Garcinia sibeswarii Shameer, J.Sarma, N.Mohanan & A.Begum. Phytotaxa

N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu & L., Garcinia, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India, Rheedea 33 (3), pp. 101-158 : 142-146

Garcinia sibeswarii Shameer, J.Sarma, N.Mohanan & A.Begum. Phytotaxa 507(2): 191–197. 2021 . Type: INDIA, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Dulang Reserve Forest , N 270 25’ 17.80’’, E 940 10’ 59.40’’, 110 m, 24.02.2021. J. Sarma 1656(1) (CAL!). FiG. 14j–l

Dioecious evergreen trees, 10–12 m tall; exudation milky; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete to slightly angled. Petioles 2–2.5 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina ovate-oblong, 17–20 × 10–12 cm, coriaceous, acute or acuminate at base, margins entire, acute or very shortly and abruptly acuminate at apex; midribs conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins 40 or more pairs; exudates canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 5–10, in terminal fascicles, 2–3 cm diam.; pedicel 0.8–1.2 cm long, stout; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 cm, margin membranaceous; petals pale yellow, ovate-orbicular, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–1 cm, concave, membranaceous on margins; stamens numerous, inserted on fleshy white, 4-lobed torus, wavy on margins; anthers brownish-white, rudimentary pistil columnar, with a convex, peltate, reddish stigma. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal, 1.5–3 cm across; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long; sepals orbicular, concave 0.6–0.8 × 0.4–0.5 cm, margin membranaceous; petals greenish-yellow, ovate, 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, concave, membraneous on margins; staminodes absent; ovary sub-globose, 0.2–0.4 cm in diam., 4-locular; style very short; stigma red, sticky, peltate, convex. Berries sub-globose to globose, 8–10 cm in diam., smooth, green, turning yellow on ripening, crowned by disc-like remnant stigma and green leathery sepals at base. Seeds 3 or 4, oblong, c. 3 × 6 cm, reticulatenoduled on surface, covered with brownish-white, fibrous aril.

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from February to May; fruiting from May to June.

Habitat: Semi evergreen forests, between 100–300 m elevation.

Distribution: Endemic to Assam.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Dulang Reserve Forest , March 1962, G . Panigrahi 27621 (ASSAM); Diya , 04.04.1914, U . Kanjilal 444 M (ASSAM).

Common name: ‘ Gela thekera’ (Assamese), meaning rotten camboge.

Uses: As the common name indicates, the fruit is not generally preferred for human consumption. But they are highly relished by the primates such as the Rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) and the rare Assamese macaque ( Macaca assamensis ), very common in the area.

Garcinia sopsopia ( Buch.-Ham.) Mabb. , Taxon 26: 529. 1977; Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 57. 1984; N.P.Singh in B. D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 124. 1993; Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1:186. 1996; A.S.Chauhan in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 143. 2000; Kam.P. Singh in Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1. 212. 2002. Oxycarpus sopsopia Buch.- Ham., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 345. 1824. Lectotype (designated by Mabberley, 1977): Golpara, 01.06.1808, Buchnan 1120 (E, [ E00438015 digital image!]).

Garcinia paniculata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 626. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 112. 1839, Illustr. 1: 125. 1840; Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. 87. 1845; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12: 415. 1851; Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: 349. 1860; Drury, Indian Fl. 1: 140. 1864; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 60. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 266. 1874; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 92. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 25: t. 83J. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 415. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 224. 1925; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 108. 1934; Sinclair. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9 (2): 87. 1955; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11 (2): 342.1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 124. 1964; N.P.Singh, Fl. Jowai 1: 89. 1981; Deb, Fl. Tripura 1: 364. 1981. Lectotype (first step designated by Maheshwari 1964, second step designated here): HBC (Calcutta Herbarium), 31.12.1814, Wallich 4857 (CAL [CAL0000065167!]); isolecto, (K [K001104077 digital image!]).

Garcinia bobeecowa Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud.

Stalagmitis paniculata G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 621. 1831, nom. superfl.

