Daphniidae Straus, 1820

Xiang, Xian-Fen, Ji, Gao-Hua, Chen, Shou-Zhong, Yu, Gong-Liang, Xu, Lei, Han, Bo-Ping, Kotov, Alexey A. & Dumont, Henri J., 2015, Annotated Checklist of Chinese Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Part I. Haplopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda and Anomopoda (families Daphniidae, Moinidae, Bosminidae, Ilyocryptidae), Zootaxa 3904 (1), pp. 1-27 : 9-15

Family Daphniidae Straus, 1820

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) carinata King, 1853 s. lat. Records: Sars, 1903: (Kerulen He, near the outlet of Hulun Hu); Spandl, 1925:186/1a–b (Beijing); Rylov, 1923: 55 (Harbin); Uéno, 1937: 200 (a pond at La-ha-chan north of Qiqihar); Uéno, 1938b: 22/4–5 (widely distributed in Northeast China); Uéno, 1938e: 4/5 (Hulun Hu); Uéno, 1939: 222 (common in northeast China); Uéno, 1940a: 335/13–27 (Hulun Hu; pools at Shalong Park in Qiqihar; pools at Datong Park in Changchun; Nan Hu in Changchun; Chagan Hu at Da’an in Jilin Province; lakes at Longjiang in Heilongjiang Province; pools in Shenyang; Anshan; pools northwest Dalian; pools at Zhangbei in Hebei Province); Uéno, 1940b: 552 (Hulun Hu); Chiang, 1955: 100/I: 6; 1963: 53/I: 4–5 (Wuli Hu); Shen & Sung, 1962: 33/5 (Sanmenxia Reservoir); Chiang, 1964: 73 (a swimming pool at Tacheng Park in Xinjiang); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Chiang & Du, 1979: 107–109/71 (small waters at Donghu Park in Wuchang; provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang); Chen et al., 1989: 416 (Bijie in Guizhou Province); often confused with D. similis and D. similoides (see below); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Chenglingji, Wuhan, Jiujiang, Hukou, Anqing, Tongling, Wuhu and Nanjing section of Yangtze River; Jialing Jiang, Wu Jiang and Dongjing He; Lushui Reservoir; Dong Hu in Wuhan, Poyang Hu and Wuli Hu). Most of these identifications may refer to members of the D. similis group (see below), but real D. carinata could be present in South China ( Hudec 1991).

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) fusca Gurney, 1906 : Records: cited as Daphnia pamirensis by Rylov, 1930: 110/1–4 (Pamirs); Chiang, 1983: 454/LXV: 4a–b (Tibet). Benzie (2005) found D. pamirensis to be a junior synonym of D. fusca .

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) lumholtzi Sars, 1885 . Records: Shen et al., 1966: 31/2–10 (Xishuangbanna); Chiang & Du, 1979: 104–106/69 (Taipingqiao at Simao in Xishuangbanna); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Dian Chi).

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) magna Straus, 1820 . Records: Spandl, 1925: 185–196 (Shanghai); Uéno, 1937: 200 (a large pond in Qiqihar); Uéno, 1938b: 22/3 (widely distributed in Northeast China); Uéno, 1939: 222 (common in shallow lakes and temporary pools in northeast China); Uéno, 1940a: 328 (a pool in Qiqihar; lakes at Tailai and Taikang in Heilongjiang Province; pools in Shenyang; pools at Zhangbei in Hebei Province); Shen & Sung, 1962: 33/1–4 (Sanmenxia Reservoir); Chiang, 1963b: 52– 53 /I, 1–3 (Qinghai Hu); Shen & Sung, 1964: 61 (Lang Hu, Dingjie Hu, Tesuomotelidun Hu, Kala He, Tibet); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Shen & Sung, 1965: 298 (Teyapu Hu, Nake Hu and nearby small lakes, pools at Rituzong, northwest Tibet); Chiang & Chen, 1974: 127 (widely distributed in Mount Qomolangma Region); Chiang & Chen, 1977: 127 (Lang Hu, Dingjie Hu, Moteli Hu, Kala Hu, Teyapu Hu and Nake Hu in Tibet); Chiang & Du, 1979: 103–104/ 68 (a ditch at Xiligou in Qinghai Province; provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Tibet); Chen & Hu, 1988: 32 (Xinjiang); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Xinyunliang He in Kunming). In recent years found commonly in Qinghai, Tibet, Inner Mogolia and Heilongjiang Province by an expedition by Jinan University in 2013.

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) projecta Hebert, 1977 . A rare Daphnia was described from Australia ( Hebert 1977), then synonymized with D. carinata (Benzie 1988) . Appeared in Tamil Nadu (south India), too. Xiang & Yu found it in a lakelet in Jiangxi Province (unpubl. data).

