Calendula arvensis Linnaeus (1763: 1304)

Simão, Inês, Reyes-Betancort, J. Alfredo, Talhinhas, Pedro, Morais-Cecílio, Leonor & Silveira, Paulo, 2024, Taxonomic revision of the genus Calendula (Asteraceae) in the Canary Islands, Phytotaxa 640 (2), pp. 125-160 : 139-159

1. Calendula arvensis Linnaeus (1763: 1304) ; Buch (1825: 151, 171; 1833: 497); Webb & Berthelot (1846: 341);

Pitard & Proust (1908: 239); Lanza (1919: 112); Lindinger (1926: 170); Hansen & Sunding (1985: 20); AcebesGenovés et al. (2001: 104; 2004: 131; 2010: 158); Beierkuhnlein et al. (2021: 21). Lectotype (designated by Heyn et al. (1974: 182)):—EUROPE. ‘In Europae arvis’, Löfling s.n (LINN! 1035.1).

Calendula aegyptiaca Persoon (1807: 492) ; Hansen & Sunding (1985: 20). Type:— EGYPT. Bords des champs, Matarych près de Caire, L. Kralik s.n. (holotype FI! 000477) .

Calendula bicolor Rafinesque (1810: 82) ; Hansen & Sunding (1985: 20); Acebes-Genovés et al. (2001: 104; 2004: 131; 2010: 158). Calendula arvensis var. bicolor (Raf.) Candolle (1837: 452) ; Pitard & Proust (1908: 239). Type:—not found.

Calendula parviflora Rafinesque (1810: 83) , nom. illeg., non Thunberg (1800: 163). Calendula arvensis var. parviflora (Raf.) Battandier & Trabut (1888: 478) ; Pitard & Proust (1908: 239). Type:—not found.

Description:—Annual herbs. Stems (7.5) 18.5–33.4 (146) cm long, erect, branched at the base, covered in glandular and non-glandular hairs. Basal leaves usually (2.3) 4.1–6 (11.5) × (0.3) 0.7–1.2 (1.8) cm, (0.1) 0.2–0.3 (0.5) mm thick, oblanceolate, with a ± long petiole, acute to abruptly acute, margins sub-entire to repand, sometimes dentate, higher leaves usually smaller, oblanceolate to lanceolate, sessile and auriculate, possessing both glandular and non-glandular hairs. Capitula concolorous or discolorous, with (0.7) 0.9–2 (2.9) cm diameter, solitary. Involucre (3.3) 4.7–7.1 (8.7) mm, composed of one to two rows of bracts, lanceolate and acute, green with a ± defined purple apex, glandular pubescent. Ray florets 11–26, (4.4) 6.8–11.5 (18) × (0.64) 1.23–1.98 (2.58) mm, arranged in one row, yellow or orange and tri-lobed. Disc florets 18–20, (3) 3.1–3.7 (4) × (0.6) 0.8–1 (1.7) mm, five-lobed, yellow, brown, sometimes reddish, or even purple. Anthers 1.1–1.8 mm long, styles 1.95–2.4 mm, bifid. Outer achenes rostrate (4.7) 7.4–11 (20.3) × (0.9) 1.7–2.4 (3.7) mm, most of the times curved in a ± 90º angle and with a long rostrum, dorsal spines more or less developed, and one to two ventral teeth, one at the apex and one at the base, many times both, sometimes bialate, (4.1) 6.3–7.7 (10.4) × (1.5) 6.1–7.9 (9.3) mm, with dentate to incise lateral wings; sub-rostrate achenes (1.5) 4.3–5.3 (6.4) × (0.9) 1.4–1.9 (2.9) mm, with dorsal spines and two ventral teeth; middle achenes cymbiform (3.7) 4.8–6.8 (8.7) × (2.1) 3.2–5.8 (7.2) mm, slightly curved without ventral or dorsal wings but with ventral teeth and sometimes dorsal spines; inner achenes vermiform-alate (3.1) 3.7–4.4 (5.4) × (1) 1.9–2.5 (3.5) mm, circular to hook-shaped, with two lateral wings and ventral teeth; vermiform-exalate (2.7) 3.4–3.9 (4.9) × (0.8) 1.2–1.5 (2.2) mm.

Observations:—In the Canary Islands, at least four variations of C. arvensis can be found: the typical C. arvensis , with stems 15–40 cm long, external rostrate achenes, exalate, possessing, more or less, long beaks and capitula diameter 1–1.5 (2) cm; the aegyptiaca form ( C. aegyptiaca Pers. ), similar to the previous, but plants not exceeding 15–20 cm, with shorter and usually straighter rostrate achenes, and smaller capitula, resembling C. tripterocarpa , 0.5–1.5 cm in diameter; the macroptera form ( C. arvensis var. macroptera (Rouy) O.Bolòs & Vigo ), which possesses external bialate achenes with dentate lateral wings, and the bicolor form ( C. arvensis var. bicolor Raf. ), with discolourous capitula.

