Dryininae Haliday, 1833

Olmi, Massimo, Copeland, Robert S. & Noort, Simon Van, 2019, Dryinidae of the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 4630 (1), pp. 1-619 : 300

V. Subfamily Dryininae Haliday, 1833

Dryini Haliday 1833: 273, partim. Dryininae Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 495 , partim; Kieffer 1907: 3; Krombein 1979: 1243. Lestodryinini Kieffer 1914b: 11, partim. Dryinini Richards 1939: 189 , partim; Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1034. Dryininae Richards 1953: 51 ; Olmi 1984: 723; 1993a: 194; 1993b: 59; 1993c: 46; 1994: 62; 1995b: 503; 1999: 180; He & Xu 2002: 242; Engel 2005: 486; Olmi & Virla 2006: 408; Virla & Olmi 2008: 370; Lelej 2012: 397; Xu et al. 2013: 240; Olmi & Virla 2014: 213; Olmi & Xu 2015: 127; Olmi et al. 2016: 73. Thaumatodryininae Olmi 1984: 682 , partim; 1993b: 59.

Type genus. Dryinus Latreille, 1804 (type genus of the family Dryinidae ).

Diagnosis. ♀ ( Figs 117B, C , 154C, D ): fully winged ( Figs 117B, C ); ocelli present; occipital carina complete, or incomplete, or absent; palpal formula usually 6/3; occasionally palpal formula different (4/2, or 5/ 3 in Gonadryinus Olmi ; 3/2, or 4/2, or 5/ 3 in Pseudodryinus Olmi ); mandible usually with four teeth becoming regularly progressively larger from dorsal to ventral tooth (as in Fig. 6B ); occasionally (in Pseudodryinus Olmi ) mandible with four irregular teeth; antenna without tufts of long setae ( Figs 117B, C ); pronotal tubercle present ( Fig. 117C ); epicnemium visible, because lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura (as in Fig. 7D ); forewing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (C, R and 1Cu) ( Figs 117B, C ); forewing with 2r-rs&Rs vein and pterostigma ( Figs 117B, C ); protarsus chelate ( Figs 117B, C ); chela with rudimentary claw ( Fig. 126F ); protrochanter long and slender ( Fig. 118C ); usually tibial spurs 1/1/2; rarely (in some species of Dryinus Latreille ) 1/1/1. ♂ ( Figs 117D , 118A ): fully winged ( Figs 117D , 118A ); palpal formula 6/3; occipital carina complete or incomplete; mandible usually with one–three teeth (three teeth becoming regularly progressively larger from dorsal to ventral tooth ( Fig. 8A )); occasionally (in Pseudodryinus Olmi ) mandible with four irregular teeth; epicnemium visible, because lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura ( Fig. 7D ); mesosternum fused with mesopleura and not distinct; forewing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (C, R and 1Cu) ( Figs 117D , 118A ); forewing with 2r-rs&Rs vein and pterostigma ( Figs 117D , 118A ); forewing with PostabR1 as long as, or longer than pterostigma ( Fig. 117D ); hypopygium umbrella-shaped (as in Fig. 8G ); dorsal process of paramere absent ( Fig. 119D ); tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Distribution. Worldwide.

Hosts. Acanaloniidae , Cixiidae , Dictyopharidae , Flatidae , Fulgoridae , Issidae , Lophopidae , Ricaniidae , Tropiduchidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi 1997, 2006, 2007; Guglielmino et al. 2013).

World species. 344 species are known, 62 in the Afrotropical region.

World genera. Nine genera are known, three in the Afrotropical region.

Remarks. Haliday is considered to be the author of Dryininae based on the principle of coordination (Art. 36 ICZN; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999). The author of the family is also author of the nominate subfamily whose name is derived from the family name. This holds even though Kieffer was the first author to introduce the subfamily division.

