Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.

Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Buaruang, Kawinnat, Schumm, Felix & Kalb, Klaus, 2015, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-II. Contributions to the genus Heterodermia sensu lato, Phytotaxa 235 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

7. Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 11: 615 (1868) ( Fig. 7C )

Physcia firmula Nyl., Syn. Lich. 1: 418 (1860). Type:— INDIA. Supra terram in Himalaya, 1220–1520 m, J. D. Hooker & Thomson 2017 (holotype H-Nyl, fide Kurokawa 1962); Physcia speciosa var. firmula (Nyl.) Linds., Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 22: 248 (1859); Anaptychia firmula (Nyl.) Dodge et Awasthi , in Awasthi, J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 39: 423 (1960).

Thallus foliose, orbicular to irregularly spreading, adnate to loosely adnate, 3–7 cm wide. Lobes 0.3–1.2 mm wide, plane to weakly convex or weakly concave, sublinear-elongate, sympodially to irregularly branched, contiguous or discrete at the periphery, radiating; apices not ascending, eciliate, lacking isidia, phyllidia and soralia, with distinct snow-white pseudocyphellae along the margins of the lobes (best seen if the thallus is somewhat darkened). Upper surface grayish white to grayish brown, not pruinose. Medulla white, patchily or entirely orange-yellow to orange-brown. Lower surface corticate, whitish to pale brown to dirty brown towards the centre, smooth to slightly corrugated. Lower surface rhizines and marginal rhizines numerous, the latter sometimes projecting from the thallus, concolorous with the thallus or darkening at the apices or totally black, simple or irregularly or squarrosely branched. Apothecia rare, laminal, sessile to substipitate, 0.5–2.2 mm wide; margin entire, crenulate to lobulate with punctiform pseudocyphellae; disc concave, brown to brown-black, epruinose. Ascospores Pachysporaria - type, ellipsoidal, 20−27 × 10−11 µm. Pycnidia rare, immersed or slightly protruding; conidia bacilliform, 3–4 × 1 µm.

Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C–, KC–, P+ yellow; medulla K+ purple, C–, P–; containing atranorin (major), zeorin (major), 16β-acetoxyhopane-6α,22-diol (major), leucotylin (minor), 6α-acetoxyhopane-16β,22-diol (minor), 7-chloroemodin (major), flavoobscurins (minor).

Distribution and habitat:—Grows on the bark of trees ( Acer pseudoplatanus , Rhododendron , Alnus nepalensis , Pinus ) and more rarely on rocks in hill evergreen forest and lower montane scrub forest, also in Nepal, India and southwestern China from 1260 m in Thailand to 2500 m in Nepal; new addition to the Thai lichen biota.

Remarks:—characterized by the narrow, sublinear-elongate lobes with distinct pseudocyphellae along the margins, the lack of isidia, phyllidia and soralia and the presence of an orange-yellow pigment in the medulla. Heterodermia diademata is very similar, but differs in lacking the pigment in the medulla and in having smaller ascospores.

Material from Thailand examined:— Chiang Mai: Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on south facing slope opposite the entrance, in hill evergreen forest, on rock, 1260 m, 18°53'46'' N, 98°51'37'' E, 12 July 1995, P. Mongkolsuk 4221, ( RAMK 21873); Loei: Phuluang Wildlife Sanctuary, near office of forest protection unit Lon Tae substation, on Acer pseudoplatanus in lower montane shrub forest, 1260 m, 17°14'18'' N, 101°33'19'' E, 29 December 2009, S. Meesim RU-MSPL 660 ( RAMK).

Further selected specimens examined: INDIA. United Province : Dehradun; Rajpur, on Mangifera indica by the road, ca. 1000 m, 26 February 1964, G. Degelius As-82 ( GZU) — NEPAL. Ostnepal, Vorhimalaya: Höhe östlich

THE LICHEN FAMILY PHYSCIACEAE IN THAILAND —II

Phytotaxa 235 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 21

über Panepa , an Steilflächen harten Gesteins, August 1962, J . Poelt ( GZU); Kathmandu valley, NW of Kathmandu, Rani-Ban-Forest, dry Rhododendron forest, 1600–1800 m, 17 March 1979, U . Kirschbaum ( GZU).

