Curtonotum uncinatum Kirk-Spriggs, 2013

Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Wiegmann, Brian M., 2013, <p> <strong> A revision of Afrotropical Quasimodo flies (Diptera: Schizophora; Curtonotidae). Part IV — the continental Afrotropical species of <em> Curtonotum </ em> Macquart, with descriptions of thirteen new species and a combined phylogenetic analysis of the Curtonotidae </ strong> </ p>, Zootaxa 3684 (1), pp. 1-166 : 103-108

Curtonotum uncinatum Kirk-Spriggs , sp. n.

Figs 128 , 152 , 189 , 287, 290, 293 , 305 , 316, 317 , 330 , 334 .

Curtonotum cuthbertsoni: Duda, 1935: 31 , Type III of Tsacas (1977: 153).

Curtonotum sp. n. ( C. cuthbertsoni , Type III of Tsacas, 1977): Kirk-Spriggs (2008c: 245; figs 13–45).

Etymology. The specific epithet uncinatum is derived from the Latin uncinatus (= shaped like a hook), and refers to the hook-like extension of the distiphallus of this species.

Description: Male (primarily based on field-pinned HT).

Measurements: Overall length unknown; length of head and thorax combined 1.7–3 mm; length of thorax and scutellum combined 1.6–2.8 mm; wing length 2.7–4.2 mm (n = 5, HT, PT).

Head ( Figs 128 , 152 ). Eye height/length ratio: 11:7 (n = 1, HT); frons ( Fig. 152 ) sides slightly narrowed anteriorly, slightly wider than long, frons length/width ratio: 7:8 (n = 1, HT), slightly wider at vertex than at ventral margin, ground colour pale dirty yellow-white, medial brown vittae conspicuous, reaching ventral margin, surface with a few minute pale setulae; orbital plates and ocellar triangle silver-grey pruinose; ocelli clear brown with 2–6 minute dark setulae arranged in 2 closely-approximated regular rows between posterior ocelli; orbital plates extending from vertex of head to 0.8 length of frons, lateral margins with very narrow silver pruinose fascia (adjacent to eye margin), widest at antennal insertions; posterior and anterior orbital setae inserted proximally, the latter inserted at or just beyond ½ length of frons; posterior orbital seta moderately strong, same length as lateral vertical seta, with tiny proclinate medial orbital seta inserted antero-medially to socket of posterior orbital seta; anterior orbital seta moderately strong, ca. ½ length of ocellar setae; ocellar setae finer, extending 4 / 5 length of frons; lateral vertical seta shorter than medial; postocellar setae strong, cruciate, slightly shorter than lateral vertical seta; antennal scape and pedicel dirty pale brown, silver-grey pruinose, flagellomere 1 concolourous with pedicel basally, darkened apically, silver-grey pruinose, longer than wide, with evenly rounded apex, arista with 7–8 long dorsal branches and 3 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork; lunule and face uniform silver-grey pruinose throughout, face with broad silver fascia (adjacent to eye margin), facial carina developed as a low ridge, extending ⅔ length of face; clypeus brown, especially laterally; 1 pair moderately strong vibrissae inserted on posterior lateral margin and 11 much finer setae bordering genal groove; occiput yellow to grey pruinose with moderately strong, black postocular setae; gena narrow, eye height/genal height ratio: 11:1 (n = 1, HT), silver pruinose throughout; palpus black-brown, brown microtrichose.

Thorax ( Fig. 128 ). Dark silver-grey pruinose, with four parallel chestnut-brown pruinose vittae on dorsal surface, 2 conspicuous median vittae extending from anterior margin to region of anterior dorsocentral seta socket, 2 inconspicuous lateral vittae shorter, extending from ⅔ length to region of posterior dorsocentral seta socket, 2 pairs of dorsocentral setae, posterior very long and strong (shorter than lateral scutellar seta), anterior shorter and finer (ca. ½ length of posterior); 1 pair acrostichal setae finer, but as long as anterior dorsocentral seta; presutural seta moderately strong, reclinate, as long and strong as posterior notopleural seta; 2 notopleural setae the anterior slightly longer than posterior; 1 strong supra-alar seta slightly exceeding length of posterior dorsocentral seta; 2 postalar setae moderately strong, same size as acrostichal setae; postpronotum dirty yellow-grey pruinose, with 2 strong postpronotal setae, the more dorsal longer and reclinate, the more ventral shorter and proclinate, with 9 finer black-brown setulae; anepisternum silver-grey pruinose with 3 strong anepisternal setae and 2 moderately strong intermediate setae, surface with 17 fine setulae scattered across surface, 4 arranged in a group in posterior corner; anepimeron, laterotergite and meron silver-grey pruinose, glabrous; katepisternum silver-grey pruinose, with 2 katepisternal setae, the more ventral strong, slightly dorsally-directed, the more dorsal much smaller and finer, ca. 0.4 length of ventral katepisternal setae, surface with 18 short, fine setulae at base and along posterior margin.

