from NHMUK 2006.8.24.1), scale = 200 µm; B. Acanthose head of anisostyle with retrovert spines (from NHMUK 2008.3.27.2), scale = 10 µm; C. Typical anisodiscorhabds (from NHMUK 2006.8.24.2), scale = 20 µm; D. Typical anisodiscorhabds (from NHMUK 2008.3.27.2), scale = 20 µm; E. Range of protoanisodiscorhabds as they mature (from NHMUK 2008.3.27.2), scale = 20 µm; F. Upper portion of anisodiscorhabd showing subsidiary whorl, and tufted apical whorl and apex (from NHMUK 2006.8.24.1), scale = 10 µm; G. Lower portion of anisodiscorhabd showing basal whorl and lower manubrium (from NHMUK 2008.3.27.2), scale = 10 µm.

FIGURE 7. Morphology, megascleres and microscleres of Latrunculia (Biannulata) lincfreesei sp. nov.: A. RBCM 015 - 00486 - 001, preserved holotype, scale = 1 cm; B. RBCM 015 - 00486 - 002, preserved paratype, scale = 1 cm; C. Histological section showing palisade of anisodiscorhabds in outermost ectosome, a paratangential layer of megascleres below palisade, and cavernous choanosome below, scale = 200 µm; D. Typical slightly sinuous anisostyle, scale = 200 µm; E. Acanthose head of anisostyle, scale = 20 µm; F. Typical anisodiscorhabds without manubrium below basal whorl, scale = 20 µm; G. Typical anisodiscorhabds with manubrium below basal whorl, scale = 20 µm; H, I. Apices of anisodiscorhabd showing apical whorl (apex absent), scale = 20 µm; J. Base of anisodiscorhabd showing basal whorl and manubrium, scale = 20 µm.

FIGURE 14. Morphology, megascleres and microscleres of Latrunculia (Biannulata) triloba (Schmidt, 1875), ZMB Por 2667 (2 lots): A. Portion of holotype in Lot 1 from which spicules were examined (circled), gridlines = 1 mm; B. A second, larger portion of the holotype, showing general surface features and tapering fistules, gridlines = 1 mm; C. Original label included in Lot 1; D. A third section of the holotype showing collapsed, tapering fistules, gridlines = 1 mm; E. Original label included in Lot 2, the asterisk identifies that this is as a type specimen; F. Illustrations of holotype anisodiscorhabds (from Schmidt 1875, Plate 1, Fig. 17, 18); G. slightly sinuous, centrally thickened anisostyle with a smooth head, scale = 100 µm; H, I. Anisodiscorhabd, scale = 50 µm; J. protorhabd, scale = 50 µm; K, L. immature anisodiscorhabd, scale = 50 µm.

FIGURE 16. Comparison of diagnostic anisodiscorhabds in living species of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) du Bocage, 1869, Latrunculia (Biannulata) Samaai, Gibbons & Kelly, 2006, and Latrunculia (Uniannulata) subgen. nov., not to scale: A. L. (L.) triverticillata Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; B. L. (L.) fiordensis Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; C. L. (L.) oxydiscorhabda Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; D. L. (L.) cratera du Bocage, 1869; E. L. (L.) bocagei Ridley & Dendy, 1886; F. L. (L.) basilis Kirkpatrick, 1908; G. L. (L.) brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886; H. L. (L.) palmata Lévi, 1964; I. L. (L.) ikematsui Tanita, 1968; J. L. (L.) novaecaledoniae Samaai et al., 2006; K. L. (L.) austini Samaai et al., 2006; L. L. (L.) hamanni sp. nov.; M. L. (L.) ciruela Hajdu et al., 2013; N. L. (L.) copihuensis Hajdu et al., 2013; O. L. (L.) verenae Hajdu et al., 2013; P. L. (L.) yepayek Hajdu et al., 2013; Q. L. (B.) kaakaariki Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; R. L. (B.) duckworthi Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; S. L. (B.) procumbens Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; T. L. (B.) wellingtonensis Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; U. L. (B.) kaikoura Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; V. L. (B.) millerae Alvarez, Bergquist & Battershill, 2002; W. L. (B.) spinispiraefera Brøndsted, 1924; X. L. (B.) purpurea Carter, 1881; Y. L. (B.) lunaviridis Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly & Davies-Coleman, 2003; Z. L. (B.) microacanthoxea Samaai, Gibbons, Kelly & Davies-Coleman, 2003; AA. L. (B.) gotzi Samaai, Janson & Kelly, 2012; AB. L. (B.) kerwathi Samaai Janson & Kelly, 2012; AC. L. (B.) algoaensis Samaai Janson & Kelly, 2012; AD. L. (B.) janeirensis Cordonis, Moraes & Muricy, 2012; AE. L. (B.) lincfreesi sp. nov.; AF. L. (B) triloba (Schmidt, 1875); AG. L. (U.) oparinae Samaai & Krasokhin, 2002; AH. L. (U.) velera Lehnert et al., 2006. Fig. 16 A – J, Q – AC reproduced with permission from Zootaxa (Magnolia Press) from Fig. 6 in Samaai et al. (2012), Fig. 16 M – P reproduced with permission from Zootaxa from Fig. 9 in Hajdu et al. (2013), Fig. 16 AD reproduced with permission from Dr Guliherm Muricy, and Fig. 16 AH reproduced with permission from Zootaxa.

Tables

TABLE 3. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Latrunculia (Biannulata) lincfreesei sp. nov.

Specimen	Anisostyles	Anisodiscorhabds with manubrium	Anisodiscorhabds without manubrium
RBCM 015-00486-001 Holotype	545 (485–590) × 13 (10–15)	67 (63–71) × 36 (33–43)	64 (60–68) × 35 (35–38)
RBCM 015-00486-002 Paratype	537 (480–570) × 12 (11–15)	68 (65–73) × 33 (30–38)	62 (58–70) × 34 (30–38)