Heterodermia granulifera (Ach.) W.L. Culb., Bryologist 69: 482 (1967) ( Fig. 7D )

Parmelia granulifera Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. : 212 (1814). Type:—NORTH AMERICA. Muhlenberg (holotype H!); Anaptychia granulifera (Ach.) A. Massal., Mem. Lich. : 41 (1853); Physcia speciosa var. granulifera Tuck., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 4: 390 (1860); Squamaria granulifera (Ach.) A. Massal., Atti Ist. Veneto Sci. 5: 250 (1860); Physcia speciosa var. hypoleuca f. isidiophora Nyl., Syn. Meth. Lich. 1(2): 417 (1860); Heterodermia hypoleuca f. isidiophora Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 11: 618 (1869 [1868]); Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck., Syn. North Amer. lich. 1: 69 (1882); Anaptychia speciosa f. isidiophora (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41: 364 (1927).

Thallus foliose, orbicular to irregularly spreading, loosely adnate at the margins, 2–10 cm wide. Lobes 0.3–1.2 mm wide, ± plane, or slightly concave, short, sympodially or irregularly branched, ± discrete to contiguous at the periphery, isidiate; apices not ascending, eciliate. Upper surface whitish gray, usually pruinose; isidia mostly laminal, more rarely marginal, papillar, granular, rarely long cylindrical, forming dense, coralloid aggregates that cover most of the upper surface. Medulla white. Lower surface corticate, white to cream to lead-gray or pale tan near the centre. Lower surface rhizines rare, whitish to cream, concolorous with the thallus or becoming pale to dark brown towards the apices, simple to irregularly branched, marginal rhizines numerous, whitish to cream, mostly simple, becoming irregularly branched and black with age, 0.3–1.0 mm long, ± projecting beyond the lobe margins. Apothecia rare, laminal, subsessile, 0.4–2.0 wide, margin minutely crenate, pruinose and isidiate; disc dark brown, epruinose; Ascospores Pachysporaria - type, pale brown, ellipsoid, somewhat constricted at the centre, 20–25 ×10–13 µm; pycnidia common, immersed in thallus, visible as black wart-like dots, conidia bacilliform, 4–5 × 1 µm.

Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C–, KC–, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow then red, C–, P+ dark yellow; containing atranorin (major), zeorin (major), 16β-acetoxyhopane-6α,22-diol (major), leucotylin (minor), salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (major), ± hybocarpone (minor).

Nomenclature notes:— Zahlbruckner (1927), Awasthi (1973), Kashiwadani et al. (1990), Elix (2011c), Weerakoon & Aptroot (2013) have erroneously used Physcia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl. f. isidiophora Nyl. as the basionym of Anaptychia / Heterodermia isidiophora although Nylander (1860: 417) stated under Physcia speciosa var. hypoleuca : Parmelia granulifera Ach. Syn. p. 212 est forma isidiophora . Consequently, the combinations Anaptychia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl. f. isidiophora (Nyl.) Zahlbr. and Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi are not synonymous with Heterodermia isidiophora (Vain.) D.D. Awasthi.

Distribution and habitat:—Known from North and Central America, including Mexico and Guatemala.

Remarks:—This lichen has a pale lower surface and marginal rhizines and mostly laminal, isidia that form dense , coralloid clusters; the medulla contains salazinic acid and 16β-acetoxyhopane-6α,22-diol as major metabolites, hybocarpone is sometimes found on the lower surface.

Specimens examined:— U.S.A. West Virginia: near Cedarville , Gilmer Co., on Quercus alba , May 1956, M. Hale (Lichenes Americani Exsiccati 51, M!) .— MEXICO. Chiapas: Ca. 25 km NW of Comitan de Dominguez, in a shady, dry Quercus-Pinus forest , 2150 m, 25 January 1979, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (hb. Kalb 40530) .— GUATEMALA. Chimaltenango: ca. 5 km SE of Patzún , in a light, dry Cupressus forest, 2000 m, 17 January 1979, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (hb. Kalb 40304) .

Figures

FIGURE 7. A. Heterodermia diademata (scale 1 cm). B. Heterodermia dissecta (scale 5 mm). C. Heterodermia firmula (scale 5 mm). D. Heterodermia granulifera (scale 1.5 mm). E. Heterodermia isidiophora (scale 5 mm). F. Heterodermia isidiophorella (scale 2 mm).