Habitat and Distribution:—All forms are densely dispersed throughout the islands, growing in a variety of habitats. Found in the margins of roads, at ruderal sites, agricultural fields, grasslands, rocky cliffs, near the beach in sandy soils, and in semi-desert to desert regions. Present in Launaeo nudicaulis-Resedetum lancerotae, Raphanus raphanistrum-Scandix pecten-veneris, Convolvulus arvensis community and Raphanus raphanistrum-Scandix pecten-veneris communities. Present in all islands.

Elevation:—From sea level to 1600 m.

Illustrations:— Figures 6 , 10B and 11A .

Conservation status:—Least Concern (LC).

Chromosome number:—2n=44.

Genome size:—5.4 pg ± 0.2.

Calendula arvensis L.

SPAIN. Canary Islands

Fuerteventura: along FV-102 towards La Caldereta (28°35’05” N, 13°51’49” W), 133m, 26-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. 3371 ( AVE, ORT) ; Betancuria (28°25’42” N, 14°03’29” W), 446m, 28-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. .i.2/.3 ( AVE) ; FC-30 towards Pájara , near Sra. de La Peña (28°23’46” N, 14°04’02” W), 308m, 28-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.k ( AVE) ; agricultural fields near Montaña del Frontón (28°35’59” N, 13°55’06” W), 241m, 26-3-2022, Silveira, P. Simão, I. 3373/4/5 ( AVE) .

Gran Canaria: Botanical Canarian Garden Viera y Clavijo (28°03’50” N, 15°27’45” W), 330m, 27-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. 3382.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Ingenio. El Roque (27°56’52” N, 15°28’49” W), 855m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3.3/.4/.5 In Silveira, P. 3420.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Valsequillo. Edge of the boiler of “los Marteles” (27°57’31” N, 15°31’58” W), 1546m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 4 In Silveira, P. 3421 ( AVE) ; Las Mesas Altas (28°06’08” N, 15°29’57” W), 9-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 1.1/.2/.3 In Silveira, P. 3418.1/.2/.3 ( AVE, ORT) ; Mogán. Cortadores (27°51’41” N, 15°40’44” W), 726m, 30-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 11.2/.3/.4/.5 In Silveira, P. 3428.2/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) .

Lanzarote: Punta Mujeres (29°08’19” N, 13°27’18” W), in a ditch by the side of the road, 29-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.c/d/e ( AVE) ; Órzola (29°12’32” N, 13°26’02” W), in the sands of the roadsides and paths, 29-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.f ( AVE) ; surroundings of Playa Blanca (28°52’24” N, 13°49’54” W), 42m, 29-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3384.1 ( ORT) ; Teguise (29°03’50” N, 13°32’59” W), 321m, 30-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3389.1 ( AVE) ; Guinate viewpoint (29°18’46” N, 13°50’07” W), 354m, 30-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3392.1 ( AVE) ; El Jable (29°03’55” N, 13°35’05” W), 145m, 30-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3394 ( AVE) .

Tenerife: C. del Calvario between Tacoronte and Lomo Colorado (28°29’00” N, 16°24’22” W), 479m, 31-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3397.2/.4/.5/.6/.7 ( AVE, ORT) ; La Laguna (28°30’04” N, 16°18’46” W), 532m, 31-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3398.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Bejía (28°32’53” N, 16°18’04” W), 575m, 31-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3400/3401 ( AVE, ORT) ; street near Buenavista (28°23’00” N, 16°50’18” W), 47m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3405 ( AVE, ORT) ; Buenavista del Nte. (28°22’21” N, 16°50’58” W), 99m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3407/3408 ( AVE, ORT) ; TF-375 near Las Manchas (28°16’55” N, 16°47’51” W), 1054m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3410 ( AVE) ; TF-82 near Barranco de Ramallo (28°12’14” N, 16°46’10” W), 626m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3412.1/.2/3413.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Tejina de Isora (28°11’01” N, 16°45’55” W), 553m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3414 ( AVE, ORT) ; fields along Av. el Palm-Mar (28°01’35” N, 16°41’18” W), 81m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3415.1/3416.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; ascent to Teno Alto through the old hermitage of San Mateo in Teno Bajo (28°21’19” N, 16°54’04” W), 292m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.1 In Silveira, P. 3426.1 ( AVE, ORT); (28°21’21” N, 16°54’05” W), 247m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.3/.4 In Silveira , P. 3426.3/.4 ( AVE, ORT); (28°21’22” N, 16°54’07” W), 207m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.5 In Silveira, P. 3426.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Teno Alto. Descent to las Cuevas (28°20’58” N, 16°53’39” W), 561m, 22- 4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 10 In Silveira, P. 3427 ( AVE, ORT) .

Calendula arvensis L.

