Pseudococcus

Ellenrieder, Natalia Von & Watson, Gillian, 2016, A new mealybug in the genus Pseudococcus Westwood (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from North America, with a key to species of Pseudococcus from the New World, Zootaxa 4105 (1), pp. 65-87 : 74-78

Key to adult female Pseudococcus species present in the New World

( P. simplex Cockerell, 1893 and P. solani Cockerell, 1894 remain unidentifiable and are excluded)

1(0) Discoidal pores associated with eyes present................................................................ 2

- Discoidal pores associated with eyes absent............................................................... 40

2(1) Pores by eye in sclerotized rim.......................................................................... 3

- Pores by eye not in sclerotized rim...................................................................... 10

3(2) Translucent pores present on hind tibia only................................................................ 4

- Translucent pores present on hind femur and tibia........................................................... 7

4(3) Dorsal OR absent from behind frontal cerarius (C17); dorsum of abdomen with 0–3 OR; sclerotized rim around each eye containing 6–11 simple pores [ Mexico, Costa Rica, Honduras, Ecuador; polyphagous; fig. 17 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 73]........................................................................................ landoi (Balachowsky)

- Dorsal OR present behind frontal cerarius (C17); dorsum of abdomen with more than 6 OR; sclerotized rim around each eye containing 3–5 simple pores............................................................................ 5

5(4) Ventral OR present behind frontal cerarius (C17); dorsum of abdomen with 22–45 OR; most multilocular pores each with 10 loculi............................................................................................... 6

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarius (C17); dorsum of abdomen with about 15 OR; many multilocular pores each with 7 or 8 loculi [Galapagos; unknown host; fig. 13 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 57].............. galapagoensis Morrison

6(5) Anal lobe seta 96–133 µm long; hind tibia 277–333 µm long [ Honduras, Mexico, USA: Florida, Texas; on Araceae , Fabaceae , Rutaceae , Sapindaceae ; fig. 9 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 44]............................... donrileyi Gimpel & Miller

- Anal lobe seta 133–156 µm long; hind tibia 319–405 µm long [ Mexico; on Anacardiaceae , Myrtaceae , Punicaceae ; fig. 30 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 121]................................................ solenedyos Gimpel & Miller (in part)

7(3) Ventral multilocular pores on thorax numbering more than 40, with several present on head [ Puerto Rico; on Cactaceae ; fig. 27 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 112].................................................. puertoricensis Gimpel & Miller

- Ventral multilocular pores on thorax numbering 0–35, absent from head......................................... 8

8(7) Ventral OR absent from submargin posterior to eye and beside C12; C8 or C10 absent or reduced, with cerarii usually numbering 16 (occasionally 17) pairs; multilocular pores present only as far forward as SIV [Galapagos; on Fabaceae : Acacia ; fig. 28 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 114]......................................................... schusteri Gimpel & Miller

- Ventral OR present on submargin posterior to eye and beside C12; C8 and C10 well developed, cerarii always numbering 17 pairs; multilocular pores present as far forward as SIV, often a few on SII or SIII................................... 9

9(8) Several dorsal OR present on midline of abdomen, and usually 1 behind each posterior ostiole; ventral multilocular pores numbering 0–2 on SIII and fewer than 15 on SIV [ Côte d’Ivoire, several islands in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, numerous countries in the Oriental Region, widespread in Neotropical Region, Mexico, Canada, USA: Florida, Hawaii, Texas; polyphagous; fig. 11 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 50].................................................. jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller

- Dorsal OR very few on, or absent from, midline of abdomen and usually absent from behind each posterior ostiole; ventral multilocular pores numbering 2–19 on SIII and more than 20 on SIV [Neotropical Region, USA: Florida, Hawaii; polyphagous; fig. 16 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 50].................................................. elisae Borchsenius

10(2) Circulus present..................................................................................... 11

- Circulus absent [ USA: Arizona; on Asteraceae : Ambrosia ; fig. 3 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 23].. acirculus Gimpel & Miller

11(10) Ventral multilocular pores present from SIX to no further forward than SVI...................................... 12

- Ventral multilocular pores present from SIX forwards to SV at least............................................ 13