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis Claus, 1876 . First mentioned from China by Richard (1897), presumably from Qiqihar area, as explained in the introduction. D. similis has often been confused with D. carinata , as Richard (loc. cit.) himself concedes. In China, cited sub Daphnia psittacea Baird, 1850 by Uéno, 1937: 200/2 (a pond at Qiqihar, Nen Jiang near Qiqihar, a pond at La-ha-chan north of Qiqihar, a contaminated pond at Harbin and small ponds at Changchun); Chiang & Du, 1979: 106–107/70 (provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hebei and Yunnan); Xiang & Yu (Xinyunliang He in Kunming). Benzie (2005) synonymized the latter with D. similis Claus, 1876 . D. similis s. str. in China needs to be confirmed ( Hudec 1991), as many of these populations may belong to D. similoides sinensis (see below).

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similoides sinensis Gu, Xu, Li, Dumont & Han, 2013 . Records: Gu et al. (2013) erected a new subspecies of D. similoides , another taxon from D. similis group that might be confused with D. carinata and D. similis . D. similoides sinensis was described from Guangdong, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces and was recently found in Heilongjiang Province (Qiqihar) by Xu and Han in 2013. It therefore appears to extend from southern to northern China and most of the records of Chinese D. carinata may be D. similoides sinensis , e.g. Mashiko, 1953: 55/2 a–b (small ponds in Wuhan; a swimming pool on Mountain Chi-kung-shan (namely Jigongshan) in Henan Province). Also recorded from Taiwan as D. similoides ( Young et al. 2012) .

Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) tibetana (Sars, 1903) . Recorded as Daphniopsis tibetana Sars, 1903 , by Chiang & Du, 1979: 122–124/79 (Yongbo Hu in Tibet; Qinghai Province); Chiang, 1983: 454–455/LXIV: 3a– 3g (Tibet). Glagolev (1983) and Benzie (2005) regard Daphniopsis as a junior synonym of Daphnia . Rare taxon, only recorded from mountain areas of Tibet, Mongolia and India.

Daphnia (Daphnia) cristata Sars, 1862 . Records: Uéno, 1939: 223 (Jingpo Hu); Uéno, 1940a: 340; Uéno, 1940b: 552 (Jingpo Hu); Chiang & Du, 1979: 118 –120/77 (Jingpo Hu).

Daphnia (Daphnia) cucullata Sars, 1862 . Records: Du & Lai, 1958: 32/II: 5 a–b (Tai Hu); Chiang & Du, 1979: 120–122/77 (Er Hai at Xiaguan in Dali; provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan and Shandong); Chen et al., 1985: 100 (Nan Hu in Wuhan); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Honghu and Jiayu section of Yangtze River; Tuo Jiang, Jialing Jiang and Xiang Xi; Poyang Hu, Dian Chi and Tai Hu).

Daphnia (Daphnia) curvirostris Eylmann, 1887 . Records: as D. pulex forma curvirostris by Chiang & Du, 1979: 112/73C (exact sampling place not mentioned). Common in Mongolia ( Brtek et al. 1984), and possibly present in Inner Mongolia. In contrast, populations from the Amur basin possibly belong to D. sinevi Kotov, Ishida & Taylor, 2006 (Kotov et al. 2006) .

Daphnia (Daphnia) dentifera Forbes, 1893 . Records: D. dentifera is a North American species ranging from the northern Mexican border to Alaska and all of Canada. There are problems with the identification of this species and with its separation from D. galeata because of introgression of the two species (Ishida & Taylor 2007; Ishida et al. 2011). In recent years, it was found in Qinghai, Tibet and Heilongjiang Provinces with identifications confirmed by DNA studies (L. Xu, unpubl. data).

Daphnia (Daphnia) galeata Sars, 1864 . Records: as Daphnia longispina var. hyalina by Deng et al. 1963: 142–143/ III 1–3 (Poyang Hu); as Daphnia hyalina forma galeata , by Uéno, 1938b: 22/9 (widely distributed in Northeast China); Uéno, 1938c: 90/2 (Wudalian Chi in Heilongjiang Province); Uéno, 1940a: 340 (northeast China); Chiang, 1979:118/76h (northeast China); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Lushuihu Reservoir; Er Hai). Common in large lakes and reservoirs, and almost the only pelagic Daphnia in southern China, reaching the island of Hainan in the South (Han et al. 2012; Xu 2013). Chinese populations need to be checked genetically and morphologically, because of confusion with at least two related species, like in Japan ( Ishida et al. 2011). Some Chinese populations could be hybrids D. galeata x D. cucullata and D. galeata x D. hyalina , common in Eurasia ( Dlouhá et al. 2010).