SPAIN. Canary Islands

Fuerteventura: Pozo Negro (28°20’ N, 14°00’ W), 31-7-1858, Lowe, R.T. 154 ( BM) ; Gran Tarajal (28°12’ N, 14°01’ W), 0m, waste ground, 3-4-1936, Brooke, W.M.A. 323 ( BM); (28°12’53.30”N, 14° 1’13.04”W)*, 15-3-1946, Sventenius, E. R. ( ORT) ; Castillo (28°23’48.48”N, 13°51’49.76”W)*, 29-3-1956, Sventenius, E. R. 21583 ( ORT) ; Lobos (28°44’59.55”N, 13°49’22.27”W)*, 24-3-1956, Sventenius, E. R. 24004 ( ORT) ; Corralejo (28°44’ N, 13°52’ W), 23-3-1986, Hansen, A. 208 A (C) ; Pájara , Jandía, Pico de la Zarza (28° 6’6.99”N, 14°21’20.19”W)*, 26-2-1986, Navarro, B. Montelongo, V.M. 14150 ( LPA) ; Pájara , La Lajita (28°21’3.17”N, 14° 6’35.08”W)*, 0-50m, 30-3-1989, Montelongo, V.M. 017596 ( LPA) ; along FV-102 towards La Caldereta (28°35’05” N, 13°51’49” W), 133m, 26-3-2022, Silveira , P., Simão, I. 3370/3371 ( AVE, ORT) ; Betancuria (28°25’42” N, 14°03’29” W), 446m, 28-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.i.2/.3/.5/.6 ( AVE, ORT) ; FC-30 towards Pájara , near Sra. de La Peña (28°23’46” N, 14°04’02” W), 308m, 28-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.k ( AVE) ; agricultural fields near Montaña del Frontón (28°35’59” N, 13°55’06” W), 241m, 26-3-2022, Silveira, P. Simão, I. 3373/4/5 ( AVE) ;