12(11) Most cerarii each associated with 1 large and 1 or 2 smaller dorsal OR; ventral multilocular pores present only immediately around vulva, as far forward as SVII only; circulus at least 150 µm wide [Worldwide, polyphagous; fig. 197 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 451]............................................. longispinus Targioni Tozzetti (in part)

- Cerarii each associated with 0 or 1 dorsal OR; ventral multilocular pores present as far forward as SVI; circulus no more than 75 µm wide [ Trinidad, Panama, Mexico, USA: California, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey; on Cactaceae , Orchidaceae ; fig. 200 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 457]......................................... microcirculus McKenzie

13(11) Translucent pores present on hind coxa and trochanter (may be very few)....................................... 14

- Translucent pores absent from hind coxa and trochanter...................................................... 18

14(13) Ventral OR present behind frontal cerarius (C17); C8 well developed............................................ 15

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarius (C17); C8 reduced or absent...................................... 17

15(14) Dorsum of abdomen bearing more than 45 OR and C12 not associated with any ventral OC; cerarii numbering 8–17 pairs [ Bermuda; on Cupressaceae : Juniperus ; fig. 5 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 30].................. bermudensis Gimpel & Miller

- Dorsum of abdomen bearing fewer than 35 OR and C12 associated with 1–13 ventral OC; cerarii numbering 17 pairs (rarely 16).................................................................................................. 16

16(15) Length of hind tibia+tarsus more than 1.1 times the length of trochanter+femur; C10 and C11 usually associated with 3–13 ventral OC; antenna 360–490 µm long; femur 198–291 µm long; hind tibia 195–299 µm long [ USA: Florida, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, New York, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, West Virginia; polyphagous; fig. 8 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 40]................................................................... dolichomelos Gimpel & Miller

- Length of hind tibia+tarsus less than 0.95 times the length of trochanter+femur; C10 and C11 associated with 1–5 ventral OC; antenna 254–366 µm long; femur 136–198 µm long; hind tibia 125–198 µm long [ Argentina, Mexico, USA: widespread; polyphagous; fig. 31 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 123].......................................... sorghiellus (Forbes)

17(14) Hind tibia shorter than 162 µm; antenna with 7 segments [ USA: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia; polyphagous; fig. 32 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 128]........................................................ spanocera Gimpel & Miller (in part)

- Hind tibia longer than 164 µm; antenna with 8 (occasionally 7) segments [ USA: California, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington; on Asteraceae , Fabaceae , Rosaceae ; fig. 10 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 47].... dysmicus Gimpel & Miller

18(13) Translucent pores present on both hind femur and tibia...................................................... 19

- Translucent pores present on hind tibia only............................................................... 30

19(18) Dorsal multilocular pores present in rows across SIII–VIII; ventral multilocular pores present anterior to clypeus [ Colombia; on Musaceae : Musa ; fig. 201 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 459]............... peregrinabundus Borchsenius

- Dorsal multilocular pores absent; ventral multilocular pores absent from anterior to clypeus......................... 20

20(19) Cerarii numbering 10–13 pairs.......................................................................... 21

- Cerarii numbering 15 or more pairs...................................................................... 22

21(20) Venter of head and thorax bearing more than 35 multilocular pores [ USA: California; in ant nests, host unknown; fig. 8 in McKenzie 1962: 662].......................................................... macswaini McKenzie (in part)

- Venter of head and thorax bearing fewer than 10 multilocular pores [ USA: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia; polyphagous; fig. 32 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 128]................................................ spanocera Gimpel & Miller (in part)

22(20) Circulus 30–60 µm wide [ Argentina; on Cactaceae , Zingiberaceae ; fig. 194 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 444]......................................................................................... eriocerei Williams

- Circulus more than 70 µm wide......................................................................... 23

23(22) Dorsal OR present between C15 and C16 and anterior ostiole.................................................. 24

- Dorsal OR absent from between C15 and C16 and anterior ostiole............................................... 27

24(23) Ventral OR present behind frontal cerarius (C17); cerarii numbering 15–16 pairs [ Mexico, USA: California; on Agavaceae : Agave ; Fig. 2 ]..................................................................... variabilis sp. n. (in part)

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarius (C17); cerarii numbering 17 pairs, rarely 16......................... 25