The following five genera have not been recorded from the Afrotropical region: Cretodryinus Ponomarenko 1975 (fossil in amber from Russia, Taimyr Peninsula), Harpactosphecion Haupt 1944 (fossil in amber from the Dominican Republic and Baltic area), Hybristodryinus Engel 2005 (fossil in Myanmar amber), Megadryinus Richards 1953 (Neotropical) , Palaeodryinus Olmi & Bechly 2001 (fossil in Baltic amber).

Figures

FIGURE 6. A: antennal ADOs of Gonatopus sp. ♀. B: quadridentate mandible of Anteon sp. C: occiput of Gonatopus sp. ♂. D: micropterous ♀ of Deinodryinus sp. E: apterous ♀ of Gonatopus sp. a: propodeal declivity; c: mesoscutellum; m: metanotum; p: metapectal-propodeal disc; r: pronotum; s: mesoscutum.

FIGURE 7. A, B: chelae. C, D: mesosoma of Bocchinae (C) and Dryininae (D) ♂♂ in lateral view. a: arolium; e: enlarged claw; m: mesopleuron; p: pronotum; r: rudimentary claw; s: protarsomere 5; t: tegula; z: epicnemium. E: forewing of fictitious specimen (C: costal cell; cv: costal vein; Pt: pterostigma; R: radial cell; 1Cu: first cubital cell; 2Cu: second cubital cell; 2R1: second radial 1 cell; 2r-rs&Rs: second radial cross & radial sector vein; PostabR1: poststigmal abscissa of Radial1 vein).

FIGURE 8. A: tridentate mandible progressing larger from anterior one to posterior. B: quadridentate mandible, with intermediate rudimentary tooth (i). C: unidentate mandible. D: tridentate mandible, with intermediate rudimentary tooth. E: ♂ genitalia of Gonatopus sp.. F: ♂ genitalia of Dryinus sp. G: hypopygium umbrella-shaped. H: hypopygium not umbrella-shaped. b: basivolsella; d: distivolsella; k: dorsal process of paramere; o: paramere; p: penis.

FIGURE 117. A: Bocchus ruvidus Olmi, Copeland & van Noort sp. nov., ♂ holotype in dorsal view; head vertex and mesoscu- tum sculpture. B–D: habitus of Dryinus species. B–C: ♀ in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) view; D: ♂ in dorsal view. Scale bar: A: 1.86 mm; B: 3.63 mm; C: 2.82 mm; D: 2.67 mm.

FIGURE 118. Habitus of Dryinus species. A: ♂ in lateral view. B, C: D. afer (Olmi), ♀ holotype in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) view. Scale bar: A: 1.60 mm; B: 3.56 mm; C: 2.83 mm.

FIGURE 119. A: chela of Dryinus sp. group 4. B–E: Dryinus afer (Olmi): head in dorsal view (B), prothorax in lateral view (C), chela (E) of ♀ holotype; genitalia (D) of ♂ allotype. Scale bar:A: 0.11 mm; B: 0.24 mm; C: 0.49 mm; D: 0.08 mm; E: 0.16 mm.

FIGURE 126. Chelae of Dryinus species. A: D. chamaeleo Benoit, holotype. B: D. copelandi Olmi, holotype. C: D. daviesi Olmi, holotype. D: D. dayianus Olmi, holotype. E: D. deceptor (Turner), ♀ from South Africa, Port St. Johns. F: D. digo Olmi, Copeland & Guglielmino, holotype. Scale bar: A: 0.17 mm; B: 0.10 mm; C: 0.11 mm; D: 0.16 mm; E: 0.15 mm; F: 0.22 mm.

FIGURE 154. A, B: Gonadryinus bicarinatus Guglielmino, Olmi, Marletta & Speranza, ♀ holotype: habitus in dorsal view (A); head and mesosoma in dorsal view (B). C, D: Pseudodryinus townesi (Olmi) in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view; ♀ from Uganda, Kampala. Scale bar: A: 5.87 mm; B: 1.62 mm; C: 5.56 mm; D: 3.41 mm.