Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. cambogioides

N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu & L., Garcinia, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India, Rheedea 33 (3), pp. 101-158 : 116-117

Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. cambogioides FiG. 3G–i

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation deep yellow or orange-yellow, sticky; branches spreading, with pendulous tips; branchlets 4-angular. Petioles 0.8–1 cm long, with longitudinal ridges, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic-ovate or obovate, 10–15 × 4–8 cm, acute or cuneate at base, margins revolute and wavy, obtuse to shortly obtuse-acuminate at apex, coriaceous; midribs raised on both sides; lateral veins inconspicuous, 8–12 pairs per side; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary or on axils of fallen leaves, solitary or 2–3 fascicled, 0.5–1 cm in diam., sessile or 0.4–0.5 cm long pedicels; sepals orbicular or elliptic, convex, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 cm; petals white to pink, rotundate or orbicular, 0.5–0.8 × 0.4–0.6 cm, membranaceous; stamens c. 25, in a central tetragonous mass, anthers red; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, c. 0.3 × 0.6 cm, sessile; sepals orbicular, convex, c. 0.5 cm in diam., margins membraneous; petals pink, ovate, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 cm; staminodes 12–14, fascicled in groups of 3–4 and arranged in a ring around ovary; ovary sub-globose, c. 0.2 cm in diam., 4-locular; stigma 5-lobed, tubercled. Berries globose to sub-globose, 2.5–3 × 2–3 cm, smooth, greenish-yellow with reddish tinge, crowned by persistent papillate stigma. Seeds 4, ovoidreniform, c. 1.5 × 0.6 cm, laterally compressed.

Vernacular names: Mysore gamboges tree, Indian gamboges tree (English) ; Chikiri, Daramba, Iravi, Karukkampuli, Makki (Malayalam); Makki, Solaippuli (Tamil); Hardala, Devampuli, Jarize, Arsina gurgi (Kannada) ; Kuji-thekera (Assamese).

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from February to April.

Habitat: Common onstream sides in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, up to 1100 m elevation.