25(24) Labium shorter than 145 µm long; legs relatively short (femur 180–242 µm long, tibia 190–267 µm long) [ USA: Florida, Georgia, US Virgin Islands; on Tillandsia ; fig. 6 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 34]................ bryberia Gimpel & Miller

- Labium longer than 150 µm long; legs moderately long (femur 239–395 µm long, tibia 261–473 µm long)............. 26

26(25) Ventral OC in submarginal cluster by C12 numbering fewer than 28 (10–27); ventral OC in a submarginal cluster by C10 and C11 numbering fewer than 21 (6–20) [ Armenia, Madeira Is., Indonesia, Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Mexico, Canada, USA: widespread; polyphagous; fig. 199 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 455]................... maritimus (Ehrhorn)

- Ventral OC in submarginal cluster by C12 numbering more than 30 (31–51); ventral OC in a submarginal cluster by C10 and C11 numbering more than 22 (25–44) [ USA: California; on Rosaceae : Rubus ; fig. 124 in McKenzie 1967: 319].................................................................................................... pertusus McKenzie

27(23) Ventral OC present on submargin beside C14............................................................... 28

- Ventral OC absent from submargin beside C14.............................................................. 29

28(27) Circulus 70–150 µm wide; ventral OC on submargin at mid-coxa level numbering 0–2; C12 containing 15–23 trilocular pores [In all regions, widespread in USA; polyphagous; fig. 188 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 429].. viburni (Signoret)

- Circulus 155–177 µm wide; ventral OC on submargin at mid-coxa level numbering 3–17; C12 containing 5–15 trilocular pores [ Chile; on Punicaceae , Rosaceae , Vitaceae ; fig. 4 in Prado in Correa et al. 2011: 53].................. meridionalis Prado

29(27) Cerarii numbering 15 pairs, with C8 and C10 absent or very reduced; dorsal OR on abdomen numbering more than 15, with several present on midline [Galapagos; unknown host; fig. 15 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 64].............. insularis Morrison

- Cerarii numbering 16–17 pairs, with C8 and / or C10 well developed; dorsal OR on abdomen numbering fewer than 6, absent from midline [ Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay; on Euphorbiaceae : Manihot ; fig. 198 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 453]........................................................................................ mandio Williams

30(18) A few dorsal multilocular pores present on SV–VII......................................................... 31

- Multilocular pores absent from dorsum................................................................... 32

31(30) Cerarii numbering 17 pairs; dorsal OC present across SIII–VIII; hind tibia bearing more than 50 translucent pores [ Mexico, USA: California, Florida, Texas, District of Columbia; Araceae , Cactaceae ; fig. 21 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 88]........................................................................................ nakaharai Gimpel & Miller

- Cerarii numbering 10–11 pairs; dorsal OC absent from abdomen; hind tibia bearing fewer than 20 translucent pores [ USA:

Texas; on Dasylirion ; fig. 7 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 36]............................... dasyliriae Gimpel & Miller 32(30) Cerarii numbering 10–13 pairs; venter of head and thorax bearing more than 35 multilocular pores [ USA: California; in ant nests, host unknown; fig. 8 in McKenzie 1962: 662].................................. macswaini McKenzie (in part)

- Cerarii numbering 15–17 pairs; venter of head and thorax bearing fewer than 25 multilocular pores................... 33

33(32) Circulus situated on SIII, not divided, usually narrower than 75 µm; hind leg relatively short (hind tibia usually less than 230 µm long); hind tibia usually with fewer than 27 setae........................................................ 34

- Circulus situated between SIII and SIV, divided, usually wider than 75 µm; hind leg relatively long (hind tibia usually more than 230 µm long); hind tibia usually with more than 27 setae................................................ 35

34(33) Dorsal OR present near frontal cerarius (C17); dorsal OR on abdomen numbering more than 10 [ Mexico; on Orchidaceae ; fig. 4 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 26]................................................ apomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller

- Dorsal OR absent from near frontal cerarius (C17); dorsal OR on abdomen numbering 0 or 1 [ Costa Rica, Guatemala, Venezuela; Orchidaceae ; fig. 23 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 98]............................ neomicrocirculus Gimpel & Miller

