Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. mucrona (A.Begum, Brothakur & J.Sarma) T. K.Paul, Pleione

N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu & L., Garcinia, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India, Rheedea 33 (3), pp. 101-158 : 118-123

Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. mucrona (A.Begum, Brothakur & J.Sarma) T. K.Paul, Pleione 15(3): 454. 2021; G. morella var. mucrona A.Begum, Brothakur & J.Sarma, Pleione 8 (2): 502. 2014. Type: INDIA, Assam, Tinsukia district , Digboi, Pangeri, 25.04. 2013, 160 m asl., Ajima Begum, Jatindra Sarma & S. K. Borthakur 113 (holo, GUBH!; iso, ASSAM!) .

Dioecious trees, 10–13 m tall; exudation yellow. Branches obliquely horizontal; branchlets terete. Lamina elliptic-obovate, 9–13.5 × 4.2–6.5 cm, attenuate at base, margins entire, mucronate at tip, midrib raised abaxially, impressed adaxially; secondary veins 8–12 pairs, prominent on both sides. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 0.8–1 cm in diam.; stamens in a central tetragonous mass. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, greenish white, 1–1.2 cm in diam., terminal, axillary, solitary or in cluster of 2–4, sessile; staminodes 4–8 at the four corners, 0.2–0.25 cm long, very slender, united in lower half and enveloping the ovary base; stigma white, indistinctly lobed. Berries globose or sub-globose, 4–6 cm diam., 0.5–0.6 cm long mucronate tip.

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to April; fruiting from May to June.

Habitat: Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, up to 200 m elevation.

Distribution: Endemic to Assam ( India).

Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. pictoria (Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.) Shameer & N.Mohanan, Rheedea 30(4): 468. 2020. Garcinia pictoria Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. Mem. Wern. Soc. 5: 346. 1826; [Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud.]; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 627.1832; Wight, Ic. t. 102. 1839; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12: 417. 1851; Headland Man. Mater. Med. Therap. (ed. 3): 340. fig. 49. 1856; Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4. 14: 355. 1860; Drury, Indian Fl. 1: 141.1864; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 86–87; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 32: t. 85B. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 476. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 55. 1902; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11(2): 341. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 133. 1964; Mabb., Taxon 26(5-6): 529. 1977. N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 122. 1993. Hebradendron pictorium (Roxb.) Royle, Man. Mat. Med. 305. 1847. Lectotype (designated by Shameer & Mohanan, 2020 a): INDIA, Kerala, Wayanad, s.d., Samuel Dyer s.n. (BM [BM000611609 digital image!]).

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation yellow; branches spreading; branchlets angular. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, slender; lamina elliptic-ovate, 8–10 × 3–5 cm, acute or attenuate at base, margins entire, acute at apex; midribs prominent on both sides; lateral veins conspicuous, c. 20 pairs per side. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary; 0.8–2 cm in diam.; stamens 35– 40, in a central sub-globose mass. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, 0.7–1 cm in diam.; staminodes c. 20, filaments connate at base in a sheath around ovary; ovary oblong, 0.2–0.4 cm in diam., 4-locular; stigma peltate, 4-lobed, tubercled. Berries globose or sub-globose, 3–5 × 1.5–2 cm, smooth, reddish when ripe, crowned by 4-lobed, persistent tubercled stigma. Seeds 1–3, oblongreniform, 0.8–1cm long. Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from February to May.

Habitat: Evergreen forests, above 900 m elevation, usually on stream sides.

Distribution: Endemic to the southern Western Ghats.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, North Kanara , 02/01/1892, s.coll. 2662 ( CAL) . Kerala, Wayanad district, Puthoorvayal, Manikunu Mala , 25.07.2012, P . S . Shameer 86640 ( TBGT); Kuruva Island , 20.11.2014, P . S . Shameer 79656, 79657 ( TBGT) .

Notes: The taxon is variously treated in Indian floras. Anderson (1874) and Dunn (1915) consider it as synonymous to G. morella (= G. cambogioides ). Maheshwari (1964) treated it as a distinct species, with a note that “the species is closely allied to G. morella and scarcely distinguishable except by the female flowers”. Singh (1993) also considered it as distinct but commented that “this species is closely allied to G. morella , under which it is sometimes sunk”. Arisdason and Daniel (2005) followed Roxburgh and Maheshwari for inclusion of G. pictoria in their treatment. Headland (1856), though treated G. cambogioides and G pictoria as distinct species, has given a note about their close relationship, with the aid of illustrations.