Daphnia (Daphnia) hyalina Leydig, 1860 . Records: Uéno, 1938b: 22/8 (widely distributed in north-east China); Uéno, 1938e: 4/6–10 (Hulun Hu); Mashiko, 1951a: 27 (Hankou); Chiang, 1965: 223 (Dong Hu in Wuhan); Chiang & Du, 1979: 116–118/76 (Dong Hu in Wuhan; widely distributed in China); Chen, 1983: 22 (Yichang section of Yangtze River); Chen, 1985b: 2 (Yichang); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Yibin, Luzhou, Hejiang, Jiangjin, Chongqing, Fuling, Zhongxian, Wanzhou, Fengjie, Badong, Zigui, Yichang, Zhicheng, Zhijiang, Jingzhou, Shishou, Jianli, Chenglingji, Honghu, Jiayu, Wuhan, Ezhou, Huangshi, Jiujiang, Hukou, Anqing, Tongling, Wuhu, Maanshan, Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Nantong section of Yangtze River; Yalong Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Jialing Jiang, Wu Jiang, Xiang Xi, Huangbai He, Han Jiang and Yuan Shui; Lushui Reservoir; Bao’an Hu, Dong Hu in Wuhan, Hong Hu, Poyang Hu, Dian Chi, Biandan Tang, Qiandao Hu and Dongqian Hu). As Daphnia longispina var. hyalina by Lu (1939): (Er Hai); Mashiko, 1953: 48/2 n-s (Wuhan). There are problems with differentiation of this species from D. cucullata and D. galeata (Petrusek et al. 2008; Kirdiasheva & Kotov 2013). For example, Daphnia of the reservoir Liuxihe in Guangdong Province had been identified as D. hyalina (Lin et al. 2011) , but was later shown to be D. galeata (confirmed by DNA studies). Petrusek et al. (2008) regard D. hyalina as a junior synonym of D. longispina , but this question has not been finally resolved (Kirdiasheva & Kotov 2012).

Daphnia (Daphnia) longispina O. F. Müller, 1785 s. lat. Records: Uéno, 1937: 202 /3(1–2) (Oné Lake (Onénor), north of So-lun, Mt. Chingan); Uéno, 1938b: 22 /6–7 (widely distributed in Northeast China); Uéno, 1939: 223 (shallow bodies of water in southwestern parts of Manchurian plain); Uéno, 1940a: 340; Uéno, 1940b: 552 (Hulun Hu; Xingkai Hu; Jingpo Hu); Mashiko, 1951b: 137 (Dongting Hu); Mashiko, 1953: 55 (small waters in Wuhan; ponds in Yueyang); Chiang, 1955: 100 /I: 5 (Wuli Hu); Du & Lai, 1958: 32 (Tai Hu); Du & Lai, 1959: 305 (Tai Hu); Shen & Dai, 1961: 137 (the Yalu River); You, 1962: 115 (Fuzhou, Minhou and Changle in Fujian Province); Chiang, 1964: 73 (a pond along left bank of Buer Jin; Kaidu He in Yanqi; the estuary of Kaidu He and the litoral zone of Bosten Hu); Shen & Sung, 1964: 61 (Lang Hu in Tibet); Shen & Sung, 1965: 298 (pools at Rituzong northwest Tibet); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Chiang & Du, 1979: 114 –116/75 (Wuli Hu; widely distributed in China); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Wanzhou and Yichang section of Yangtze River; Jialing Jiang, Xiang Xi and Huangbai He; Lushui Reservoir, Poyang Hu, Tai Hu and Wuli Hu). D. longispina populations in China are diverse ( Chiang & Du 1979), and records range widely. All of them need to be rechecked and confirmed morphologically and genetically.

Daphnia (Daphnia) obtusa Kurz, 1874 , emend Scourfield, 1942 s. lat. Records: Firstly recorded as Daphnia pulex var. obtusa by Zhang & Yi, 1945: 4 (Dian Chi); as Daphnia obtusa by Chiang, 1964: 73–74 (a swimming pool at Tacheng Park; a small ditch in Xinjiang); Chiang & Du, 1979: 112–114/74 (a ditch at Tacheng Park; provinces of Jiangsu, Hubei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Yunnan); Shu et al., 2013: 206 (Potatso National Park in Shangri–La); Xiang & Yu (unpul. data: Dian Chi). There are several obtusa -like species in East Asia ( Kotov & Taylor 2010), therefore Chinese populations need restudy.