35(33) Length of hind tibia+tarsus shorter than length of hind trochanter+femur; submargin of thorax near C12 lacking ventral OC; dorsal OR on SVI by ostiole present [Australasian Region, USA: Guam, Northern Mariana Islands; polyphagous; fig. 16 in Beardsley 1966: 455, fig. 22 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 95].................................. neomaritimus McKenzie

- Length of hind tibia+tarsus longer than length of hind trochanter+femur; submargin of thorax near C12 with a group of 2–21 ventral OC; dorsal OR on SVI by ostiole present or absent................................................... 36

36(35) Length of hind tibia+tarsus more than 1.18 times length of hind trochanter+femur................................. 37

- Length of hind tibia+tarsus less than 1.17 times length of hind trochanter+femur................................. 38

37(36) Dorsal OR on abdomen numbering 7–11, absent from midline and behind posterior ostiole; hind tibia usually shorter than 340 µm (287–348 µm) [ USA: Texas; on Pithecellobium ; fig. 26 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 108]... pithecellobii Gimpel & Miller

- Dorsal OR on abdomen numbering 18–25, usually present on midline and behind posterior ostiole; hind tibia longer than 340 µm (341–420 µm) [ Brazil, Peru, Colombia, USA: Florida; polyphagous, but not found on Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae ; fig. 29 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 117]....................................................... sociabilis Hambleton

38(36) Ventral OR present behind frontal cerarius (C17); dorsal OR on abdomen numbering 24–46.......................... 39

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarius (C17); dorsal OR on abdomen numbering 1–23 [ Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Guatemala, USA: Hawaii; on Bromeliaceae , Orchidaceae ; fig. 14 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 60, fig. 196 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 448]........................................................ importatus McKenzie

39(38) Ventral multilocular pores present as far forward as SIV only; hind tibia 319–405µm long [ Mexico; on Anacardiaceae , Myrtaceae , Punicaceae ; fig. 30 in Gimpel & Miller 1996: 121].......................... solenedyos Gimpel & Miller (in part)

- Ventral multilocular pores present as far forward as SIII and also present on thorax and /or head; hind tibia 240–309 µm long [ Mexico, USA: California; on Agavaceae : Agave ; Fig. 2 ].................................. variabilis sp. n. (in part)

40(1) Dorsal cerarii present along midline and submarginal areas of body; OR entirely absent [ USA: Hawaii; on Urticaceae : Pipturus ; fig. 1 in Beardsley 1959: 41]....................................................... pipturiculus Beardsley

- Dorsal cerarii absent (occasionally dorsal setae on abdomen enlarged, conical, strongly resembling conical cerarian setae, even as large as or larger than those on cerarii, but without concentrations of trilocular pores around bases); OR present....... 41

41(40) Some dorsal setae on abdomen enlarged, conical, strongly resembling conical cerarian setae, some as large as or larger than those on cerarii, but without concentrations of trilocular pores around bases [ USA: California; in ant nests, unknown host; fig. 121 in McKenzie 1967: 310].......................................................... megasetosus McKenzie

- Dorsal body setae on abdomen slender and flagellate, never conical............................................ 42

42(41) Hind coxae with numerous (more than 10) translucent pores.................................................. 43

- Hind coxae lacking translucent pores or with only a few (less than 5)........................................... 46

43(42) Cerarii numbering 13–14 pairs; a group of about 7 ventral OR present behind frontal cerarii (C17); dorsum of abdomen with more than 60 OR; multilocular pores absent from venter of head, thorax, and SI–II [ Colombia; on Asteraceae : Espeletia ; fig. 195 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 445].......................... espeletiae Williams & Granara de Willink

- Cerarii numbering 16–17 pairs; ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarii (C17); dorsum of abdomen with fewer than 30 OR; multilocular pores present on venter of head, thorax, and SI–II............................................ 44

44(43) Cerarii numbering 16 pairs; translucent pores absent from hind femur; usually with some multilocular pores on dorsum of SVII [Australasian and Oriental Regions; British Virgin Islands; on Poaceae ; fig. 85 in Williams & Watson 1988: 201]........................................................................................... saccharicola Takahashi

- Cerarii numbering 17 pairs; translucent pores present on hind femur; lacking multilocular pores on dorsum of SVII...... 45