Dioecious evergreen trees, 15–18 m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete. Petioles 1.5–2.5 cm long, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina obovate to oblanceolate 15–25 × 5–9 cm, cuneate at base, margins repand, acuminate at apex; midribs raised above and below, more conspicuous below; lateral veins,1-12, raised on both surfaces; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, many, in terminal brachiate panicles, sweet scented; pedicel c. 0.4 cm long; sepals sub-orbicular, 0.2–0.3 cm wide, convex; petals white, ovate, concave, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 cm; stamens numerous, in a central sub-globose mass; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, fewer than staminate flowers, in 5–8 cm long terminal racemes; sepals and petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes absent; ovary sub-globose, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., tubercled, 5-locular; stigma sessile, convex, tubercled. Berries globose or sometimes ellipsoid, 3–3.5 cm in diam., smooth, yellow on ripening. Seeds 3–5, 1–1.5 cm diam., reniform, embedded in pulpy aril.

Vernacular names: Sochopa-tenga (Assamese); Diengsoh-jadu, Dieng-soh-longkor, Dieng-soh-longkydaw (Khasi); Bombhathei, Vawmva (Lushai); Thirsu (Garo).

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to February; fruiting March to May.

Habitat: Evergreen forests of foot hills, between 100–900 m elevation.

Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Kamrup district, Burni Forest, 13.02.1932, Sri Ram 9897 (ASSAM); Burdwan Reserve , 08.04.1915, U. N . Kanjilal 5439( DD); Sibsagar district , Nayajanka, 90 m, 23.04.1911, U. N . Kanjilal 1656 (ASSAM); Garampani, 20.11.1913, U. N . Kanjilal 3007 (ASSAM); Holongapal Reserve , 20.12.1910, U. N . Kanjilal 7074 (ASSAM). Nagajanka, 23.04.1911, U. N . Kanjilal 1656 (ASSAM) . Bihar, Buxar district , Sarai Korang, 28.03.1895, Herb. G . Watt 11103 ( CAL) . Manipur, Tamenglong district , Phalong, A . Meeebold 6471 ( CAL) . Meghalaya, West Garo Hills district , Rangnlachakgiri to Samphaligiri road, 01.03.1915, U. N . Kanjilal 5195 (ASSAM, CAL); West Jaintia Hills district , Dawki, 01.11.1935, G. K . Deka 12875 (ASSAM); Khasi & Jaintia Hills district , 21.11.1872, C. B . Clarke 17905 B. ( CAL); Syndai, 19.10.1913, U. N . Kanjilal 2771 (ASSAM); Dombu Reserve , 26.03.1915, U. N . Kanjilal 5373 (ASSAM, DD); Dawgiri Reserve Forest , 14.03.1975, M. K. V . Rao 61422 (ASSAM); Near 62 km on Baghanara- Maha deo road, 15.09.1990, M. K. V . Rao 64128 (ASSAM); Ri-Bhoi district , Nongpoh, 30.05.1914, U. N . Kanjilal 3981 (ASSAM); Barpani, 05.12.1916, U. N . Kanjilal 7106 (ASSAM, DD); near soil conservation Umling, s.d., J . Joseph 43780 (ASSAM); Umsaw forest , 30.11.1934, C. S . Purkayastha 10938 (ASSAM); Ibid., 26.10.1938, S. R . Sharma 17926 (ASSAM); Ibid., 26.10.1938, K . Biswas 3767 ( CAL) . Mizoram, Mamit district , Saitah, 03.09.1990, D. K . Singh & K. P . Singh 98852 (ASSAM). Without precise locality, 12.06.1814, Wallich s.n. ( CAL [ CAL46524 ]); East India , Roxburgh s.n. ( K [ K000677602 digital image!]) ; BANGLADESH: Sylhet, s.d., Wallich 4858 ( CAL, K [ K000677604 digital image!]); Rajbari Talpigre, November 1873, J. S . Gamble 1645 A ( MH); W . Roxburgh s.n. ( BM [ BM000611602 digital image!]) ; Chittagong Hill Track , 31.03.1876, J. L . Lister 330 ( CAL); Ibid., Burkhal, March 1880, J. S . Gamble 7800 ( CAL) . Chittagong, s.d., F . Fihlish s.n. ( CAL [ CAL46507 ]) . NEPAL, without locality, s.d. Wallich s.n. ( CAL) .

Typification: Under G. paniculata Roxb., Maheshwari 1964 cited ‘Type: ex Sylhet, E. Pakistan; cult in Indian Botanic Garden , Calcutta’, without citing a specimen or herbarium. We could locate two specimens of Wallich 4857, noted locality as ‘HBC (Calcutta Herbarium)’ one each at CAL and K. Maheshwari’s typification could be considered as first-step lectotypication and need narrowing down to a single one of these specimens by subsequent lectotypification. Hence we designate the CAL specimen [CAL0000065167!]) as lectotype (second step) and the K specimen [K001104077) as isolectotype.]