Daphnia (Daphnia) pulex Leydig, 1860 , emend Scourfield, 1942 s. lat. Records: Richard, 1896: Chapoo (viz Zhapu) in Shanghai; Sars, 1903: 163 (a tarn located off the southern border of the Lake Dshujlju-Kól in Altai); Spandl, 1925: 187 (Guangdong Province); Uéno, 1937: 201/3 (3–5) (pools at Chen-ching=Chenqing, south of Blagoveshchensk; pools at Lung-chen=Langchen, south of Chen-ching; a pool at Wu-cha-kou=Wuchagou, west of So-lun=Suolun, Mt. Chingan=Great Khingan); Uéno, 1939: 223 (northeast China); Uéno, 1940a: 338/36–46 (pools in Manzhouli and Liaoning Province); Uéno, 1944: 409/3a–d (Yangtze delta); Mashiko, 1953: 50 (small waters in Wuhan; a swimming pool on Mountain Jigongshan in Henan Province); Du & Lai, 1958: 33 (Tai Hu); Du & Lai, 1959: 305 (Tai Hu); Shen & Sung, 1962: 33/6–7 (Sanmenxia Reservoir); You, 1962: 114 (Fuzhou, Minhou and Changle in Fujian Province); Shen & Sung, 1964: 61 (Dingjie Hu, Tibet); Chiang & Du, 1979: 110–112/72 (Chaye pond at Jiedaokou in Wuchang; widely distributed); Chen, 1983: 22 (Yibin section of Yangtze River); Chen et al., 1989: 416 (Chishui, Songtao, Bijie, Qianxi and Huangping in Guizhou Province); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang); Shu et al., 2013: 206 (Potatso National Park in Shangri-La); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Yibin, Luzhou, Wanzhou, Fengjie, Zigui, Yichang, Chenglingji, Honghu, Wuhan, Ezhou, Huangshi, Hukou, Anqing, Nanjing and Zhenjiang section of Yangtze River; Yalong Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Jialing Jiang, Huangbai He and Gan Jiang; Lushui Reservoir; Bao’an Hu, Tai Hu, Dong Hu in Wuhan and Wuli Hu). Surely there are several species under this name in China. Earlier Chinese authors did not separate D. pulicaria Forbes, 1893 from D. pulex , a complex rich in species. Several close relatives occur in the Palaearctic ( Crease et al. 2012) and Chinese populations need to be inserted into this framework.

Daphnia (Daphnia) pulicaria Forbes, 1893 . Records: D. pulicaria has been known to be present in Mongolia for a while ( Brtek et al. 1984). In China, it was recorded as D. pulex var. schoedleri by Chiang & Du (1979). Recently it was found in alpine lakes on the Tibet plateau and morphological identification was confirmed by DNA analysis (L. Xu, unpubl. data).

Daphnia (Daphnia) tenebrosa G.O. Sars, 1898 . Records: D. tenebrosa is common in the low arctic of North America and North Eurasia (Hebert 1995; Sars 1898; Benzie 2005). There are no past records in China, probably due to hybridization within the D. pulex - D. tenebrosa complex (Cerny & Hebert 1999). However, it was found in alpine lakes (Tibet plateau) based on DNA information (L. Xu, unpubl. data).

Simocephalus acutirostratus (King, 1853) . Records: Shen et al., 1966: 33 / 11–14 (a pond at Yunjinhong in Xishuangbanna); cited by Chiang & Du, 1979: 129 /84; by Dai & Cai, 1999: 21 (Yunjinghong in Xishuangbanna). This is a tropical species, in China only recorded from Yunnan Province.

Simocephalus congener (Koch, 1841) . Record: Shu et al., 2013: 206 (Potatso National Park in Shangri-La). But the authers only presented a list. Redescription needed.

Simocephalus exspinosus (De Geer, 1778) . Records: as Simocephalus exspinosus Koch, 1841 by Uéno, 1937: 203 (a pool at Chen-ching); Uéno, 1940a: 343/67 (Liudaogou in Manzhouli); Chiang, 1955: 101/I: 10 (Wuli Hu); Chiang & Du, 1979: 127–128/82 (Wuli Hu and provinces of Taiwan, Jiangsu, Hebei, Jilin, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia and Gansu); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Tuo Jiang). Cited as Simocephalus sibiricus Sars, 1898 by Shi & Shi, 1994: 407–408/11–14 (widely distributed in Heilongjiang Province) and only found in this area to date ( Shi & Shi 1996). Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) established S. sibiricus as a synonym of S. exspinosus .

Simocephalus heilongjiangensis Shi & Shi, 1994 . Records: Shi & Shi, 1994: 403–405/1–5 (Maoershan Mountain in Heilongjiang Province). Xiang & Yu found it in December 2012 in lily ponds in Donghu Park, Wuchang, Hubei Province (unpubl. observ.). So far, it appeared in the temperate and subtropic zone but is not common in China. Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) indicated that some records of Simocephalus latirostris from Asia actually were S. heilongjiangensis , while S. latirostris is common in the tropics and subtropics of South and Central America. S. latirostris has not been found in China till now, while its congener , Simocephalus latirostris fujianensis , has been reported from South China, see below.

Simocephalus himalayensis Chiang & Chen, 1974 . Records: Chiang & Chen, 1974: 129/2 (1–2) (the branch of Kelu’angcheng Cuo at Nielamuke in Tibet); cited by Chiang & Chen, 1977: 129; by Chiang & Du, 1979: 130/85 (Galuoweijinma Hu in Qomolangma district); Shi et al. 2011: (a temporary eutrophic pond at Mingyong Glacier near Meri Snow Mountain and a pond at Shangri-La region in Yunnan Province). Endemic of Tibet and Yunnan Province. Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) regarded it as a junior synonym of S. exspinosus (De Geer 1778) . However, some differences between the two species suggest an independent status for himalayensis : absence of denticles on the postero-ventral and postero-dorsal rim of the valves, and a small (less then 10) number of anal teeth. A revision using a combination of morphological and molecular approaches is needed.