45(44) Dorsal OR present on abdomen; only anal lobe (C1) and sometimes penultimate (C2) cerarii set on sclerotized areas [Widespread; widespread in New World; polyphagous; fig. 191 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 436]...................................................................................................... comstocki (Kuwana)

- Dorsal OR absent from abdomen; all cerarii set on sclerotized areas [Widespread; in New World in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Paraguay, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, U.S. Virgin Islands, USA: Hawaii; polyphagous; fig. 192 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 438].............................................................. cryptus Hempel *

46(42) Dorsal OR of two sizes................................................................................ 47

- Dorsal OR all of the same size.......................................................................... 49

47(46) A group of small ventral OR present behind frontal cerarii (C17); ventral OC present on median areas of abdominal segments as far forward as SIV [Australasian region; USA: Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands; polyphagous; fig. 83 in Williams & Watson 1988: 197].......................................................................... orchidicola Takahashi

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarii (C17) or occurring only singly; ventral OC present on median areas of abdominal

segments only as far forward as SVI, occasionally with a single OC on SV...................................... 48 48(47) Most cerarii usually with 3 dorsal OR, 1 large and 2 smaller; penultimate cerarii (C2) almost as large as anal ring; anal lobe cerarii (C1) each with about 60 trilocular pores [Worldwide; widespread in New World; polyphagous; fig. 197 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 451]............................................... longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) (in part)

- Most cerarii with 1 large or 1 large and 1 smaller dorsal OR; penultimate cerarii (C2) smaller than anal ring; anal lobe cerarii (C1) each with about 40 trilocular pores [ Seychelles, Micronesia; not in the New World but likely to be introduced into US overseas territories; on Arecaceae , Musaceae , Pandanaceae ; fig. 81 in Williams & Watson 1988: 193]................................................................................................... microadonidum Beardsley

49(46) Ventral OR present behind frontal cerarii (C17)............................................................. 50

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarii (C17).......................................................... 57

50(49) Marginal and submarginal ventral OR with broad ducts and narrow rims (**) present in groups on SI–VII.............. 51

- Marginal and submarginal ventral OR, if present on SI–VII, then singly and with narrow ducts and wide rims........... 52

51(50) Circulus present; cerarius on SI (C8) present; vulva lacking pronounced folds [ USA: Hawaii; on Liliaceae , Pandanaceae ; fig. 126 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 231]..................................................... montanus Ehrhorn

- Circulus absent; cerarius on SI (C8) absent; vulva with pronounced folds [ USA: Hawaii; on Agavaceae : Cordyline , Dracaena ; fig. 120 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 215]......................................... floriger Ferris in Zimmerman

52(50) Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen present anteriorly to SVI............................................... 53

- Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen absent from anterior to SVI............................................ 54

53(52) Cerarius on SI (C8) present; a few ventral multilocular pores present on thorax near bases of legs and on abdomen anterior to SIV; a submarginal ventral OR present on SIII [ Mexico, USA: California; on Agavaceae : Agave ; Fig. 2 ].................................................................................................. variabilis n. sp. (in part)

- Cerarius on SI (C8) absent or abortive; ventral multilocular pores absent from thorax and from abdomen anterior to SIV; ventral OR absent from SIII [ USA: California; on Cupressaceae : Cupressus ; fig. 21 in McKenzie 1964: 263].................................................................................................... pseudobscurus McKenzie

54(52) Dorsal OR present behind frontal cerarii; length of hind tibia+tarsus longer than length of hind trochanter+femur; hind femur shorter than hind tibia................................................................................. 55

- Ventral OR absent from behind frontal cerarii; length of hind tibia+tarsus shorter than length of hind trochanter+femur less than 1; hind femur longer than hind tibia [Australasia; New World in USA: Hawaii; on Orchidaceae ; fig. 132 in Williams 1985: 304]......................................................................... dendrobiorum Williams, 1985

55(54) Dorsal OR present lateral to each posterior ostiole [ USA: Hawaii; on galls on Santalaceae : Santalum ; Scrophulariaceae : Myoporum ; fig. 121 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 217]............................................ gallicola Ehrhorn

- Dorsal OR absent from lateral to each posterior ostiole...................................................... 56

56(55) Ventral submarginal OR present on SIII or SIV to SII–VII; circulus usually absent, if present 40–80 Μm wide [ USA: Hawaii; on Lycopodium ; fig. 2 in Beardsley 1959: 45]......................................... lycopodii Beardsley (in part)

