Paragenidens Marceniuk et al. 2019

Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio & Ferraris Jr, Carl J., 2024, A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2), pp. 426-476 : 443

Paragenidens Marceniuk et al. 2019

( Figs 1–3 , 12C , 15 )

Type species: Arius grandoculis Steindachner, 1877 .

Diagnosis

Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2, 1> 0); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid long and posteriorly oriented (12, 1> 2); bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0> 1); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1> 0); anterior margin of vomer very pronounced and acute (50, 0> 1); lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent (64, 1> 0); optic foramen very large (67, 1> 0), homoplastic in Potamarius ; distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen small, equal to width of trigemino-facialis foramen (68, 1> 0); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0> 1); transcapular process very short and thick (87, 0> 1); maxilla lateral and mesial margins considerably closer to each other proximally, distally narrow and pointed (102, 2> 3); premaxilla very wide and short, only as long as wide (120, 1> 3); opercle posterior portion well developed posteriorly (129, 0> 1); interopercle rectangular (134, 0> 1), homoplastic in Potamarius ; metapterygoid one and one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1> 2); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0> 1); bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal absent (159, 0> 1); third basibranchial long and narrow (169, 1> 2); third pharyngobranchial funnel shaped (192, 1> 0); 14 or fewer ribs (213, 1> 0).

Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel relatively narrow and long (27, 0> 1).

Included species

Paragenidens grandoculis (Steindachner, 1877) .

Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, east coast of Brazil ( Fig. 12 ).

Remarks

The total-evidence analysis corroborates the result of a previous morphological and molecular study that supports the recognition of Paragenidens ( Marceniuk et al. 2019c) .

Figures

Figure 1. MP analysis.Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green).Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support.

Figure 2. ML analysis. Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green). Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support.

Figure 3. BI analysis.Subfamilies (SF) Galeichthyinae (pink), Bagreinae (bright blue), and Ariinae (dark blue). Tribe (T) Ariini (blue), Cathopsini (orange), Genidentini tribe nov. (brown), and Sciadeini tribe nov. (light green).Subtribe (ST) Ariina (light blue) and Doiichthyina (green). Incertae sedis taxa (IS) (red). Numbers over branches correspond to the bootstrap support.

Figure 12. Representative skulls, in dorsal view, and distribution of Genidentini tribe nov. A, Chinchaysuyoa ortegai, MPEG 35976. B, Genidens genidens, MZUSP 51694. C, Paragenidens grandoculis, CIUFES 3763.* marine, ** brackish waters, *** freshwater.

Figure 15. Paragenidens grandoculis, LBP 24068, coastal lakes and estuaries of south-eastern Brazil, type species of the genus.