Gran Canaria: Lomitos de Correa (28°00’ N, 15°30’ W), 16-6-1889, Buysman, M. 341 ( COI) ; San Mateo (28°01’ N, 15°32’ W), 1927, Bannerman, D.A. s.n. ( BM) ; 18-4-1935, Tejida, J. 1196 ( MAF) ; 1000m, 18-3-1970, Borgen, L. 30 (O); Arucas (28°00’ N, 15°36’ W), 21-3-1921, Rahn, K. 743 (C) ;?-12-1964, Pedersen, A. s.n. (C); 30-12-1964, Hansen, A. s.n. (C); 6-1-1965, Kaae, N. 1 (C); 18-12-1972, Kaae, N. 1 (C); 21-12-1972, Kaae, N. 2 (C); 20-12-1972, Kaae, N. 3 (C); 13-4-1973, Hansen, A. s.n. (C); edge of ditch on the hillside, 15-1-1974, Pajari, A. s.n. (C); 6-4- 1997, Gelert, O. s.n. (C); Valle de los Nueve (27°59’26.95”N, 15°25’56.77”W)*, 150m, 15-3-1947, Sventenius, E. R. 7336 ( ORT) ; Roque Nublo (27°58’5.96”N, 15°36’39.00”W)*, 30-3-1947, Sventenius, E. R. 7338 ( ORT) ; Ayagaure (27°51’0.73”N, 15°36’30.43”W)*, 22-4-1947, Sventenius, E. R. 7335 ( ORT) ; 22- 4-1947, Sventenius, E. R. 7334 ( ORT) ; Entre Veneguera y S. Nicolás (27°55’28.20”N, 15°44’26.21”W)*,?-2-1955, Sventenius, E. R. 24233 ( ORT) ; Lomo Pedro Alfonso (27°50’43.21”N, 15°38’12.82”W)*, 400m, 7-1-1966, Kunkel, G. 3971 ( LPA) ; Monte Doramas (28° 5’12.62”N, 15°34’59.20”W)*, 800m, 20-1-1967, Kunkel, G. 4875 ( LPA) ; S. Nicolás village (27°58’34.85”N, 15°46’53.56”W)*, 11-3-1950, Sventenius, E. R. 7333 ( ORT) ; Bco. Las Goteras (28° 1’51.29”N, 15°26’32.73”W)*, 430m, 30-1-1967, Kunkel, G. 4968 ( LPA) ; 14-3-1973, Sventenius, E.R 13493 ( LPA) ; San Cristobal (28° 4’43.69”N, 15°24’54.49”W)*, 50m, 16-1-1967, Kunkel, G. 4818 ( LPA) ; Tafira Alta (28° 3’10.33”N, 15°27’58.65”W)*, 300m, 21-11-1965, Kunkel, G. 3742 ( LPA) ; 5-10-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13495 ( LPA) ; Tafira , Carr. A. Marzagan (28° 3’12.28”N, 15°25’53.20”W)*, 240m, 24-1-1965, Kunkel, G. 3553 ( LPA) ; Barranco de la Angostura (27°52’50.28 ”N, 15°30’37.37”W)*, 600m, 5-1-1966, Kunkel, G. 3936 ( LPA) ; Monte Tafira (28° 3’10.84”N, 15°27’58.04”W)*, 330m, 19-2-1967, Kunkel, G. 5124 ( LPA) ; Bco. de Tenteniguada (27°59’11.18”N, 15°31’25.23”W)*, 20-1-1971, Sventenius, E.R 13508 ( LPA) ; Bco. Arguineguin (27°45’43.18”N, 15°40’59.92”W)*, 8-3-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13500 ( LPA) ; Los Tiles (28° 5’30.28”N, 15°34’58.59”W)*, 28-2-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13512 ( LPA) ; Santa Lucia (27°54’36.50”N, 15°32’24.49”W)*, 21-11-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13503 ( LPA) ; Roca Frente a Corralillos (27°53’26.68”N, 15°28’11.90”W)*, 8-3-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13506 ( LPA) ; Teror , Barranco de Madrelagua , La Culata (27°58’33.12”N, 15°36’0.21”W)*, 10-2-1972, Kunkel, G. 15204 ( LPA) ; 890m, 13-2-2011, Marrero, Á. 27149 ( LPA) ; Tafira (28° 3’39.49”N, 15°27’35.14”W)*, 6-6-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13501 ( LPA) ; Barranco de Guayadeque (27°54’ N, 15°23’ W), 19-12-1979, Diez, J., Gallego, M.J., Silvestre , S. s. n. ( SEV) ; Maspalomas (27°45’ N, 15°34’ W), 12-3-1979, Duvigneaud, J. 21 Can ( MA) ; Moya (28° 6’34.67”N, 15°34’58.15”W)*,?-5-1980, Rodríguez, C. S. Pérez, P. L. 49782 ( TFC) ; Cazadores : Telde (27°57’16.39”N, 15°30’45.49”W)*, 3-4-1982, Rodrigo, J. 016028 ( LPA) ; Santa María de Guía (28° 6’26.81”N, 15°36’21.84”W)*, 200- 50m, 17-3-1982, Rodrigo, J. 8757 ( LPA) ; Barranco de Tenteniguada (27°59’7.20”N, 15°31’20.84”W)*, 1150m, 30-4-1986, Montelongo, V.M. Roca, A. 13543 ( LPA) ; El Risco (28°03’ N, 15°43’ W), 12-1-1996, Evrard, C. 12139 ( BR) ; Telde. Mountain of Las Palmas (27°59’40.56”N, 15°27’11.63”W)*, 1-2-2000, Navarro, B. 019903 ( LPA) ; Gáldar. Los Covideros (28° 8’49.17”N, 15°39’16.88”W)*, 20-1-2000, Navarro, B. 019902/019905 ( LPA) ; Barranco de Anzofé (28° 6’46.36”N, 15°38’26.00”W)*, 20-1-2000, Navarro, B. 019904 ( LPA) ; Agaete. El Sao (28° 3’42.22”N, 15°39’30.93”W)*, 31-3-2000, Roca, A. 019901 ( LPA) ; Ingenio / Aguimes, Barranco de Guayadeque (27°55’57.44”N, 15°28’2.02”W)*, 600-750m, 26-4-2000, Roca, A. 37896 ( LPA) ; Las Lagunas (27°54’13.16”N, 15°32’22.98”W)*, 610- 15m, 6-3-2010, Marrero, Á. 30750 ( LPA) ; 610- 15m, 6-3-2010, Marrero, Á. 30751 ( LPA) ; Santa Lucía de Tirajana , La Sorrueda (27°54’37.39”N, 15°32’25.02”W)*, 400- 20m, 6-3-2010, Marrero, Á. 30797 ( LPA) ; Reserva Integral de Inagua , Santa Juana (27°56’56.35”N, 15°41’4.14”W)*, 829m, 16-3-2010, Pérez, M. M. 029642 ( LPA) ; Barranco de Madrelagua. La Culata (27°58’32.77”N, 15°36’1.20”W)*, 890m, 13-2-2011, Marrero, Á. 27147/27148 ( LPA) ; Botanical Canarian Garden Viera y Clavijo (28° 3’49.95”N, 15°27’44.94”W)* 320 mm, 20-1-2010, Marrero, Á. 32421/32422 ( LPA) ; 320m, 3-12-2020, Marrero, Á. 38628/38629 ( LPA) ; 320m, 9-2-2021, Marrero, Á. 38997/38998 ( LPA); (28°03’50” N, 15°27’45” W) , 330m, 27-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. 3382.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Ingenio. El Roque (27°56’52” N, 15°28’49” W), 855m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3.3/.4/.5 In Silveira, P. 3420.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Valsequillo. Edge of the boiler of “los Marteles” (27°57’31” N, 15°31’58” W), 1546m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 4 In Silveira, P. 3421 ( AVE) ; Las Mesas Altas (28°06’08” N, 15°29’57” W), 9-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 1.1/.2/.3 In Silveira, P. 3418.1/.2/.3 ( AVE, ORT) ; Barranco de la Angostura (27°52’34” N, 15°30’07” W), 295m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 2.1/.2 In Silveira, P. 3419.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Ingenio. El Roque (27°56’52” N, 15°28’49” W), 855m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 In Silveira, P. 3420.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Valsequillo. Borde de la Caldera de los Marteles (27°57’31” N, 15°31’58” W), 1546m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 4 In Silveira, P. 3421 ( AVE, ORT) ; Cruz de Tejeda (28°00’20” N, 15°36’00” W), 1509m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 5.1/.2 In Silveira, P. 3422.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; 850m, dry ground, 20-4-1936, Brooke, W.M.A. 150 (BM, BM 813634); Bco. de Tejeda (27°59’17.91”N, 15°37’6.28”W)*, 19-4-1972, Sventenius, E.R 13504 ( LPA) ; Tejeda , Reserva Integral de Inagua (27°59’46.36”N, 15°36’54.71”W)*, 420m, 3-3-2010, Soto, M. E. 029615 ( LPA) ; Barranco de Agaete (28°06’06” N, 15°42’17” W), 21m, 10-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 7.1/.2/.3/.4/8 In Silveira, P. 3424.1/.2/.3/.4/3425 ( AVE, ORT) ; ascent to Teno Alto through the old hermitage of San Mateo in Ten (28°21’19” N, 16°54’04” W), 292m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 In Silveira, P. 3426.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Teno Alto. Bajada a las Cuevas (28°20’58” N, 16°53’39” W), 561m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 10 In Silveira, P. 3427 ( AVE, ORT) ; Tabaibal de Mogán (27°53’2.77”N, 15°43’22.43”W)*, 21-2-1973, Sventenius, E.R 13502 ( LPA) ; Mogán. (27°53’ N, 15°43’ W), 350m, 14-2-1993, Vašák, V. s.n. ( BR) ; Cortadores , Charco del Burro (27°47’42.03”N, 15°41’37.99”W)*, 12-3-2011, Marrero, Á. 027257/027258/027259 ( LPA) ; Mogán. Cortadores (27°51’41” N, 15°40’44” W), 700m, 12-3-2011, Marrero, Á. 027256/027260 ( LPA) ; 726m, 30-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 11.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 In Silveira, P. 3428.1/.2/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT) .