- Ventral submarginal OR usually absent from SIII–VII; circulus present, 72–120 Μm wide [ USA: Hawaii; on Acacia ; fig. 134 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 247].................................................. swezeyi Ehrhorn (in part)***

57(46) Dorsal OR present behind frontal cerarii (C17)............................................................. 58

- Dorsal OR absent from behind frontal cerarii (C17).......................................................... 72

58(57) Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen present anterior to SVI................................................ 59

- Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen absent from anterior to SVI............................................ 66

59(58) More than 15 dorsal OR on abdomen.................................................................... 60

- Fewer than 5 dorsal OR on abdomen..................................................................... 63

60(59) Some dorsal setae on posterior abdomen subequal or longer than length of segment that bears them [ USA: California; on Anacardiaceae , Orobanchaceae , Plumbaginaceae , Scrophulariaceae ; fig. in 118 McKenzie 1967: 301]... longisetosus Ferris

- All dorsal setae distinctly shorter than length of segments that bear them........................................ 61

61(60) Cerarii numbering 17 pairs; hind femur with numerous translucent pores (more than 20); a few ventral multilocular pores on SII and thorax; dorsal OR absent from between cerarii 15–16 and anterior ostiole; with fewer than 35 dorsal OR present [ India, China, Japan, Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, USA: Florida, Hawaii; polyphagous; fig. 1 in Miller & Williams 1997: 307]................................................................................. odermatti Miller & Williams

- Cerarii numbering 14–16 pairs, rarely 17, with some cerarii abortive or missing from thorax or SI; hind femur lacking translucent pores or with just a few (fewer than 10); ventral multilocular pores absent from SII and thorax; dorsal OR present between cerarii 15–16 and anterior ostiole; with more than 50 dorsal OR present......................................... 62

62(61) A group of 3–7 ventral OR present posterolateraly to anterior spiracle; ventral multilocular pores on abdomen numbering 30 or less [ USA: California, Nevada; on Cupressaceae ; fig. 9 in McKenzie 1962: 666]..................... sparsus McKenzie

- Ventral OR absent from posterolateraly to anterior spiracle; ventral multilocular pores on abdomen numbering 40 or more [ USA: California; on Betulaceae , Juglandaceae , Salicaceae , Platanaceae , Rosaceae ; fig. 7 in McKenzie 1962: 660]........................................................................................ dispar McKenzie (in part)

63(59) Cerarii numbering 9–13 [ USA: California, Nevada; on Cupressaceae , Pinaceae ; fig. 6 in McKenzie 1962: 656]................................................................................................. aberrans McKenzie

- Cerarii numbering 17................................................................................ 64

64(63) Circulus relatively small (50–60 Μm wide); relatively short labium (120–130 Μm long), antenna (285–306 Μm), hind femur (131–141 Μm long), and hind tibia (121–129 Μm); a few ventral multilocular pores present on thorax [ USA: Massachusetts; in ant nests, host unknown; fig. 160 in Ferris 1953: 420]........................................... kingii (Cockerell)

- Circulus moderate (170–180 Μm wide); long labium (220–250 Μm long), antenna (600–650 Μm), hind femur (330–361 Μm long), and hind tibia (372–395 Μm); ventral multilocular pores absent from thorax [ Mexico; on Agavaceae : Agave ; fig. 189 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 431]................................................... agavis MacGregor

65(58) Ventral OC present in groups along marginal areas of abdomen; groups of OR absent from that position............... 66

- Ventral OC absent from marginal areas of abdomen or represented by a single OC on SVII and/ or SVIII; if ventral tubular ducts are present in marginal groups then these are OR with narrow rims (**).................................... 67

66(65) Dorsal OC present in rows across abdominal segments; dorsal OR on abdomen numbering more than 40; dorsal OR present lateral to each posterior ostiole [ Chile; on Ericaceae , Lythraceae , Vitaceae ; fig. 77A in González 2011: 116]...................................................................................................... cribata González

- Dorsal OC absent from abdomen; dorsal OR on abdomen numbering fewer than 20; dorsal OR absent from lateral to each posterior ostiole [ USA: Nevada; on Prunus ; fig. 20 in McKenzie 1964: 261]............ prunicolus McKenzie, 1964 (in part)