Simocephalus S. himalayensis microdus Chen, Shi & Shi, 1992. Record: Chen et al., 1992: 91–95/1–6 (a pond in Haerbin and seasonal waters at Daqing, Zhaolong and Lindian in Heilongjiang Province). Endemic of Heilongjiang. Redescription needed.

Simocephalus latirostris fujianensis Xu, 2000 . Record: Xu et al., 2002: 66 –68/1–6 (a small pool at Shaxian in Fujian Province). Endemic of Fujian Province. Redescription needed.

Simocephalus lusaticus Herr, 1917 . Record: Shi & Shi, 1994: 408–409/15–17 (Mao’er Mountain and Huma in Heilongjiang Province). Although it has unique lateral prominences on the valves, a redescription is needed, based on specimens from China and other regions, including its type locality in Europe.

Simocephalus mixtus Sars, 1903 . Record: as Simocephalus beianensis by Shi & Shi, 1994: 405–407/6–10 (a pond at Bei’an in Heilongjiang Province). Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) listed S. beianensis as a synonym of S. mixtus .

Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch, 1841) . Records: Poppe & Richard, 1890: 78 (Shanghai, Lake Sitai, viz Tai Hu); Uéno, 1940a: 343 /68 (wetland in Danbi); Zhang & Yi, 1945: 2 (Dian Chi); Kiser, 1948: 315 (The Pearl River); Chiang, 1955: 101 /I: 9 (Wuli Hu); Ye, 1956: 48 (Dongqian Hu); Du & Lai, 1958: 33 (Tai Hu); You, 1962: 116 (a pond at Gongchuan in Yong’an in Fujian Province); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Chiang & Du, 1979: 128 –129/83 (Dongqian Hu and provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Yunnan); Zhang et al., 1994: 178 (Wuning, Wuyuan, Yushan, Yifeng, Yingtan, Xinyu, Xin'gan, Pingxiang and Ji'an in Jiangxi Province); Shu et al., 2013: 206 (Potatso National Park in Shangri-La); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Jiayu section of Yangtze River; Gan Jiang and Xinyunliang He; Dong Hu in Wuhan, Hong Hu, Tai Hu, Wuli Hu and Dian Chi). Widely distributed but rare.

Simocephalus vetuloides Sars, 1898 . Records: Uéno, 1935a: 213 /2A–D (Shanghai); Uéno, 1937: 203 (swamps in the Ussuri dist. (Yüeh-pien-pao and Hei-chü-tzu)); Uéno, 1940a: 343 /65 (Wudalian Chi); Mashiko, 1953: 50 (small waters in Wuhan and Puqi); Shen & Sung, 1964: 64/1–2 (Dingjie Hu, Tesuomolitedun Hu, Yangzhuoyong Hu and Kala He in Tibet); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Shen & Sung, 1965: 299 (Daban Hu, Duoma’er He and nearby pools, small lakes and rivers nearby Nake Hu, pools at Rituzong, northwest Tibet); Chiang & Du, 1979: 126 –127/81 (Chagang pond in Wuchang, provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shandong, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Gansu and Tibet); Chen et al., 1989: 416 (Tongren and Bijie in Guizhou Province); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang); Zhang et al., 1994: 178 (Poyang, Nanchang, Tongling, Zhangshu, Ji'an and Yudu in Jiangxi Province); Zhang & Chen, 1996b: 22 (Guichi and Dongzhi in Anhui Province). Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Jingzhou and Wuhan section of Yangtze River; Min Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Jialing Jiang, Yuan Shui, Gan Jiang; Lushui Reservoir; Bao’an Hu, Dong Hu in Wuhan and Hong Hu). As Simosa vetuloides Sars, 1916 by Mashiko, 1953: 57 /3 f (lakelets and ponds of Hankou; weedy pools near hot spring in Puqi; a shallow weedy pond behind railroad station of Wuchang). Young et al. (2012) found that Taiwan populations of ‘ S. vetuloides ’ and ‘ S. vetulus ’ belong to the same species. However, they studied only few populations from a small region; further work based on a wider coverage of Eurasia is needed to resolve this question. Orlova-Bienkowskaja (2001) differenciates S. mixtus and S. vetuloides by the diameter of the dorsoposterior valve prominence. From figures by Shen & Sung (1964) and Chiang & Du (1979), they both look like S. mixtus . Both species in China need to be revised.

Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. Müller, 1776) . Records: Poppe & Richard, 1890: 78 (Shanghai, Lake Sitai); Spandl, 1925: 193 (Guangdong Province and Beijing); Ping, 1931: 182 (Nanjing); Uéno, 1932: 247 (a small pond in the suburb of Chongqing); Uéno, 1937: 203 (Nen Jiang near Qiqihar; No-ho; a weedy pond at Qiqihar; a small pond at Lüshun; Jao-ho in Ussuri dist.); Uéno, 1940a: 343 /66 (Beiling in Shenyang); Zhang & Yi, 1945: 3 (Dian Chi); Mashiko, 1953: 50 (small waters in Wuhan); Ye, 1956: 47 /I: 5 (Dongqian Hu); Du & Lai, 1958: 33 (Tai Hu); Huang et al., 1959: 92 (Baiyang Dian); Shen & Sung, 1962: 35 (Sanmenxia Reservoir); You, 1962: 115 (Min Jiang and Fuzhou in Fujian Province); Chiang, 1964: 75 (sublake of Ulungur Hu; a pool in Aletai; Kongque He in Weili; a puddle in Tieganlike; Eerqisi He; a pool along left bank of Buer Jin; the left bank of Kaidu He in Yanqi in Xinjiang); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Chiang & Du, 1979: 125 –126/80 (widely distributed in China); Chen, 1983: 22 (Yichang section of Yangtze River); Chen, 1985b: 2 (Yichang); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang); Zhang & Chen, 1996b: 22 (Huaibei, Feidong and Tongling in Anhui Province). Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Yibin, Luzhou, Hejiang, Jiangjin, Chongqing, Wanzhou, Yichang, Jingzhou, Shishou, Chenglingji, Honghu, Jiayu, Wuhan, Ezhou, Jiujiang section of Yangtze River; Tuo Jiang, Chishui He, Jialing Jiang, Huangbai He, Han Jiang, Gan Jiang; Lushui Reservoir; Bao’an Hu, Dong Hu in Wuhan, Hong Hu, Poyang Hu, Dian Chi, Tai Hu, Biandan Tang, Wuli Hu and Dongqian Hu). Common in littoral zone of lakes and other small waters. S. mixtus , S. vetuloides and S. vetulus could be easily confused ( Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2001) and they all occur in China. Apparently, all need to be accurately revised.

Megafenestra aurita (Fischer, 1894) . Records: as Scapholeberis aurita by Chiang, 1963b: 54/II: 9–11 (a swamp downstream of Daotang He in Qinghai Province); cited by Chiang & Du, 1979: 146–147. Rare.

Scapholeberis kingi Sars, 1903 . Records: Rammner, 1928: 325 (a pool near Qiqihar); Uéno, 1932: 245 (a small pond in the suburb of Chongqing); Uéno, 1937: 202 (Nen Jiang near Qiqihar; a weedy pond at Qiqihar; pools at Chen-ching and Lung-chen; a small pond at Lüshun); Uéno, 1938b: 23/10–12 (northeast China); Uéno, 1940a: 342 (Qiqihaer, Angan Xi; Shuntian Park in Xinjing); Mashiko, 1951a: 29 (Kantang Hu and Nanmen Hu in Jiujiang); Mashiko, 1951b: 137 (Dongting Hu); Mashiko, 1953: 56/3a–e (Wuhan; Dongting Hu; small lakes and ponds in Yueyang); Shen & Sung, 1962: 34/8–9 (Sanmenxia Reservior); You, 1962: 115 (Fuzhou, Minhou, Lianjiang, Jianou and Jianyang in Fujian Province); Chiang, 1963b: 53/I: 6–7 (Qinghai Hu); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Shen & Sung, 1965: 298 (Duoma’er He, a small lake nearby Nake Hu, pools at Rituzong, northwest Tibet); Chiang & Du, 1979: 145–146/97 (a grassland pool north of Haiyan in Qinghai Province; provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu and Tibet); Dai & Cai, 1999: 21 (Yunjinghong in Xishuangbanna); Shu et al., 2013: 206 (Potatso National Park in Shangri-La); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Chongqing, Jingzhou, Shishou, Jianli, Chenglingji, Honghu, Jiayu and Anqing section of Yangtze River; Yalong Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Chishui He, Jialing Jiang, Huangbai He, Han Jiang and Yuan Shui; Lushui Reservoir; Dian Chi and Qiandao Hu).

Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. Müller, 1785) . Records: Spandl, 1925: 187 (Guangdong Province; Beijing); Ping, 1931: 182 (Nanjing); Uéno, 1932: 238 (Xi Hu in Hangzhou); Uéno, 1937: 202 (No-ho north of Qiqihar; Jaoho, Ussuri dist.); Lu, 1939: 3 (Er Hai); Uéno, 1940a: 343/69 (Suolun); Kiser, 1948: 315 (The Pearl River near Guangzhou); Mashiko, 1953: 56 (small waters in Wuhan and Yueyang; Nanmen Hu and Gantang Hu in Jiujiang); Chiang, 1955: 100/I: 7 (Wuli Hu); Ye, 1956: 47 (Dongqian Hu); Zheng, 1957: 24/5 (Nanjing); Du & Lai, 1958: 33 (Tai Hu); Du & Lai, 1959: 305 (Tai Hu); Zhang, 1960: 112/4 (Daming Hu at Jinan in Shandong Province); Chiang, 1964: 74–75 (a swimming pool at Tacheng Park; Sublake of Ulungur Hu; Baerbagai in Aletai; rice field in Kuerle; a pool on left bank of Buerjin; the estuary of Kaidu He at Yanqi; the litoral zone of Bosten Hu); Shen & Sung, 1964: 61 (Dingjie Hu and Duoqing He in Tibet); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Chiang & Du, 1979: 143–145/96 (fish ponds at Liyuan in Wuxi City; a small pond at IHB, CAS in Wuchang and most provinces in China); Chen, 1983: 22 (Yibin, Chongqing and Yichang section of Yangtze River); Chen, 1985b: 2 (Yichang); Chen et al., 1989: 416 (Yanhe, Songtao, Yinjiang, Sinan, Tongren and Bijie in Guizhou Province); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang); Zhang & Chen, 1996b: 22 (Dangshan, Quanjiao and Wuhu in Anhui Province). Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Yibin, Hejiang, Jiangjin, Chongqing, Fuling, Wanzhou, Yichang, Jingzhou, Shishou, Jianli, Wuhan and Ezhou section of Yangtze River; Min Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Chishui He, Jialing Jiang, Huangbai He, Han Jiang and Gan Jiang; Dong Hu in Wuhan, Hong Hu, Dian Chi, Tai Hu, Wuli Hu and Dongqian Hu). Many old records (e.g. Ping, 1931) do not discriminate between this and the preceding species. Both may occur in China, but their limits are not accurately known. Both species may meet in the Yangtze valley. In addition, S. rammneri Dumont & Pensaert, 1983 may occur in China.

Ceriodaphnia cornigera Chiang, 1977 . Records: Chiang, 1977: 286–287/1–4 (Wangtian Hu at Xishui in Hubei Province); cited by Chiang & Du, 1979: 142–143/95. Possibly an endemic species. Although the range is peculiar and the valve shape is distinctive, it would be useful to exclude experimentally that this is an adaptive morphology.

Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1885 s. lat. Records: Mashiko, 1953: 58/3i –l (Wuhan section of Yangtze River; Nanmen Hu; Gantang Hu; small waters in Hankou); Chiang, 1955: 102/II: 11 (Wuli Hu); Du & Lai, 1958: 34/6, 6a–d (Tai Hu); Chiang & Du, 1979: 133–135/88 (Wuli Hu; Liangzi Hu; Sijia village at Shizishan in Chengdu; most provinces in China); Chen, 1983: 22 (Yichang section of Yangtze River); Chen, 1985b: 2 (Yichang); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang); Dai & Cai, 1999: 21 (Jinghong, Menglun and Menghai in Xishuangbanna); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Yibin, Luzhou, Yichang, Jingzhou, Shishou, Jianli, Chenglingji, Honghu, Jiayu, Wuhan, Huangshi, Jiujiang, Hukou, Anqing, Tongling, Wuhu, Maanshan, Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Nantong section of Yangtze River; Min Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Chishui He, Jialing Jiang, Huangbai He and Han Jiang; Lushui Reservoir; Bao’an Hu, Dong Hu in Wuhan, Hong Hu, Poyang Hu, Dian Chi, Tai Hu and Wuli Hu). Populations of the C. cornuta group from different continents belong to a plethora of cryptic species ( Sharma & Kotov 2013). Chinese populations await an allocation within this complex.

Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894 . Records: Uéno, 1938a: 123 (Hailar of Northwestern Manchoukuo); Uéno, 1938d: 166 (rice field at Uzanto near Tainan); Chiang & Du, 1979: 139–140/93 ( Taiwan); Chen et al., 1985: 100 (Nan Hu in Wuhan); Chen et al., 1995: 29–30/1–7 (a small pond at the campus of Xiajiang middle school in Xiajiang, Jiangxi Province; Yunnan Province). Rare. Asian populations need to be revised.

Ceriodaphnia hamata Sars, 1890 . Records: Chiang & Du, 1979: 132–133/87 (Ma Hu at Leibo in Sichuan Province; Nen Jiang at Dalai in Jilin Province; small lakes of northwest Yadong in Tibet); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Wuhan section of Yangtze River). The status of this taxon needs to be rechecked, even in Europe, from where it was described.