Scutellum. Silver-grey pruinose as on mesonotum, with faint medial brown pruinose vitta basally; disk clothed in black, irregular, overlapping setulae; 2 pairs of strong scutellar setae, with variable number of weaker basal and intermediate scutellar setulae.

Legs. Fore coxa silver-yellow pruinose with 2 moderately strong, brown, ventrally-directed preapical setae and comb of finer setulae medially, with 21 brown setulae on anterior surface; mid and hind coxae yellow-grey pruinose, mid-coxa with 2 very strong, lateral, ventrally-directed, black setae and comb of finer setae medially; hind coxa with 1 weaker lateral black seta and 1 strong ventral seta with a few proximal weaker brown setulae; femora, tibia and tarsi uniform dirty yellow; fore tibia usually with 6 strong setae on lateral margin, if 6 present then the second basal seta usually shorter than other five, with ctenidium of 11–12 short, sharp, black spinules, separated from each other by 1 or more basal spinule widths.

Wing ( Fig. 189 ). Long, relatively broad, tip evenly-rounded, veins chestnut-brown, membrane very faintly infuscate brown throughout, very slightly darker in region of dm–cu crossvein; costa with prominent costal spines in basal 4 / 5 from costal break; dm–cu crossvein with submedial angle; cua 1 relatively long and narrow; anal fold extending less than ½ length of cua 1; halter dirty yellow.

Abdomen. Ground colour of tergites 1–5 silver-yellow to grey pruinose, clothed in relatively long black, overlapping setulae, arranged in regular rows, those at apical margins longer and stronger; tergite 1 simple, devoid of maculae; tergite 2 with elongate, narrow brown-black pruinose dorsolateral macula on either side only; tergites 3–5 with narrow, brown median fascia and greatly reduced “T-shaped” brown lateral maculae, all well separated from median fascia, lateral margin of tergites 2–5 with reduced subtriangular maculae in basal ⅓; sternite 6 ( Fig. 305 ) elongate, slightly narrowed, subparallel-sided, with deep, V-shaped apical excision, and faint brown maculae laterally, clothed in long black irregular brown setulae, especially medially and apically; tergite 6 absent, sternite 7 weakly sclerotised.

Terminalia ( Figs 287, 290, 293 ). Hypandrium ( Fig. 287 , hy) long, with broad-based slightly angulate to rounded-truncate dorsobasal lobe, posterior bridge dorsally and ventrally produced (rounded in profile); hypandrial arms narrow basally, expanded apically (viewed laterally), with 2 long, widely-spaced setulae proximal to postgonite, sclerotised area of medial lobes (viewed dorsally), closely abutting apically, but well separated; postgonite (pg) free basally, long and narrow; epandrium (ep) slightly broader dorsally than ventrally (viewed laterally), evenly-rounded on dorsal margin, ventral margin with extensive row of long irregular, ventrally and apically-directed setae; cercus (ce) narrow, usually partially retracted into epandrium, longest setae as long as spine-like setae on ventral margin of epandrium, with elongate fused ventral process; surstylus (ss) long and narrow, widest basally, with blunt apex; phallus (as in Figs 290 , ph, bp, dp; 293, bp, dp) moderately sclerotised, brown; phallapodeme ( Fig. 290 , ph) fused to basiphallus, subtriangular (viewed laterally), with basal margin developed into 2 broad lateral lobes, bifurcated at point of connection with hypandrium; ejaculatory apodeme (ea) free, duct inserted at junction of phallapodeme and basiphallus; basiphallus ( Figs 290, 293 , bp) wide basally, expanded into narrow lateral expansion apically; distiphallus (dp) long, scimitar-like (viewed laterally), membranous area broad, with basal “spine” developed into a distinct straight, parallel process, with apical part dorsally-directed and hook-like, more apical spine dorsally-directed and straight, apex bluntly pointed.

