Thyene coccineovittata ( Simon, 1886 )

Pupin, Giovanni B. & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2023, The alien synanthropic Salticidae in Brazil (Araneae), Iheringia, Série Zoologia (e 2023002) 113, pp. 1-16 : 12-15

Thyene coccineovittata ( Simon, 1886)

( Figs 25–30 ; 34)

Hyllus coccineovittatus SIMON, 1886:348 .

Thyene coccineovittata BERLAND & MILLOT, 1941:371 ; 373, figs 70,71; HILL & MARIANTE, 2019:2 , figs 1-4.

(Check other synonyms in WORLD SPIDER CATALOG, 2022).

Diagnosis. Thyene coccineovittata differs from the other synanthropic Salticidae by its more orange and vibrant color, and by the abdomen decorated with two white lateral stripes and one centralized ( Figs 25, 26 ). Males have a long spiral-shaped embolus around the tegulum ( Figs 27, 28 ) and the female differs from the other species in having a simple epigynum, with copulatory openings that are not very sclerotized and long spermatic ducts ( Figs. 29, 30 ).

Records in the World. Thyene coccineovittata is a species of African origin ( BERLAND & MILLOT, 1941; WORLD SPIDER CATALOG, 2022), which was accidentally introduced in France ( OGER & VAN KEER, 2017) and Brazil (Fig. 34) ( MARIANTE & HILL, 2018).

Natural history. Thyene coccineovittata is the synanthropic exotic Salticidae in Brazil with more striking coloration, is commonly found in vegetation ( DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN et al., 2005), Brazil it was recorded in Triplaris sp. ( Polygonaceae ) ( MARIANTE & HILL, 2018), the species is an efficient insect predator ( DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN et al., 2005; MONDAL et al., 2020) and has been recorded feeding on insect Pentatomidae eggs ( CUKIER, 2020).

Material examinado. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Bairro Vargem Pequena (22°59’21.1”S; 43°27’55.7”W) , ♂, ♀, 12.IV.2019, R.M. Mariante col.( UFRJ 1633 ) ; ♀, 24.IV.2019, R.M. Mariante col.( UFRJ 1635 ) ; ♂, 11.VII.2021, R. M. Mariante col. (UFRJ 1635 A).

The environment of synanthropic exotic Salticidae . From the date of the zoological collections examined, 647 records were obtained, containing 1118 individuals, being 633 females, 446 males, and 39 juveniles. Hasarius adansoni was the species with the highest number of records in the collections (258), followed by Plexippus paykulli (196), and Menemerus bivittatus (186), Menemerus nigli (4), and Thyene coccineovittata (3). Of these, 363 (56%) had additional information regarding the collections (e. g. collected indoors, on walls, vegetation, etc.). Plexippus paykulli had 97 (49%) records with collection observations, M. bivittatus 120 (65%) and H. adansoni 139 (54%) ( Tab. I ), the four records of M. nigli are from collections in urban buildings and T. coccineovittata presented three records associated with urban vegetation.

The distribution of synanthropic exotic Salticidae . Three of the five species have a wide distribution in Brazil, where Plexippus paykulli occurs in 22 of the 27 federative units, being absent in Alagoas, Amapá, Distrito Federal, Pernambuco, and Rondônia ( Fig. 30 ).

Menemerus bivittatus occurs in 19 states, being absent in Amapá, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Paraíba, Rondônia and Roraima (Fig. 32).

Hasarius adansoni occurs in 17 states, being absent in Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia and Roraima (Fig. 32).

Menemerus nigli and Thyene coccineovittata in Brazil were only recorded in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 34).

Currently, Brazil has only five species of exotic Salticidae . The introduction of M. bivittatus and H. adansoni it has first recorded in the year 1924 in Blumenau, Santa Catarina; P. paykulli was registered for the first time in the year 1934 in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.

Plexippus paykulli was the species that showed greatest restriction to anthropized areas, with 94 records associated with human constructions and two records related with urban vegetation; this information corroborates the existing literature ( JACKSON & MACNAB, 1989; MONDAL et al., 2020), the only record in which the plant was identified, is from a collection carried out in Digitaria horizontalis (Jamaican crabgrass). The greater number of records associated with human constructions may be linked to the fact that the species uses the corners of buildings to build their refuges ( JACKSON & MACNAB, 1989; MONDAL et al., 2020).

Menemerus bivittatus has 95 records associated with human constructions (mainly on walls) and 16 related with urban vegetation (mainly on tree trunks), corroborating the existing literature ( WESOŁOWSKA, 1999; PENNEY & GABRIEL, 2009; MONDAL et al., 2020). However, the higher occurrence in anthropized regions may indicate a preference for urban niches in regions where the species was introduced. Beyond these, five records are associated with the hive of bees in São Paulo, São Paulo, and the one record is related with the hive of Trypoxylon sp. (wasp) in the region of Botucatu, São Paulo.

Hasarius adansoni has the greater diversity of occupied niches, with 108 records in human constructions and 16 records related with urban vegetation, of this, only one in a tree trunk; this information corroborates the existing literature, where the species is commonly reported in the peridomicile of residences ( CLARK &BENOIT, 1977; MONDAL et al., 2020).

Menemerus nigli was only found in anthropized areas, but the presence of another species of the same genus allows us to speculate that it will have the same distribution profile and occupy the same niches.

The records of T. coccineovittata in urban vegetation may indicate that this Salticidae prefers environments such as gardens, urban parks, woods, and forests. If the species starts to occupy natural niches, it could pose a threat to arthropod populations and their ecosystem relationships. More studies are need on its invasive potential and its impact on ecosystems.

Menemerus nigli and Thyene coccineovittata have a restricted distribution in the city of Rio de Janeiro – Rio de Janeiro, probably due to the recent introductions of the species. Plexippus paykulli , M. bivittatus , and Hasarius adansoni are widely distributed throughout Brazil, and the regions where no records were found are likely related to the lack of collections.

Although M. bivittatus occurs in urban áreas and probably does not impact most other species, further studies are needed to understand whether the species may be impacting native bee populations. Already P. paykulli and H. adansoni do not affect native species and they occur together with synanthropic native Salticidae in urban niches such as Megafreya sutrix (Holmberg, 1875) and Frigga quintensis (Tullgren, 1905) .

In addition, in the Americas, there are species of exotic Menemerus and may result in new introductions M. brachygnathus (Thorell, 1887) , M. taeniatus (L. Koch, 1867) , M. semilimbatus (Hahn, 1829) . Although the literature indicates two species of Hasarius for Brazil, Hasarius lisei needs a taxonomic review, since its structures do not match the diagnosis of the genus.

Figures

Figs 25–30. Thyene coccineovittata (Simon, 1886) (25, 27, 28: ♂; 26, 29, 30: ♀). Figs. 25, 26, habitus, dorsal view; 27, palp, ventral view; 28, palp, retrolateral view; 29, epigynum, ventral view; 30, epigynum, dorsal view (CO, copulatory opening; E, embolus; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermatheca; SD, sperm duct; TL, tegular lobe). Fig. 30 was used with the permission of Dr. David Hill and Dr. Rafael.