During the present study, we collected specimens of G. pictoria from the type locality in Wayanad and compared them with G. cambogioides (= G. morella ). Except for the difference in number and structure of staminal mass, staminodes and stigmatic lobes, listed in the key to the varieties above, both taxa are similar in all other characters such as habit, texture of bark, colour of exudate, size and shape of leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. Considering these, G. pictoria is reduced to a variety under G. cambogioides .

Garcinia celebica L., Herb. Amb. 7. 1754, Syst. Nat. ed. 12: 326. 1767 & in Murray, Syst. Veg. (ed. 13): 368. 1774; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 507. 1859; Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. sér. 4, 14: 173. 1860; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 13. 1882; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 404. 1893; Boerl., Cat. Pl. Phan. 2: 69. 1901; Koord. & Valeton, Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 9: 367. 1902; Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amb. 373. 1917; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java (Spermatoph.) 387. 1963. “ Lectotype (designated by Merrill, 1917): “ Mangostana celebica ” in Rumphius, Herb. Amb. (Rumphius) 1. 134. pl. 44. 1741.

Garcinia affinis Wall. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1. 15. 1882 & Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. pl. 78C & 79G. 1883; Vesque, Monogr. Phan. 8: 410. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 122. 1964; N.P.Singh in B. D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 103.1993. pro parte. nom. illeg.

Garcinia cornea L. in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 13: 368. 1774; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 214. 1825; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 629. 1832; Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 506. 1859; Laness., Mem. Gen. Garcin. 21. 1872; T. Anderson in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 260. 1874. pro parte; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 12. 1882, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. pl. 78 B. 1883; Vesque, Monogr. Phan. 8: 397. 1893; Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amb. 374. 1917. Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 122. 1964. Lectotype (designated by Merrill, 1917): “Lignum corneum” in Rumphius, Herb. Amb. (Rumphius) 3: 55. pl. 30. 1743.

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 12. 1882, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1 pl.79D, 79E & 79F. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 155. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 395.1893; Ridl., Fl. Maly Penin. 1: 171. 1922; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 223. 1925; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 115.1931; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 121. 1964; Whitmore, Tr. Fl. Malaya 2: 212. 1973; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 111.1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1: 139. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Nazre, 2010): Peninsular Malaysia, 1841, J.B. Hombron s.n. (P [ P00329889 digital image!]).

Garcinia kingii Pierre ex Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 407. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 124. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 114. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1: 139. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Nazre, 2010): INDIA, Andaman Island, 1884, King’s coll. s n. (K [ K000380453 digital image!]).

Garcinia kurzii Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. 14. 1882 & Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. pl. 78C. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 155. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 403. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees 49. 1907; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 223. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 123. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 115. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1: 140. 1999; Dagar & N.T. Singh, Pl. Res. Andaman & Nicobar Isl. 2: 416. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Nazre, 2010): INDIA, South Andaman, 1867, Kurz 24 (P [ P00329891 digital image!]).

Garcinia speciosa Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3(11): 37. t. 258. 1832; Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 14: 326. 1860; Kurz, Ennum. Pl. Andaman Islands 2. 1870, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43: 86. 1874, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 88. 1877; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 260. 1874; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 14 & pl. 79 H & 79 I. 1882; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2 Nat. Hist. 59: 154. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 402. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; C.E.Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 90. 1923; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.1: 117. 1931; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine Suppl. 3: 267. 1943; J.Sinclair, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9: 87. 1955; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 123. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 125. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 141. 1999; Dagar & N.T.Singh, Pl. Resour. Andaman & Nicobar Isl. 2: 420. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): BURMA, Mertaban & Amherst, Wallich 4855 (CAL [CAL46233!]). FiG. 3j–l

Dioecious semi-evergreen trees, up to 18 m tall; exudation pale yellow; branches horizontally spreading, branchlets slightly 4-angular. Petioles 1–2.5 cm long, stout, angular, rugous, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, 11–20 × 5–10 cm, cuneate at base, margins sub-repand and entire, sub-acute or very shortly and abruptly acuminate at apex; midribs conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins conspicuous, 25–35 pairs per side; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–6, in terminal fascicles, 2–2.5 cm diam., pedicels 0.5–1 cm long, stout; sepals imbricate, orbicular, concave, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 cm, unequally fleshy, margins membranous petals pale yellow, ovate-orbicular, 0.8–1 × 0.6–1 cm, concave, membranous on margins; stamens numerous, inserted on a fleshy, slightly 4-lobed annulus, filaments united; rudimentary pistil flat, stigma 8-lobed. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal, 2–3.5 × 2–2.5 cm; pedicels 1.5– 2 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes absent; ovary globose, 0.5–1 cm in diam., 8–9-locular; style 0.2-0.3 cm long, stigmatic rays spreading, convex, recurved at the edge when young, forming 8 shallow crenations on ageing. Berries sub-globose, 4–5 cm in diam., smooth, green turning pinkish-red or orangered on ripening, crowned by disc-like remnant stigma and green leathery sepals at base. Seeds 4–6, oblong, 2.5–3 cm long, covered with soft, pulpy white aril.