Ceriodaphnia laticaudata P. E. Müller, 1867 . Records: Spandl, 1925: 188 (Wanxian in Chongqing); under Ceriodaphnia rigaudi Richard, 1894 by Uéno, 1932: 246 (a small pond in the suburb of Chongqing); Spandl, 1925: 188 (Guangdong Province); Uéno, 1937: 203 (Nen Jiang near Qiqihar; pools at Chen-ching and Lung-chen; Jaoho=Rao He); Uéno, 1940a: 343 /71 (Lianhua Pao in Dong’an); Zhang & Yi, 1945: 3 (Dian Chi); Mashiko, 1951a: 29 (Kantang Hu and Nanmen Hu in Jiujiang); Mashiko, 1951b: 137 (Hankou); Mashiko, 1953: 580 (small waters in Wuhan and Zhaoliqiao; Nanmen Hu and Gantang Hu in Jiujiang); Chiang, 1955: 102 /II (Wuli Hu); Du & Lai, 1959: 305 (Tai Hu); Shen & Sung, 1962: 35 /10 (Sanmenxia Reservoir); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Chiang & Du, 1979: 137 –138/91 (a pond east Jiangchuan in Yunnan Province; provinces of Guangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Yunnan and Shaanxi); Chen et al., 1989: 416 (Bijie in Guizhou Province); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang); Zhang & Chen, 1996b: 22 (Guichi in Anhui Province); Dai & Cai, 1999: 21 (Jinghong in Xishuangbanna); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Yibin and Wuhan section of Yangtze River; Tuo Jiang and Jialing Jiang; Dian Chi).

Ceriodaphnia megops Sars, 1862 . Record: under Ceriodaphnia megalops by Ping, 1931: 182 (Nanjing); cited by Chiang & Du, 1979: 135 –136/89 (Jiangsu, Shandong Province). Rare.

Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars, 1862 . Records: Chiang, 1964: 75–76/5–8 (the estuary of Kaidu He, a still pool in Buerjin; Eerqisi He; a swamp south of Yanqi; the litoral zone of Bosten Hu); Chiang & Du, 1979: 136–137/90 (Xinjiang); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Luzhou section of Yangtze River; Tuo Jiang; Bao’an Hu, Dong Hu in Wuhan and Hong Hu).

Ceriodaphnia pulchella pseudohamata Bowkiewcz, 1925 . Records: Chen, 1990a: 117–118/1 (Tuo Jiang at Luzhou in Sichuan Province); Chen, 1990b: 86 (the estuary of Tuo Jiang). Rare. Status uncertain. According to Flössner (1972), this is a junior synonym of C. pulchella .

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785) . Records: Ping, 1931: 182 (Nanjing); Uéno, 1937: 203 (a pond at Qiqihar; small ponds at Changchun; a reservoir in Kantoshu (namely Dalian), Ussuri dist. (Yüeh-pien-pao and Heichü-tzu)); Lu, 1939: 8 (Er hai); Uéno, 1940a: 343/70,72–73 (Qiqihar; Jubaotun); Du & Lai, 1958: 34/7, 7a–b (Tai Hu); Chiang, 1963b: 55/12–13 (Qinghai Hu); Chiang, 1964: 75 (Ulungur Hu); Shen & Sung, 1964: 62 (Lang Hu, Dingjie Hu and Yangzhuoyong Hu in Tibet); Shen & Zhang, 1964: 129 (Baiyang Dian); Shen & Sung, 1965: 299 (pools nearby Duoma’er He, pools at Rituzong, Nake Hu and its tributary, northwest Tibet); Chiang & Du, 1979: 131–132/86 (a pool at Dadongmen in Wuchang; small lakes at Haiyan in Qinghai Province); Chen et al., 1989: 416 (Qianxi in Guizhou Province); Shu et al., 2013: 206 (Potatso National Park in Shangri-La); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Jingzhou, Shishou, Chenglingji, Honghu, Jiayu and Wuhan section of Yangtze River; Tuo Jiang, Han Jiang, Yuan Shui and Gan Jiang; Lushui Reservoir; Dong Hu in Wuhan, Hong Hu, Dian Chi, Tai Hu and Dongqian Hu). Under Ceriodaphnia laticaudata by Zheng, 1957: 24/I: 6 (Nanjing). Asian populations need to be revised.

Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820) . Records: Zheng, 1957: 24/7 (Nanjing); Chiang, 1963b: 255/1–3 (sublake of Ulungur Hu (viz Buluntuo Hai) in Xinjiang); Chiang, 1964: 75 (Ulungur Hu); Chiang & Du, 1979: 140–141/94 (Xiaoxi Hu in Lanzhou; provinces of Jiangsu, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai); Xiang & Yu (unpul. data: Jialing Jiang). Not common. Asian populations need re-study.

Ceriodaphnia setosa Matile, 1890 . Records: Chiang, 1955: 102/12, 12a (Wuli Hu); Chiang, 1964: 76/ (a puddle at Tieganlike in Weili in Xinjiang); Chiang & Du, 1979: 138–139/92 (a fishpond at Liyuan in Wuxi; provinces of Jiangsu, Hebei, Qinghai and Xinjiang); Xiang & Yu (unpubl. data: Hong Hu, Wuli Hu and Qiandao Hu).