Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.4202/app.00363.2017 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3E045-FFCE-574E-FF6D-52455E1EF3FE |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) |
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Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) View in CoL
Figs. 7–9 View Fig View Fig View Fig .
1873 Cardium darwini Mayer, 1866 View in CoL ; Fischer and Tournouër 1873: 45, pl. 20: 9 (non C. darwini Mayer, 1866 View in CoL ).
1912 Cardium (Ringicardium) kunstleri View in CoL sp. nov.; Cossmann and Peyrot 1912: 494, pl. 21: 28.
1950 Ringicardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) View in CoL ; Magne 1950: 123.
Material. —RGM.794109, one valve from Serravallian (Miocene), Salles “Moulin Débat”, France. RGM.794105, four fragments from Tortonian (Miocene), Cacela Velha, Portugal. RGM.794103, three moulds from Serravallian (Miocene), Akbogazi, Turkey. RGM.1309992 (Kaptein collection), one valve from Serravallian? (Miocene), Gironde, France. JJTP 4774, four fragments from Serravallian? (Miocene), Gironde, France. JJTP 4880, one valve from Serravallian? (Miocene), Gironde, France. PH 11898, three valves from Serravallian (Miocene), Salles, France. PH 20375, one shell, two valves, six fragments, PH 20400, one mould, from Tortonian (Miocene), Cacela Velha, Portugal. EK unnumbererd specimen, one valve, five fragments from Serravallian? (Miocene), Gironde, France. P. aff. kunstleri : RGM.1309990 (ter Poorten collection) one valve from Zanclean (Pliocene), Lucena del Puerto, Spain; PH 42438, one shell, one valve from Zanclean (Pliocene), Bonares, Spain.
Description.— Shell very large (L up to 144 mm), longer than high, strongly inequilateral, relatively thin, inflated, widely gaping posteriorly. Umbo prosogyrate. Anterior margin rounded, ventral margin almost straight, posterior margin truncated and nearly straight. Shell bearing 14–17 primary radial ribs, on anterior half each interspace with a weakly defined, rather broad secondary riblet. Median primary ribs not well delimited, thin, high triangular and about 4 times as small as interspaces. Anterior ribs prominent with horseshoe-shaped, ventrally hollow scales, placed on rib top and upper rib flanks. Cross-section of anterior and median ribs triangular to keel-like. Ribs on postero-medial slope asymmetrical in cross section, ultimately flattened posteriorly, with sculpture on posterior rib flanks gradually developing into pointed, strongly projecting, posteriorly directed spines. Rib impressions clearly visible from within. Hinge plate rather narrow and slightly sinuous, hinge angle very large. Hinge and ligament: as for genus. Lunule shallowly excavate, dorsal margin raised anterior of umbo.
Remarks. —In their study of the late Miocene molluscs from the Cabrières marls (Mont Luberon), Fischer and Tournouër 1873: 45, pl. 20: 9) illustrated a well preserved valve of a cardiid from the Serravallian of Salles (Aquitaine Basin), with the aim of providing a first illustration of Mayer’s Cardium darwini , avoiding to illustrate the poorly preserved material occurring at Cabrières. Instead, they illustrated a distinct Procardium species with a markedly oblique shape and narrow ribs, clearly the same species described, almost 40 years later, as C. (Ringicardium) kunstleri by Cossmann and Peyrot (1912: 494, pl. 21: 28).
The study material from the type area (Gironde, Serravallian) ( Fig. 7 View Fig ) matches the syntype from Salles (a left valve) illustrated by Cossmann and Peyrot (1912), who oddly referred to it as “ neotype ”. The radial sculpture consists of 15 ribs (14–15 in the original description), which are anteriorly and medially narrow and triangular in cross-section. U- or V-shaped scales, mostly worn, are present on the median ribs, while they are larger and conical or horseshoe-shaped anteriorly ( Fig. 16D View Fig ). The radial interspaces are wide, flattish, with rather well defined secondary riblets ( Fig. 16D View Fig ). Procardium kunstleri differs markedly in sculpture from P. indicum , P. diluvianum , and P. avisanense , all with wider, convex ribs, bearing a median groove ( Table 2; Fig. 16F–H View Fig ). Also, the shell of P. kunstleri is more elongate, markedly oblique and with a poorly convex to almost straight ventral margin.
The late Miocene specimens from Portugal ( Fig. 8B–D View Fig ), are very similar to the Serravallian specimens from France, but their posterior spines are particularly long and pointed ( Fig. 8C View Fig 2 View Fig ). In some specimens, the anterior scales are particularly well preserved: they are larger and more widely conical than those of P. diluvianum and P. avisanense ( Fig. 8D View Fig ).