Vernacular names: Sea shore mangosteen (English); Parawa (Andamanese) .

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to March; fruiting from February to April.

Habitat: In tropical evergreen, semi evergreen and inland forests, almost from sea level to mid lands.

Distribution: Native to India, Bangladesh, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Thailand and Singapore.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Nicobar district, Kamorta, February 1875, S. Kurz s.n. (CAL); Ibid., 1884, King’s coll. 483 (K [K000380452 digital image!); Passa, Car Nicobar, 02.06.1975, N.G. Nair 2653 (PBL); Ibid., Sawai, Car Nicobar, 24.02.1976, N.G. Nair 3526 (PBL); Car Nicobar, 10.06.1895, King’s coll. 47817 (CAL); North and Middle Andaman district, Interview Island, 06.03.1990, P. Lakshminarasimhan 15148 (PBL); Interview Island, Watch Tower No. 2, 26.02.2011, G.S. Lakhra 28882 (PBL); North Nicobar, Katchal Island, near Police Station, 29.12.1974, P. Chakraborty 2239 (PBL); Ibid., West Bay, 15.02.1977; Ibid., Pondha, 02.04.1979, M.K. Vasudeva Rao 7509 (PBL); South Andaman district, East coast, 1899, R.L. Heinig (CAL [CAL46785]); Ibid., s.d., S. Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL46779]); Ibid., 13/01/1884, King’s coll. 90 (CAL); Ibid., 1884, King s.n. (K [K000380453, image!]); Chiriatapau, 19.01.1916, C.E. Parkinson 884 (CAL); Ibid., 20.01.1916, C.E. Parkinson 888 (CAL); Boun- Boung-la, 04.02.1916, C.E. Parkinson 912 (CAL); Ibid., 10.02.1916, C.E. Parkinson 934 (CAL); Rutland Island, Barakhari, 21.01.1982 M.K. Vasudeva Rao 8617 (PBL); Manjeri, 31.01.2004, K. Karthigeyan 19633 (PBL); Mount Harriet, 11.02.2016, P.S. Shameer 86610 (TBGT); Shoal Bay-17, 13.02.2016, P.S. Shameer 86615 (TBGT); Nayashahr, Dhanikari Reserve forest, 16.02.2016, P.S. Shameer 86618 (TBGT); Ibid, 03.03.2017, P.S. Shameer 86645 (TBGT). Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Cultivated in JNTBGRI orchard, 02.11.2013, S.M. Shareef 702016 (TBGT); Ibid., 13.12.2014, P.S. Shameer 79668 (TBGT); Ibid., 23.03.2016, P.S. Shameer 86633 (TBGT). West Bengal, Cultivated Royal Botanic Garden, Howrah, s.d., Wallich 4852 (CAL); Ibid., s.coll. s.n., (MH [MH63569]); Ibid., s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL4619]); Ibid., s.coll. s.n. (CALO [CAL46190]); Ibid., s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL461191]); Cultivated in Botanic Garden, 07.12.1961, S.K. Mukerji s.n. [CAL [CAL297414]); Ibid., Joe W. Helfer 270 (CAL). BANGLADESH, Chittagong, 1886, King’s coll. 274 (CAL); Sylhet, Wallich 4854 (K, image!); Ibid, Wallich 4854 (BR [BR0000006912758, image!]); Ibid., J.D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. (GDC [G00458944, image!]). MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, 1898, Teysman 79 (CAL [CAL471149]). MALACA, 1841, Cuming 2296 (K [K000380448 digital image!); 1861, Griffith 857 (K [K000380447 digital image!). MANILA, Amboina , s.d., C.B. Robinson 323 (CAL). MALAY PENINSULA, Malaca, 1845, Griffith s.n. (CAL [CAL47015]); Perak, January 1884, King’s coll. 5460 (CAL). MYANMAR, Martaban, s.d., S. Kurz 538 (CAL). s.loc., s.d., Wallich 4852 (CAL); s.loc. s.d., J.E. Smith s.n. (K [K000380450, image!]). Without precise locality, December 1869, Pierre 3633 (K [K000380455 digital image!).

Uses: Fruits are edible while roots and leaves are used as medicine. It yields an inferior gamboge. Timber is used for house building and also used for making bows in Andaman Islands. ( Maheshwari 1964; Singh 1993).

