Dryopsophus Fitzinger, 1843

Duellman, William E., Marion, Angela B. & Hedges, Blair, 2016, Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae), Zootaxa 4104 (1), pp. 1-109 : 40-41

Dryopsophus Fitzinger, 1843

Dryopsophus Fitzinger, 1843:39 . Type species: Hyla citropa Périn, 1807 , by original designation.

Euscelis Fitzinger, 1843:31 . Type species: Hyla lesueurii Duméril and Bibron, 1841 , by original designation. Junior synonym of Euscelis Brulié, 1832 (Insecta) .

Chiroleptes Günther 1859:34 . Type species Alytes australis Gray 1842 . Preoccupied by Chiroleptes Kirby, 1837 (Insecta) .

Pelodryas Günther, 1859:119 . Type species Rana caerulea White, 1790 , by monotypy.

Cyclorana Steindachner, 1867:29 . Type species: Cyclorana novaehollandiae Steindachner, 1867 , by monotypy.

Phractops Peters, 1867:31 . Type species Phractops alutaceus Peters, 1867 (= Cyclorana novaehollandiae Steindachner ), by monotypy.

Chirodryas Keferstein, 1867:358 . Type species: Chirodryas raniformis Keferstein, 1867 , by monotypy.

Mitrolysis Cope, 1889:312 . Type species: Chiroleptes alboguttatus Günther, 1867 , by monotypy.

Fanchonia Werner 1893:81 . Type species: Fanchonia elegans Werner, 1893 (= Rana aurea Lesson, 1926 ), by monotypy.

Brendanura Wells and Wellington, 1985:4. Type species: Chiroleptes alboguttatus Gúnther, 1867 , by original designation.

Neophracops Wells and Wellington, 1985:5. Type species: Chiroleptes platycephalus Günther, 1873 , by original designation.

Mosleyia Wells and Wellington, 1985:5. Type species: Hyla nannotis Andersson, 1916 , by original designation.

Definition. Pupil horizontally elliptical; palpebral membrane unpigmented ( Fig. 16 E–F); tadpoles with small anteroventral or enlarged ventral oral discs; LTRF 2/3 or 0/0. Chromosome complement 2n = 26.

Content. Seventy-one species: Dryopsophus alboguttatus (Günther) , andiirrmalin ( McDonald) , aureus (Lesson) , aruensis* (Horst), auae* (Menzies & Tyler), australis (Gray) , barringtonensis (Copland) , becki * (Loveridge), booroolongensis (Moore) , brevipes (Peters) , brongersmai * (Loveridge), bulmeri * (Tyler), caeruleus (White) , callistus * (Kraus), cavernicolus (Tyler & Davies) , chloris (Boulenger) , citropus (Péron) , cryptotis (Tyler & Martin) , cultripes (Parker) , cyclorhynchus (Boulenger) , dahlii (Boulenger) , daviesae (Mahony, Knowles, Foster & Donnellan) , dayi (Günther) , dorsivenus * (Tyler), elkeae * (Günther & Richards), eschatus * (Kraus & Allison), eucnemis (Lönnberg) , exophthalmus (Tyler, Davies & Aplin) , fusculus * (Oliver & Richards), genimaculatus (Horst) , gilleni (Spencer) , gracilentus (Peters) , graminea * (Boulenger), impurus (Peters & Doria) , jungguy (Donnellan & Mahony) , kroombitensis * (Hoskin, Hines, Meyer, Clarke & Cunningham), kumae (Menzies & Tyler) , lesueurii (Duméril & Bibron) , longipes (Tyler & Martin) , loricus * Davies & McDonald, macki * (Richards), maculosus (Tyler & Martin) , maini (Tyler & Martin) , manya (Van Beurden & McDonald), moorei (Copland) , myolus * (Hoskin), nannotis (Andersson) , napaeus* Tyler, novaehollandiae (Steindachner) , nudidigitus (Copland) , nyakalensis (Liem) , pearsonianus (Copland) , phyllochrous (Günther) , piperatus * (Tyler & Davies), platycephalus (Günther) , pratti * (Boulenger), raniformis (Keferstein) , rarus* (Günther & Richards), rheocolus (Liem) , rivicolus * (Günther and Richards), robinsonae * (Oliver, Stuart, Fox & Richards), sauroni * (Richards & Oliver), serratus (Andersson) , spenceri (Dubois) , spiniferus * (Tyler), splendidus (Tyler, Davies & Martin) , subglandulosus (Tyler & Anstis) , vagitus (Tyler, Davies & Martin) , verrucosus (Tyler & Martin) , wilcoxii (Günther) , and xanthomerus (Davies, McDonald & Adams); all names are new combinations.

Distribution. Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. Introduced in New Caledonia, New Hebrides, and New Zealand.

Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Greek dryos meaning tree and the Greek psophos meaning sound or noise. The name obviously refers to the calls from the trees. The gender is masculine.

Remarks. Only about one-third of the species of Dryopsophus occur in New Guinea, and two of those species ( D. caeruleus and D. eucnemis ) are widespread in Australia.

Our analysis of molecular data on 66% of the species of Dryopsophus reveals five clades plus outlying species. The first clade has a support value of only 49% and contains eight species in northern and eastern Australia. Within this group, a well-known species, Dryopsophus caeruleus , is the type species of Pelodryas Günther. A second clade having a support value of 100% contains four species ranging from Queensland to Victoria in eastern Australia; a member of this group, D. lesueurii , is the type species of Euscelis Fitzinger. Another clade of four species with a support value of 93% occurs in New Guinea and northern Queensland; no generic name is available for this group. A distinctive clade with a support value of 99% contains four species of stream-breeding frogs in northern Queensland; one of these, D. nannotis , is the type species of Mosleyia Wells and Wellington. A large group of terrestrial species has been known as Cyclorana Steindachner (type species C. novaehollandiae ). In our analysis, this clade has a support value of only 64%; the clade is widespread in northern Australia and in the interior of the continent. Further, more intense analyses should provide sufficient evidence for the recognition of Cyclorana .

The tadpoles of many species in the mountains New Guinea and in Queensland in northern Australia develop in streams and have enlarged ventral mouths with a LTRF of 2/3 ( Tyler 1968; Günther & Richards 2005). Two species in Queensland, Dryopsophus daviesae and D. subglandulosus are unique in not only lacking labial tooth rows but also keratinized beaks ( Anstis 2013).

Figures

FIGURE 16. A. Litoria bicolor, KU 179765, AMAX Mining Camp, 300 m, Mitchell Plateau, Western Australia, Australia. W. E. Duellman. B. Litoria nasuta, KU 179853, AMAX Mining Camp, 300 m, Mitchell Plateau, Western Australia, Australia. W. E. Duellman. C. Nyctimystes papua, BPBM 16895, East slope Mt. Simpson, 1440 m, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. F. Kraus. D. Nyctimystes infrafrenatus, Daintree village area, Queensland, Australia. T. Charlton. E. Dryopsophus lesueurii, KU 179838, Kilcoy Creek, Queensland, Australia. W. E. Duellman. F. Dryopsophus longipes, KU 179923, AMAX Mining Camp, 300 m, Mitchell Plateau, Western Australia, Australia. W. E. Duellman.