Lanzarote: Masdache (29°00’ N, 13°40’ W), 15-7-1858, Lowe, R.T. 14 ( BM) ; La Corona (29°11’5.02”N, 13°28’51.01”W)*, 450m, 15-4-1948, Sventenius, E. R. 22381 ( ORT) ; Yaiza (28°57’21.37”N, 13°46’3.77”W)*, 200m, 5-5-1948, Sventenius, E. R. 22382 ( ORT) ; 300m, 8-5-1948, Sventenius, E. R. 22383 ( ORT) ; Alegranza (29°17’52.90”N, 13°32’0.87”W)*, 16-5-1953, Sventenius, E. R. 23418 ( ORT) ; Graciosa , el Portillo (29°13’45.55”N, 13°30’17.36”W)*, 14-4-1957, Sventenius, E. R. 1188 ( ORT) ; Montaña Clara, Caldera (29°17’52.90”N, 13°32’0.87”W)*, 16-4-1957, Sventenius, E. R. 23555 ( ORT) ; 17-4-1957, Sventenius, E.R. 1375 ( ORT) ; Graciosa (29°14’28.98”N, 13°30’58.16”W)*, 14-4-1957, Sventenius, E. R. 1187 ( ORT) ; Graciosa , Central Part (29°15’14.78”N, 13°30’14.31”W)*, 14-4-1957, Sventenius, E. R. 1189 ( ORT) ; Haría (29° 8’47.44”N, 13°29’53.97”W)*, 14-4-1968, Sventenius, E. R. 223?9 ( ORT) ; Haría , mountain “La Higuera” (29° 8’48.57”N, 13°29’53.33”W)*, 14-4-1968, Sventenius, E. R. 22380 ( ORT) ; Punta Pechiguera (28°51’ N, 13°52’ W), 24-12-1973, Duvigneaud, J. can1504 bis ( BR) ; Teseguite (29°03’ N, 13°32’ W), 4-1- 1974, Duvigneaud, J. can61 ( BR) ; Riscos de Famara (29° 6’55.98”N, 13°33’22.90”W)*, 24-3-1984, Montelongo, V.M. 13887 ( LPA) ; 24-3-1984, Montelongo, V.M. 14139 ( LPA) ; Arrecife (28°57’54.59”N, 13°33’18.23”W)*, 4-4-1993, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 37408 ( TFC) ; Punta Mujeres (29°08’19” N, 13°27’18” W), in a ditch by the side of the road, 29- 3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.c/d/e ( AVE) ; Orzola (29°13’21.67”N, 13°27’12.05”W)*, 17-2-1964, Von Stranes, Dr. R. 22384 ( ORT); (29°12’32” N, 13°26’02” W), in the sands of the roadsides and paths, 29-3-2014, Silveira, P., Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.f ( AVE) ; surroundings of Playa Blanca (28°52’24” N, 13°49’54” W), 42m, 29-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3384.1 ( AVE, ORT); (28°52’42” N, 13°49’57” W), 49m, 29-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3385.1/.3/.4/.5 ( AVE, ORT); (28°52’41” N, 13°49’58” W), 49m, 29-3-2022, Silveira, P. Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3386 ( AVE, ORT) ; Teguise (29°03’50” N, 13°32’59” W), 321m, 30-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3389.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Manguía (29°04’14” N, 13°31’31” W), 273m, 30-3-2022, Silveira, P. Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3390.1/.2 ( AVE) ; Guinate viewpoint (29°18’46” N, 13°50’07” W), 354m, 30-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3392.2 ( ORT) ; El Jable (29°03’55” N, 13°35’05” W), 145m, 30-3-2022, Silveira , P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3393.1/.2/3394/3395.1/.2/.3 ( AVE, ORT) .