Notes: Garcinia affinis , G. cornea , G. celebica ., G. hombroniana , G. kingii , G. kurzii and G. speciosa are variously treated in earlier Indian floras and revisions. Wight (1840) treated G. celebica , G. cornea and G. speciosa as distinct species. Anderson (1874) considered G. cornea and G. speciosa as distinct whereas G. affinis was synonymized under G. cornea . Kurz (1874) considered G. speciosa and G. cornea as distinct species. Parkinson (1923) included both G. kingii and G. kurzii under G. speciosa , noting that they were “nearly allied”. Maheshwari (1964) considered G. affinis , G. cornea , G. hombroniana , G. kingii , G. kurzii , and G. speciosa as distinct, and commented on the close similarity between G. hombroniana and G. cornea . Singh (1993) treated G. affinis , G. hombroniana , G. kingii , G. kurzii , and G. speciosa as distinct. He has excluded G. cornea and also commented that he has not seen specimens of G. kingii . Except for Wight (1840), G. celibica is not recorded in any earlier Indian works.

After a detailed study of all specimens kept under the aforementioned names, Nazre (2010) concluded that ‘morphological evidences based on the literature and herbarium specimens suggested that there are no clear cut discontinuities in morphological characters or any characters exclusive to certain geographical areas between G. hombroniana with G. celebica and G. cornea and many other names including G. affinis, G. kingii , G. kurzii and G. speciosa . Because of that, the correct name that should be used is G. celebica as it was published much earlier and all oher names should simply be synonyms of G. celebica . This treatment, accepted in International Plant Name Index (www.ipni.org) and World Flora Online (www.worldfloraonline.org) is followed here. In our expedition to Andaman & Nicobar Islands, we could collect specimens showing variations, but all were continuous and within the range.

Garcinia conicarpa Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 121. 1839, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1. 126. 1840; Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 14: 347. 1860; Shameer & N.Mohanan, Phytotaxa 490(2): 191–196. 2021. G. cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. var. conicarpa (Wight) T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 262. 1874; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 428. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 130. 1964. G. gummi-gutta var. conicarpa (Wight) N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 110. 1993; Nazarudeen, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 25: 607. 2001; Sasidh., Biod. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2004; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 275. 2014; Arisdason & P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 336. 2005. Lectotype (designated by Prasanth et al., 2019): INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Shevagherry hills, August 1836, R. Wight 141 (K [K000677578] digital image!); isolecto, (K [K000677579, K000677580] digital image!).

Garcinia darwiniana Kesha.Murthy, Yogan. & K.V.Nair, Curr. Sci. 56: 425. 1987. Type: INDIA, Karnataka, Coorg district, Mercara, 19.03.1984, K.R. Keshavmurthy et al. 4828A (RRCBI). FiG. 3m –o

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15 m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branches usually horizontal, branchlets terete. Petioles 0.7–0.9 cm long, stout; ligule absent; lamina obovate-ovate to rarely oblong, 6–10 × 4–8 cm, acute at base, margins entire, acute or obtuse at apex, coriaceous, reddish when young; midribs conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins inconspicuous; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary or terminal, solitary or 2–5 in fascicles, 1–1.5 × 1–1.2 cm; pedicels c. 0.5 cm long, stout; sepals ovate, convex, 0.5–0.6 × 0.5–06 cm, coriaceous, margins membranaceous with fimbril like projections; petals, yellow, oblong-orbicular, coriaceous, 0.1–0.13 × 0.7–0.9 cm, concave with slightly membranaceous margins; stamens numerous in a convex torus; rudimentary pistil absent or present. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, 1–3, terminal or sub-terminal, 1–1.5 × 1–3 cm, sessile; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes c. 20, arranged in a ring around the ovary; ovary globose, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., 3–5-locular, grooved; stigmatic rays 3–5, irregularly tuberculate. Berries ovoid-conical, 4–5 cm in diam., 3–5-grooved, mamillate at apex, yellowish green on ripening, pericarp very thick, fleshy. Seeds 2–4, ovate-oblong, 0.2–0.3 × 0.8–1 cm, enclosed in a thin, fibrous aril.

Vernacular names: Kattupuli (Malayalam).

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from April to June; fruiting from June to October.

Habitat: Sholas and high altitude evergreen forests, between 1350–1950 m elevation.