Use: The pulpy aril of the highly flavored fruit is edible ( Maheshwari, 1964).

Garcinia spicata (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 486. 1875; Brandis, Indian Trees : 49. 1906; Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 53. 1915; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 112. 1965; N.C.Nair & A.N.Henry Fl. Tamil Nadu 1: 28. 1983; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 125. 1993; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 72. 2005; Palkar et al., Rheedea 27(2): 143. 2017. Xanthochymus spicatus Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 102. 1834. Type: s.loc., s.d., R. Wight 346a (E [00179065 digital image!]).

Garcinia ovalifolia Hook.f. , ( ‘ ovalifolius ’), Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 269. 1874, non Oliver 1868, var. spicata (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f.

Dioecious evergreen trees, 10–20 m tall; exudate white; branchlets 4-angled. Petioles 1–2 cm long, ligulate at base; lamina broadly elliptic-oblong or ovate, 10–20 × 4–8 cm, rounded or obtuse at base, margins entire, obtuse to retuse at apex, thick-coriaceous; midrib raised on both surface; lateral veins 15–18 pairs, prominent on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous, many, spicate or sometimes fascicled; pedicel 0.1–0.5 cm long; sepals sub-orbicular, 0.25–0.3 cm wide; petals obovate, 0.5–0.7 cm, concave, pale green or greenish yellow, ciliate on margins; stamens in 5 phalenges, each with 8–10 stamens; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary or on leafless stem; pedicel 0.1–0.35 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes 5; ovary oblong, 0.1–0.2 cm across, 2–4-loculed; style c. 0.1 cm long; stigma 3–5-lobed, peltate, spreading, persistent in fruit as thick black spot. Berries broadly to depressed globose, 3–4 cm in diam., pale green turning yellow on ripening; young fruit with shallow ridges and furrows; aril pulpy. Seeds 1–3, broadly oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.3 cm, slightly compressed. 1964; second step designated by Ranjan et al.,

2022): INDIA, Sikkim, s.d., J.D. Hooker & T. Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from February to

Thomson 17 (CAL [CAL0000005830!]); isolecto March; fruiting from April to June.

CAL[CAL0000005831!]).

Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests.

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; Distribution: India and Sri Lanka. exudation yellow; branches spreading; branchlets Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, angular. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, adaxially ligulate Nellore district, Nellore, July 1883, Gamble 12819 at base; lamina elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, 12–23 (MH); Tirupati district, Sriharikota forest, May × 4–9 cm, cuneate or obtuse at base, margin entire, 1904, s.coll. 3034, 3035, 3036 (MH). Karnataka, shortly acuminate at apex; midribs raised above and Agumbe district, Barakana, Balehalli, 19.05.1960, below, more conspicuous below; lateral veins 10– R. Sundara Raghavan 62720 (BSI). Kerala, 15 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces; stipules Kasargod district, Cherpady, Uduma, 12.03.1993, subulate, 0.5–0.7 cm long, deciduous. Staminate A. Nazarudeen 16408 (TBGT); Uduma, Kavu, flowers tetramerous, axillary, 4–6-flowered cymes, 09.06.1990, Sarojini Menon 17054 (TBGT); Kollam 0.4 cm across, pedicel 2–2.5 cm long; 2-bracteolate district, Kolaturpolay(Kulathoorpuzha) 27.04.1904, near base; bracts scale like; sepals sub-orbicular, Bordillon 1524 (MH); Karingalodathodu area, concave, 0.9–1.2 × 1.0– 1.2 cm; petals yellow, Tenmalai range, 07.12.1961, K.N. Subramanian obliquely ovate, 2.0–2.5 × 1.2–1.5cm, membranous; 77529 (BSI); Kottayam district, Koruthode, 200 m, stamens numerous, in a ring around rudimentary 12.11.1995, Jomy Augustine 16906 (CALI, KFRI); pistil; rudimentary pistil fungiform; stigma peltate, Puthupalli, s.d., G.S. Puri 36572 (BSI); Palakkad convex. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, district, Mukkali forest, 07.03.1975, E. Vajravelu solitary or paired; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long; sepals and 46240 (MH); Pathanamthitta district, Pamba, 200 petals similar to staminate flowers; ovary 0.5–0.8 m, 12.02.1994, Jomy Augustine 13370 (CALI); cm in diam., 2-locular; stigma orbicular, tubercled. Pamba, 18.03.1994, A. Nazarudeen 19587 (TBGT); Berries oblong, smooth, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 cm, pointed Muzhiyar, 07.02.1994, Nazarudheen 19082 at apex. Seeds 2, c. 2. 2 × 0.8 cm, oblong, flattened (TBGT); Triveni, 25.03.1995, Pandurangan & embedded in pulpy aril.