The material from the early Pliocene of Cordoba and Bonares in the Gualdalquivir Basin, southern Spain ( Fig. 9 View Fig ), differs from the Miocene specimens with regard to: (i) the higher number of anterior and median ribs (11 ribs in the Pliocene specimens vs. 9 in the Miocene ones); (ii) less projecting triangular ribs on the anterior-median slope ( Fig. 16E View Fig ); (iii) more elevated and sharply bordered posterior ribs; (iv) a stronger posterior keel separating the posterior slope. In other words, the sculptural change from the median to the posterior area is much more pronounced in the Miocene specimens, and accelerated by a keel-like rib, which results in a more angular postero-ventral transition. In addition, the siphonal gape in the Pliocene specimens is very wide ( Fig. 9C View Fig ). Additional material and information is needed to establish the taxonomic status of the early Pliocene specimens, which are here provisionally referred to Procardium aff. kunstleri .
The shells of P. kunstleri are large, up to about 125 mm in length in the Aquitaine Basin and 145 mm in the Cacela Basin. However, specimens of Procardium aff. kunstleri from the Guadalquivir Basin are even larger, reaching more than 150 mm in length ( Table 2).
Apart from the middle Miocene and early Pliocene records from NE Atlantic, there are some records from the late Miocene of the Mediterranean, unfortunately all based on poorly preserved material. A group of records is from the Tortonian of northern Italy: the internal moulds referred to as Cardium kunstleri by Venzo (1933: 55, pl. 6: 4), Venzo and Pelosio (1963: 174, pl. 25: 16) and Tavani and Tongiorgi 1963: 26, pl. 25: 2, 4) show the main sculptural characters of P. kunstleri , but probably only the last record, from Tuscany, could be tentatively referred to P. kunstleri , while the others seem to differ markedly in shape.
Some literature records and material from the Mut Basin deposits ( Fig. 10 View Fig ), cropping out in the area of Karaman, southern Turkey, and ranging in age from Burdigalian to Serravallian ( Mandic et al. 2004; Ćorić et al. 2012; Landau et al. 2013), suggest the occurrence of several Procardium species. Scarce shell fragments from the Serravallian of Seyithasan (RGM.1309268, van der Voort collection) and Lale ( PH 1634) show close similarities in sculpture with P. kunstleri , but apparently with different direction and curvation of ribs ( Fig. 12B–F View Fig ). Other material from the same area consists of internal moulds ( Fig. 10D–G View Fig ), all of them sharing narrow, wide spaced ribs, but differing from each other in shape. A notably elongate mould with 14 ribs ( Fig. 10F View Fig ), could be identified as Cardium subhians Fischer, 1866 ( Fig. 10A View Fig ), described form the area of Karaman ( Fischer 1866: 283–284, pl. 18: 2). A few other moulds (RGM.794103, RGM.1309265, van der Voort collection) are almost equidimensional and equilateral, with straight ribs ( Fig. 10E View Fig ). Another mould is slightly elongate and oblique ( Fig. 10D View Fig ), while another, possibly distinct species, is almost equilateral, but markedly less globose than the others ( Fig. 10G View Fig ). In addition, from the area of Karaman, Toula (1901: 253, pl. 8: 5a, b) described Cardium cilicianum and reported Cardium aff. subhians , both on moulds of articulated shells. The holotype of C. cilicianum (RGM.16498; Fig. 10B View Fig ) seems unusually elongate posteriorly, while the specimen of C. aff. subhians (RGM.16499; Fig. 10C View Fig ) is markedly different in shape from the type material of C. subhians . The two moulds reported from the same area by Erünal-Erentöz (1958: 177, pl. 33: 18, 18a, pl. 34: 1) as Cardium (Ringicardium) cf. hians seem to correspond to Cardium aff. subhians , with its subrectangular, oblique shape. Also the internal mould reported by Venzo and Pelosio (1963: 174, pl. 25: 15) as C. hians from the Tortonian of northern Italy is somewhat similar to Toula’s specimen. The internal mould reported by Mandic et al. (2004: fig. 10-1) as Cardium hians danubiana Mayer, 1866 from the Burdigalian of Burunköy, in the Karaman area, could be another distinct species, as discussed below.
Other records of “ C. kunstleri ”, once again based on internal moulds, are from the Paratethys, namely from the middle Burdigalian of Bern, Switzerland ( Rutsch 1928: 144, pl. 8: 36; Pfister and Wegmüller 1998: 476, pl. 10: 1–6) and from the Badenian (Langhian–middle Serravallian) of Poland ( Studencka and Studencki 1988: pl. 7: 8). Although these moulds show some overlap in shape and sculpture with P. kunstleri , their definitive identification is not possible.
Stratigraphic and geographic range.— Procardium kunstleri is known from the Serravallian of France (Aquitaine Basin) and the Tortonian of Portugal (Algarve Basin), but a wider distribution (Tortonian of Mediterranean) is possible. Procardium aff. kunstleri is only known from early Pliocene of Spain (Guadalquivir Basin).
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