Distribution: Endemic to southern Western Ghats, very rare.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Kodagu district, Bhagamandale, 22.07.1979, Ramesh & Manohar KFP8441 (MH). Kerala, Idukki district, Devicolam, December 1909, Meebold 13533 (CAL); Rajamalai, 03.09.1992, Nazarudeen 14810 (TBGT); Ibid., 22.02.1995, Kalesh 21227 (TBGT); Ibid., 18.11.2005, Rama Subbu & Kulloli 57832 (TBGT); Ibid., 19.06.1998, Biju 37483 (TBGT); Bhadrakali shola, 01.10.2012, Deepthy 74641 (TBGT); Vellimala, 12.12.1993, Jomy Agustine 12902 (KFRI); Rajamalai, 22.02.1995, Kalesh 21227 (TBGT); Hut near Rajamala, 19.06.1998, Biju 37483 (TBGT); Rajamalai, 18.11.2005, Rama Subbu & Kulloli 57832 (TBGT); Bhadrakali shola, 01.10.2012, Deepthy 74641 (TBGT); Kottamala, 25.05.1995, Jomy Augustine 15379 (KFRI); Ibid., 1385 m, 25.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79648 (TBGT); Ibid., 1640 m, 25.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79649 (TBGT); Ibid., 1638 m, 25.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79650 (TBGT); Ibid., 1362 m, 26.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79651 (TBGT); Perumudishola, 12.11.2014, P.S. Shameer 79654 (TBGT); Ibid., 12.11.2014, P.S. Shameer 79655 (TBGT); Ibid., 08.12.2016, P.S.Shameer 86637 (TBGT);Kozhikode district, Vellarimala, 24.03.2013, P.S. Shameer 86604 (TBGT); Wayanad district, Thollayiram forest, 20.02.2017, P.S. Shameer 86647 (TBGT). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, between Olliar and Thorakadvuar, 10.10.1901, C.A. Barber 3701 (MH); Annamalai, 18.02.1980, Chandrabose 65842 (MH);

Uses: Fruits are edible; dried fruit rinds are used in fish curries.

Notes: Though Wight (1840) described G. conicarpa as a distinct species, later authors considered it as a variety only under G. gummi-gutta ( G. cambogia ). Based on live specimens, the authors made a detailed study of all the three varieties of G. gumigutta (var. gummi-gutta, var. conicarpa , and var. papilla ). It was found that in certain characters var. conicarpa differed from the other two varieties (ovate oblong leaves against elliptic leaves, absence of ligule against its presence, sessile pistillate flowers against pedicelled ones and ovoid conical, 3–5-grooved berries against globose, subglobose or oblong, 5–10-grooved berries), which supports Wight (1839, 1840), who treated the plant as distinct species. Hence G. conicarpa Wight was reinstated (Shameer et al., 2021).

Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC., Prod. 1: 561. 1824; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 622. 1832; Wight & Arn., Prod. 1: 101. 1834; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 12. 414. 1851; Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: 186. 1860; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 54. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1. 262. 1874; Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 87. 1874 & Forest Fl. Burma 1: 90. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 28: t. 82D–H 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 163.1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 449. 1893; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 53. 1921; C.E.Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 89. 1923; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 226; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.1: 114. 1931; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 105. 1934; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. Indo– Chine Suppl. 3: 261. 1943, excl. syn.; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11(2): 341. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 131. 1964; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 208. 1973; D.B.Deb. Fl. Tripura, ser. 9. 1: 363. 1981; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 108. 1993; A.S.Chauhan et al., Fl. Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh 113. 1996; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 138. 1999; B.K.Sinha et al., Fl. Great Nicobar Island 1: 152. 1999; N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 142. 2000; Kam.P.Singh in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 210. 2002. Stalagmitis cowa G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 621. 1831. Lectotype (first step designated by Maheshwari 1964; second step designated here): INDIA, without exact locality, s.d., W. Roxburgh s.n. (BR [BR0000005108138 digital image!]); isolecto BR [BR0000006915667, BR0000006912420 digital images!]).

Oxycarpus gangetica Buch.-Ham., Mem. Wern. Soc. 5: 344. 1824, nom. superfl.

Garcinia lanceifolia Wall., Cat. 4861C. 1831, non Roxb. 1832.

G. roxburghii Wight, Ic. t. 104. 1840, Illustr.1: 125. 1840, pro parte.

Figures

FiG. 3. Species of Garcinia L. in India: a–c. Garcinia assamica J.Sarma, Shameer & N.Mohanan; D–f. G. atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson; G–i. G. cambogioides (Murray) Headland var.cambogioides; j–l. G. celebica L.; m–o. G. conicarpa Wight (a, d, g, j, m. Staminate flowers; b, e, h, k, n. Pistillate flowers;c, f, i, l, o. Fruits; photos by N. Mohanan & P.S. Shameer).