Raveendran 12747 (TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from October to district, Rockwood estate 21.04.1904, T.F. December; fruiting from December to March.

Bordillon 742 (TBGT). Tamil Nadu, Pudukkottai

Habitat: In moist subtropical forests, in valleys of district, Pudukkottai, November 1909, C.A. Barber

rivers and streams, between 800–1500 m elevation. 8498 (MH); Villupuram district, Marakkanam,

03.06.1907, C. A. Barber 8321 ( MH); Coimbatore Distribution: Bhutan and India .

district, Annamalais, Karian shola, 19.03.1939, V .

Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Narayanaswamy 5444 ( MH); SRI LANKA , Ceylon

Abor Hill district, Upper Rotung , 03.03.1912, I. H. Southern Province , Hambantota district , Yala ,

Burkill 38198 ( CAL); South slope Bapu, 7.03.1912, Talgasmankade, 26.04.1973, L. H. Cramer 4124

I.H. Burkill 36917 (CAL); Near the Dihong, 250 (MH).

m, 19.01.1912, I.H. Burkill 36124 (CAL); Piri Garcinia stipulata T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Mountain, 2360 m, November 1934, N.L. Bor 2461 A India 1: 267. 1874; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 9: (DD); Kameng district, Kameng Forest Division, t. 79K. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 13.11.1951, G.K. Deka 27 (ASSAM); Bora hills, 365. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 52. 1902; 10.05.1958, G. Panigrahi 15350 (ASSAM); Papum Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Engl. in Nat. Pare district, Dafla Hills, 19.01.1876, J.L. Lister Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 225. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. 187 (CAL). Meghalaya, East Khasi Hill district, Bot. Surv. India 6: 116. 1964; Grierson & D.G.Long, Mowpoot, 762 m, 14.11.1871, C.B. Clarke 14609 Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 57. 1984; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma (CAL). Sikkim, South Sikkim district, Rayong, & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 126. 1993; Hajra et al., 20.10.1879, G. King s.n. (DD); Sikkim, August 1881, Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 186. 1996; G.D.Pal, J.S. Gamble 9670 (K [K000677613 digital image!]; Fl. Lower Subansiri Dist. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 119. Sikkim, s.d., J.D. Hooker 105 (K [K000677611 2013. Lectotype (first step designated by Maheshwari, digital image!]); West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Darjeeling, 1525 m, August 1881, J.S. Gamble 9760 (CAL, MH); Lebong, T. Anderson 789 (CAL); Pomong, 23.08.1869, C.B. Clarke 8803 (CAL); Kalimpong district, 1420 m, 09.12.1879, J.S. Gamble 7500 (CAL); Mungpoo, 1066 m, 24.08.1884, G.A. Gammie s.n. (BSI). Without precise locality, 915 m, 04.09.1876, J. Sykes 1648A (MH); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH63589]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH63584]); s.d., s.coll. 1246 (CAL); s.d., S. Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL46590]). BHUTAN: S. loc ., s.d., Griffith 860 (CAL).

Uses: The fruits are eaten by Lepchas in Sikkim and the tree produces an inferior gum ( Maheshwari, 1964).

Figures

FiG. 14. Species of Garcinia L. in India: a–c. G. pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham; D–f. G. pushpangadaniana T.Sabu, N.Mohanan, M.V.Krishnaraj & S.M.Shareef; G–i. G. rubro-echinata Kosterm.; j–l. G. sibeswarii Shameer, J.Sarma, N.Mohanan & A.Begum (a, d, g, j. Staminate flowers; b, e, h, k. Pistillate flowers; c, f, i, l. Fruits; photos by N. Mohanan & P.S. Shameer).