Tenerife: Puerto de la Cruz (28°19’ N, 16°34’ W), 1845, Bourgeau, E. 839 (BM, K) ; 20-1-1921, Rahn, K. 463 (C); 21-2-1921, Rahn, K. 517 (C); 24-2-1921, Rahn, K. 555 (C); 25-10-1965, Kaae, N. 1 (C); 25-3-1967, Kaae, N. s.n. (C); 20-10-1969, Kaae, N. 2 (C); 120m, 26-2-1969, Bramwell, D. 807 (C); 600m, 27-12-1973, Lewalle, J. 7343 ( RAB) ; 390m, 24-3-1975, Dalgaard, L. Dalgaard, V. 6011 (C); 2-4-1972, Hansen, A. s.n. (C); 1-11-1974, Hansen, A. s.n. (C); 14-3-1979, Olgaards, P. s.n. (C); Las Palmas (28°20’ N, 16°50’ W), 100m, dry semmy ground, 25-2-1936, Brooke, W.M.A. 1 ( BM) ; Realejo Alto (28°23’7.70”N, 16°35’3.10”W)*, 28-1-1944, Sventenius, E. R. 13057 ( ORT) ; Pto. Cruz (28°24’41.08”N, 16°32’41.89”W)*, 23-1-1944, Sventenius, E. R. 13107 ( ORT) ; La Perdoma (28°22’38.43”N, 16°33’0.74”W)*, 6-2-1944, Sventenius, E. R. 13110 ( ORT) ; Realejo Alto (28°23’7.70”N, 16°35’3.10”W), 28-1- 1944, Sventenius, E. R. 13057 ( ORT) ; Roque del Fraile (28° 0’46.91”N, 16°40’7.21”W)*, 23-5-1944, Sventenius, E. R. 13105 ( ORT) ; El Chorrillo (27°59’ N, 15°40’ W), 22-3-1959, Bellot, F. Casaseca, B. s.n. ( MACB) ; Los Silos (28°21’58.69”N, 16°49’4.35”W)*, 17-1-1946, Sventenius, E. R. 13109 ( ORT) ; 26-4-1996, Sauquillo, V. L. Arco, M. J. 40554 ( TFC) ; Valverde (27°47’35.42”N, 17°56’29.84”W)*, 400m, 7-5-1949, Sventenius, E. R. 18164 ( ORT) ; Punta de Teno (28°20’31.51”N, 16°55’22.60”W)*, 4-3-1950, Sventenius, E. R. 13106 ( ORT) ; 6-3-1950, Sventenius, E. R. 1694 ( ORT) ; 25-3-1969, Sventenius, E. R. 13059 ( ORT) ; Tacoronte (28°28’ N, 16°24’ W), 12-8-1954, Morales, A. s.n. ( MACB) ; waste ground at roadside, 1-4-1975, Cannon, J.F.M. Cannon, M.J., Cannon, P.F. 4410 ( BM) ; Carretera entre La Esperanza e Izaña (28°26’42.02”N, 16°20’40.95”W)*, 1700 m, 19-2-1961, Sventenius, E. R. 13058 ( ORT) ; Adeje, Bco. del Infierno (28° 7’34.68”N, 16°43’25.32”W)*, 23-3-1962, Sventenius, E. R. 13103 ( ORT) ; Anaga, Bco. Ijuana (28°31’59.47”N, 16°15’4.06”W)*, 21-2-1963, Sventenius, E. R. 13108 ( ORT) ; Anaga (28°29’39.01”N, 16°16’32.71”W)*, 21-2-1967, Sventenius, E. R. 13056 ( ORT) ; Bco. S. Andrés (28°31’22.26”N, 16°12’20.93”W)*, 450 m, 17-3-1968, Sventenius, E. R. 30212 ( ORT) ; Bajamar (28°33’14.98”N, 16°20’40.35”W)*, 26-2-1969, Bramwell, D. 13511 ( LPA) ; Montañas de Teno (28°20’32.24”N, 16°52’36.22”W)*, 100m, 19-2-1969, Bramwell, D. 13494 ( LPA) ; San José above La Rambla (28°23’36.10”N, 16°38’57.92”W)*, 200m, 14-1-1969, Bramwell, D. 13507/13510 ( LPA) ; Teno (28°20’ N, 16°51’ W), 100m, at side of road at Teno Bajo , 19-2-1969, Bramwell, D. 752 ( SEV, C) ; San Jose (28°38’ N, 17°45’ W), fields and roadsides, 14-1-1969, Bramwell, D. 529 ( SEV) ; Los Cristianos (28°03’ N, 16°43’ W), 22-12-1970, Duvigneaud, J. can924 ( BR) ; Masca (28°18’19.27”N, 16°50’23.69”W)*, 19-4-1971, Sventenius, E. R. 13104 ( ORT) ; Adeje (28°07’ N, 16°43’ W), 9-1-1972, Kaae, N. 2 (C) ; Arico (28°10’ N, 16°29’ W), 660m, 27-1-1973, Aldridge,A.E. 519 ( BM) ; Bajamar (28°32’ N, 16°20’ W), 100m, 25-1-1973, Aldridge,A.E. 440 ( BM) ; Punta del Hidalgo (28°35’ N, 16°19’ W), 200m, in rocks above the water canal, 24-1-1973, Aldridge, A.E. 414 ( BM) ; Guimar (28°18’ N, 16°25’ W), 8-9-1975, Cabezudo, B., Talavera, S. s.n. ( SEV) ; San Andres (27°46’ N, 17°57’ W), 200m, rough grassland, 4-4-1977, Jarvis Murphy 68 (BM, RNG) ; Arona (28°05’ N, 16°40’ W), uncultivated land, ruderalized, anthropized, 10- 3-1979, Pérez de Paz, P.L. 20790 ( MA) ; Arona (28° 6’0.30”N, 16°40’47.22”W)*, 10-3-1979, Pérez de Paz, P. L., Arco Aguilar, M. J. 20790 ( TFC) ; 10-3-1979, Pérez de Paz, P. L., Arco Aguilar, M. 20790dup. ( TFC) ; La Laguna (28°29’ N, 16°19’ W),?