Distribution: Indo-Malaya.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, East Siang district, Pasighat , 05.02.1912, I. H . Burkill 36754 ( CAL) . Assam, Cachar district, Bhuban hill, 02.12.1914, U. N . Kanjilal 4797( CAL); South West Garo Hill district, Tura , 14.02.1886, C. B . Clarke 43109 ( CAL); Rani Dawa bang, 16.01.1912, I. H . Burkill 37498 ( CAL) . Karnataka, Chikmagalur district, Horanadu R. F ., near Jain temple area, 27.02.1984, E . Vajravelu 77872 ( MH); Kemmengundi, 1425 m., 01.12.1983, K. V . Asha 1299 ( CALI); Saingeri, 850 m., 09.11.1983, V. A . Vasantha 1040 ( CALI) . Shimoga district, Agumbe , 850 m., 28.11.1983, K . Shanthi 1041( CALI); Uttara Kannada district, April , 1883, W. A . Talbot 376 ( BSI, CAL); Garisoppah, 30.11.1884, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Ibid. 15.05.1896, W. A . Talbot 1896 ( BSI); Ibid. November 1900, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Ibid. 01.02.1892, W. A . Talbot 2662 ( BSI); North Canara , May 1929, T. R . Bell 5985 ( BLAT); North Canara , 18.05.1954, H . Santapu 18567( BLAT); ibid. 18.05.1954. R. P . Patil 627 ( DD); Yellapur, North Canara, April , 1939, N. L . Bor 9555 ( DD) . Kerala, Kollam district, Colaturpolay ( Kulathupuzha ), 23.01.1896, T. F . Bourdillon 734 ( FRC); Ibid., 17.02.1904, s.coll. s.n. ( TBGT [ TBGT02248 ]); Naduvannorkadavu near Choodal bridge, 02.06.1964, K. N . Subramanian 1548 ( FRC); Kulathupuzha, Arippa, 150 m, 03.08.1981, N . Sasidharan 1470 ( KFRI); Malappuram district, Thalichola , 10.04.1982, Philip Mathew 28439 ( CALI); Karuvarakundu, 16.06.1982, Philip Mathew 33368 ( CALI); Nilambur, Nadukani, 525 m, 14.02.1985, N . Sasidharan 3342 ( KFRI); Palakkad district, Attapadi hills, 28.10.1910, C. E. C . Fischer 2365 ( CAL); Chenathnair Reserve, Palakkad , 11.12.1920, C. E. C . Fischer 4570 ( CAL); Way to Silent valley Dam, 28.06.1976, P . Bharghavan 47238 ( MH); Mukkali forest , 05.11.1976, E . Vajravelu 48852 ( MH); R. F . above Dam site, Silent Valley , 09.04.1978, N. C . Nair 56703 ( MH); Way to Aruvampara Estate , 24.04.1980, V. J . Nair 67281 ( MH); Dam site to Valiyapara thode, 05.12.1980, N. C . Nair 69118 ( MH); Dam site to Veliyaparathode , 05.12.1980, N. C . Nair 69118 ( MH); Bank of Kumattan thode, Silent Valley , 17.03.1984, N. C . Nair 81269 ( MH); Attappady, Manthampotti, + 500 m, 15.11.1985, N . Sasidharan 3615 ( KFRI); Wallakkadavu, Silent Valley , 02.02.1994, Jomy Augustine 13193 ( KFRI); Silent Valley National Park , MPCA , 08.03.2003, C . Kunhikannan & N . Venkatasubramanian 14833( FRC); Palakkad, Silent Valley , Wallakkad , 18.11.2014, P. S . Shameer 79660 ( TBGT); Ibid, 16.12.2014, P. S . Shameer 79665 ( TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram district, Bonacord , 29.05.1989, N . Mohanan 8416 ( TBGT); Attayar, 02.03.1991, N . Mohanan 10564 ( TBGT); Chemmunji Hills, 22.01.2014, P. S . Shameer 79610 ( TBGT); Thrissur district, Kodakkalthodu, Thatchnaduvu area , Palapitty range, Chalakudy , 24.02.1982, K. N . Subramanian 7989 ( FRC); Payampara area, Palapitty range, Chalakkudy , 24.02.1982, K. N . Subramanian 7974 ( FRC); Peechi, Vengappara, 425 m, 19.12.1988, N . Sasidharan 5045 ( KFRI); Wayanad district, Kambamala , Begur Range , Wayanad forest Division , 06.05.1983, N . Venkatasubramanian 9370 ( FRC) . Meghalaya, United Khasi & Jaintia Hills district, s.d., G . Gallatly 252 ( CAL); Khasia, J . D. Hooker & T . Thomson s.n., ( CAL) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamalais , 28.10.1901, C. A . Barber 3874 ( MH); Udumanparai, Anamalais , 03.05.1903, C. A . Barber 5750, 5760 ( MH); Nilgiri district, Devala s.d., Weddermann s.n. ( MH); Iyyerpadi, 20.02.1901, C. A . Barber 3831 ( MH); Thirunelveli district, Kannikatty , 21.02.1913, D. Hooper & M. S . Ramaswami 39433 ( CAL); Kannikatty, 19 Mach 1917, s.coll. 14653 ( MH); SRI LANKA , March 1883, s.coll. s.n. ( MH [ MH60489 ]. Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. s n., ( MH [ MH60488 ]); Ibid., BM000946508 ( BM, image!).

Uses: The butter extracted from seed is used in cooking, confectionary, substitute of ghee, candle making and medicine. Resin is a commercial source of yellow pigment for colouring varnishes and for dyeing silk fabrics ( Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021).

Figures

FiG. 3. Species of Garcinia L. in India: a–c. Garcinia assamica J.Sarma, Shameer & N.Mohanan; D–f. G. atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson; G–i. G. cambogioides (Murray) Headland var.cambogioides; j–l. G. celebica L.; m–o. G. conicarpa Wight (a, d, g, j, m. Staminate flowers; b, e, h, k, n. Pistillate flowers;c, f, i, l, o. Fruits; photos by N. Mohanan & P.S. Shameer).