67(65) Cerarii numbering 6 pairs or less........................................................................ 68

- Cerarii numbering 10 pairs or more..................................................................... 69

68(66) Dorsal OR present between C15 and C16 and anterior ostiole; dorsal OR on abdomen numbering more than 30 [ USA: Hawaii; on galls on Santalaceae : Santalum ; fig. 102 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 183]............. antricolens Ferris in Zimmerman

- Dorsal OR absent from between C15 and C16 and anterior ostiole; dorsal OR on abdomen numbering fewer than 15 [ USA: Hawaii; on Myrtaceae : Syzygium ; fig. 4 in Beardsley 1959: 51]............................... syzygii Beardsley, 1959

69(67) Penultimate cerarii (C2) set on a sclerotized area........................................................... 70

- Penultimate cerarii (C2) not set on a sclerotized area......................................................... 71

70(69) Ventral submarginal OR present on SIII or SIV to SII–VII; circulus usually absent, if present 40–80 Μm wide [ USA: Hawaii; on Lycopodium ; fig. 2 in Beardsley 1959: 45]........................................ lycopodii Beardsley (in part)

- Ventral submarginal OR usually absent on SIII–VII; circulus present, 72–120 Μm wide [ USA: Hawaii; on Acacia ; fig. 134 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 247]................................................... swezeyi Ehrhorn (in part)***

71(69) Cerarii numbering 13 pairs; circulus absent; less than 10 dorsal OR on abdomen; ventral multilocular pores on abdomen numbering less than 10, restricted to area around vulva on SVII–VIII [ USA: Hawaii; on Asteraceae : Dubautia ; fig. 129 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 237].......................................................... nudus Ferris in Zimmerman

- Cerarii numbering 14–17 pairs; circulus present; more than 30 dorsal OR on abdomen; ventral multilocular pores on abdomen numbering 40 or more, extending from SIX to VI–IV [ USA: California; on Betulaceae , Juglandaceae , Salicaceae , Platanaceae , Rosaceae ; fig. 7 in McKenzie 1962: 660].............................................. dispar McKenzie (in part)

72(57) Cerarii numbering 17 pairs, with cerarii on SI (C8) well developed.............................................. 73

- Cerarii numbering 16 pairs or less, with cerarii on SI lacking or abortive (C8)..................................... 74

73(72) Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen present as far anteriorly as SIII–IV; dorsal OR usually present on SVI by each posterior ostiole [Almost worldwide; in New World in Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Saint Croix, Mexico, USA: California; polyphagous; fig. 190 in Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 433]....................................... calceolariae (Maskell)

- Ventral multilocular pores on abdomen restricted to SVI–VIII; dorsal OR absent from SVI by each posterior ostiole [ USA: Nevada; on Prunus ; fig. 20 in McKenzie 1964: 261].................................. prunicolus McKenzie (in part)

74(72) Cerarii numbering 9–12 pairs; translucent pores absent from hind femur [ USA: California; on Cupressaceae ; fig 18 in McKenzie 1964: 257]......................................................................... diversus McKenzie

- Cerarii numbering 13–16 pairs; translucent pores present on hind femur........................................ 75

75(74) Cerarii numbering 15–16 pairs; ventral multilocular pores on abdomen present as far anteriorly as SII; ventral OC numerous across segments; ventral OR present posterolateral to anterior spiracle and on SI–II [ USA: California; on Ericaceae : Arctostaphylos ; fig. 9 in Miller & McKenzie 1971: 586]................................... beardsleyi Miller & McKenzie

- Cerarii numbering 13–14 pairs; ventral multilocular pores on abdomen restricted to area around vulva on SVII–VIII; ventral OC limited to a few marginal ones; ventral OR absent [ USA: Hawaii; on Primulaceae : Myrsine ; fig. 125 in Ferris in Zimmerman 1948: 227]............................................................. mendiculus Ferris in Zimmerman

Figures

FIGURE 2. Pseudococcus variabilis sp. n. Holotype female, U. S. A., California, San Diego Co., on Agave sp., deposited at CSCA. Enlargements of structures are not drawn to scale. l: measurement of labium length; t: measurement of tentorium length.