-3-1979, Wildpret, W., del Arco, M. s.n. ( MAF, TFC, SALA) ; Santa María del Mar (28°25’43.97”N, 16°18’25.53”W)*, 1-3-1979, Wildpret, W., M.. 24399 ( TFC) ; El Escobonal (28°15’29.79”N, 16°25’35.31”W)*, 6-3- 1981, Rodríguez, O. Cabrera, P. G. 12669 ( TFC) ; La Laguna (28°29’14.64”N, 16°18’57.26”W)*, 20-11-1981, García Gallo, A. 22049 ( TFC) ; Pto. de la Cruz (28°24’41.09”N, 16°32’41.86”W)*, 11-4-1981, González, C. 29501 ( ORT) ; Las Cañadas (28°13’55.37”N, 16°34’54.77”W)*, 13-4-1984, Santos, A. 28661 ( ORT) ; Lomo Marrera (28°17’20.85”N, 16°24’3.38”W)*, 25-3-1985, Rodríguez Delgado, O. 27684 ( TFC) ; Las Magarzas , Montaña Birmagen (28°26’21.70”N, 16°21’17.59”W)*, 700-800m, 1-3-1989, Montelongo, V.M. 017615 ( LPA) ; Buenavista (28°22’ N, 16°54’ W), 1-4- 1990, Bouharmont, J. 21117 ( BR) ; Tegueste (28°31’22.22”N, 16°20’16.56”W)*, 13-2-1994, Felipe, T. J. Felipe, T. J. 36604 ( TFC) ; El Sauzal (28°28’29.92”N, 16°26’2.94”W)*, 30-1-1994, Rodríguez, F. R. 37624 ( TFC) ; Erjos (28°19’44.10”N, 16°48’16.12”W)*, 30-5-1996, Sauquillo, V. L. Arco Aguilar, M. J. 39996 ( TFC) ; Montaña Aregume (28°22’9.86”N, 16°49’3.42”W)*, 23-2-1996, Saquillo, V. C. Acosta, C. 40100 ( TFC) ; Tacoronte (28°28’47.36”N, 16°24’47.31”W)*, 26-12-1993, Rodríguez, F. R. 37639 ( TFC) ; 28-2-2007, Navarro, M. L. R. 48770 ( TFC) ; 6-11-2008, Navarro, M. L. 48837 ( TFC) ; buena vista del norte (28°22’ N, 16°54’ W), 300m, 2-5-1997, Panero, J.L., Ortega JF 6976 ( MA) ; Punta del Hidalgo (28°35’ N, 16°19’ W), 200m, 12-2-2003, Bouharmont, J. 32103 ( BR) ; Jb La Concepción (28°27’52.54”N, 16°14’56.73”W)*, 8-4-2010, Sánchez, P. S. 028215 ( LPA) ; San Tiago del Teide (28°17’ N, 16°48’ W)*, 900m, Dürbye / Kirchhoff 1116 in BGBD 718 in Silveira, P. 3082 ( AVE); (28°30’47” N, 16°24’59” W), 136m, 31- 3-2022, Silveira, P. Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3396.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Universidad La Laguna (28°28’54”N, 16°19’01”W)*, 13-4-2021, Montelongo, C. G. 50501 ( TFC) ; C. del Calvario between Tacoronte and Lomo Colorado (28°29’00” N, 16°24’22” W), 479m, 31-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3397.1/.2/.3/.4/.5/.6/.7 ( AVE, ORT) ; La Laguna (28°30’04” N, 16°18’46” W), 532m, 31-3-2022, Silveira , P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3398.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Las Canteras (28°30’24” N, 16°10’41” W), 540m, 31-3-2022, Silveira, P. Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3399 ( AVE, ORT) ; Bejía (28°32’53” N, 16°18’04” W), 575m, 31-3-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3400/3401/3402 ( AVE, ORT) ; carr. Tahodio (28°29’20” N, 16°14’56” W), 39m, 31-3- 2022, Silveira , P. Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3403/3404 ( AVE, ORT) ; street near Buenavista (28°23’00” N, 16°50’18” W), 47m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3405 ( AVE, ORT) ; Buenavista del Nte. (28°22’21” N, 16°50’58” W), 99m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3406/3407/3408 ( AVE, ORT) ; TF-375 near Las Manchas (28°16’55” N, 16°47’51” W), 1054m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3410/3411.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; TF-82 near Barranco de Ramallo (28°12’14” N, 16°46’10” W), 626m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3412.1/.2/3413.1/.2 ( AVE, ORT) ; Tejina de Isora (28°11’01” N, 16°45’55” W), 553m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3414 ( AVE, ORT) ; fields along Av. el Palm-Mar (28°01’35” N, 16°41’18” W), 81m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3415.1 ( AVE, ORT) ; 81m, 1-4-2022, Silveira, P., Simão, I. & Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 3416.1/.2/3417 ( AVE, ORT) ; ascent to Teno Alto through the old hermitage of S (28°21’19” N, 16°54’04” W), 292m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.1 In Silveira , P. 3426.1 ( AVE, ORT); (28°21’21” N, 16°54’05” W), 247m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.3/.4 In Silveira , P. 3426.3/.4 ( AVE, ORT); (28°21’22” N, 16°54’07” W), 207m, 22-4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 9.5 In Silveira, P. 3426.5 ( AVE, ORT) ; Teno Alto. Descent to las Cuevas (28°20’58” N, 16°53’39” W), 561m, 22- 4-2022, Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 10 In Silveira , P. 3427 ( AVE, ORT) .

La Palma: Between Fuencaliente and chapel of Sta. Cecilia (28°30’25.81”N, 17°50’47.47”W)*, 25-4-1963, Sventenius, E. R. 3444 ( ORT) ; Barlovento (28°49’31.99”N, 17°49’20.67”W)*, 12-8-1964, Sventenius, E. R. 3443 ( ORT) ; El Paso (28°39’ N, 17°52’ W), 1300m, 27-3-1980, Machado, A. s.n. ( MA) .

La Gomera: Bco. Iguala (28° 5’7.39”N, 17°18’6.59”W)*, 22-3-1959, Sventenius, E. R. ( ORT) ; Valle Gran Rey (28°06’ N, 17°19’ W), 600m, roadside, 7-3-1973, Aldridge, A.E. 1062 ( BM) ; 13-4-1981, Pérez, B. M. Acebes, J. R. 13623 ( TFC) ; El Molinito (28°06’ N, 17°08’ W), 7-3-1990, Hansen, A. 80 (C) ; 12-5-1992, Forfung, A.S. s.n. (C); Laderas sobre La Dama (28° 3’15.89”N, 17°18’2.36”W)*, 30-1-2002, Pérez de Paz, P. L.. Arco, M. J. 46434 ( TFC) .

El Hierro: Sabinosa (27°45’ N, 18°06’ W), 50m, cliffs,?-8-1971, Bramwell, D. Humphries, C.J. 3316 ( BM) ; La Frontera (27°45’15.68”N, 18° 0’33.30”W)*, 350m, 5-5-1959, Sventenius, E. R. 18162 ( ORT) ; El Pozo de la Salud (27°45’13.80”N, 18° 6’20.24”W)*, 8-4-1971, Sventenius, E. R. 18163 ( ORT) ; Lomo Negro (27°45’14.98”N, 18° 8’39.38”W)*, 10-4-1979, Wildpret, W., Arco, M.J., Pérez de Paz, P. L., Hdez. Padrón, C. 8086 ( TFC) ; Tenecedra (27°49’24.03”N, 17°56’8.80”W)*, 13-7-1981, Pérez de Paz, P. L., Hdez. Padrón, C. 34380 ( TFC) ; Jarales (27°48’ N, 17°58’ W), 23-2-1991, Hansen, A. 45 (C) ; Frontera (27°45’15.58”N, 18° 0’33.46”W)*, 23-3-1998, Pérez de Paz P. L., Cruz Trujillo, G. 42972 ( TFC) .

Figures

FIGURE 6. Calendula arvensis (Silveira, P., Simão, I. and Reyes-Bet. 3403, 3411).A, B. habit (3411 and observation on site, respectively); C, D, E. diversity of flower capitula (observation on site); F, G. diversity of fruiting capitula (3403 and observation on site, respectively).

FIGURE 10. Variability of achene morphology of Calendula. A. C. arvensis form arvensis (Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.e); B. C. arvensis form macroptera (Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.c); C. C. sventenii (Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327. a); D. C. ricardoi (Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.g); E. C. officinalis (Silveira, P. 2986).

FIGURE 11. Variability of leaf morphology of Calendula. A. C. arvensis (1. Reyes-Bet. in P. Silveira 3426.3; 2. Reyes-Bet. in P. Silveira 3426.5; 3. Reyes-Bet.in P. Silveira 3119.1; 4. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet.3413.2; 5. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3413.3; 6. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3412.2; 7, 8. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3397.7); B. C. sventenii (1. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3383.2; 2, 3. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3380; 4–6. Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.a; 7–9. Silveira, P. and Gonçalves,A.C.R.S. 3327. b); C. C. ricardoi (1, 2. Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3377; 3. Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.i.4; 4, 5. Silveira, P. and Gonçalves, A.C.R.S. 3327.l); D. C. officinalis (1. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3421.1; 2. Silveira, Simão and Reyes-Bet. 3409).