♀ Similar to ♂, except in the following respects: wing length 2.9–3.2 mm (n = 5, PT). Postabdomen ( Figs 316, 317 ); sternite 8 (s8) weakly sclerotised and reduced; sternite 10 (s10) laterally flattened proximally, with medial division; tergite 10 (t10+ce) fused to free cerci, with long terminal setulae.

Variation. There is some slight variation in the length and degree of curvature of the basal spine of the distiphallus. The shape is quite consistent, however, and is here regarded as intraspecific variation only.

Differential diagnosis. Curtonotum uncinatum sp. n. belongs to a group of ten species here ascribed to the uncinatum species-group, nine of which occur in Africa and one, C. sakalava Tsacas , confined to Madagascar. Tsacas (1977: 152–153) formerly regarded eight of these as varieties of C. cuthbertsoni Duda , but differences in the form of the distiphallus, all be them slight, are consistent and these are here regarded as good species, as supported by molecular evidence from three of these. All have the base of the distiphallus developed into one or two basal “spines” or processes, which, together with the apical shape of the basiphallus, differ between species. Curtonotum uncinatum sp. n. can be separated from other species in the species-group by reference to the above key.

Type material examined. NAMIBIA: holotype ♂, “ Namibia: KATIMA MULILO DIST. / Kubunyana camp: Kwando River / 17.87'S 23.33'E / 28-30.x.2003 / A.H. & M.K. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise trap sample // Namibian National / Insect Collection / National Museum / P.O. Box 1203 / Windhoek, Namibia [printed; blue card] // HOLOTYPE ♂ / Curtonotum / uncinatum sp. n. / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs 2011 [printed; red card]” (NMNW). In excellent condition; dissected, abdomen and terminalia in micro-vial pinned beneath specimen. Paratypes (all labelled: “ PARATYPE / Curtonotum ♂ [or ♀] / uncinatum sp. n. / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs 2011 [printed; blue card]”: BOTSWANA: 1♂, “ Botswana / Qwihaba Hills / 20°01'S 21°21'E / 11–14.VII.1993 / E. Marais” (NMNW); 2♂, “ BOTSWANA: / Tlokweng / 13.iii.1990 / J. Mashonja / [on reverse] NMW.Z. / 1990–020 [handwritten]”; 1♂, “ BOTSWANA: / Tlokweng / malaise trap / 6–13.ii.1990 / J.M. Mashonja / [on reverse] NMW.Z. / 1990–020 [handwritten]” (all NMWC); 1♂, “V.—L. Kal. Exp. / Kuke Pan. / 21–30/3/1930 ” (NMSA); 1♂, “ BOTSWANA: SE District / GABORONE VILLAGE / Museum – garden / 18-25.XI.1993,Malaise trap / Bert, A.V. VIKLUND leg. // Riksmuseum / Stockholm [printed; green card]”; 1♂, “ BOTSWANA: SEROWE / Farmer’s Brigade / Mercury light trap / VIII 1989, SE 2226 BD / V.I. FORSHAMMER // Riksmuseum / Stockholm [printed; green card]”; 1♂, “ BOTSWANA: Serowe XII 1989 / Farmer’s Brigade SE2226BD / Mercury vapour light / Per Forshammer // Riksmuseum / Stockholm [printed; green card]” (all NHRS); 1♂, “Mabeleapudi / Botswana / 6/1/1973 / E. Holm / Light trap [typewritten]” (PPRI). NAMIBIA: 9♂, same data as holotype; 1♂, “ Namibia: KATIMA MULILO DIST. / Salambala forest / 17°50'02"S 24°36'20"E / 23-29.xii.2002 / A.H. & M.K. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise trap sample”; 3♂, “ Namibia: KATIMA MULILO DIST. / Salambala camp site / 17°50'01"S 24°36'09"E / 22-24.ii.2001 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise trap”; 2♂, “ Namibia: KATIMA MULILO DIST. / Salambala campsite / 17°50'01"S 24°36'06"E / 08-10.ii.2004 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise trap”; 3♂, “ Namibia: WEST CAPRIVI PK. / Fort Doppies / 17°49'28"S 23°18'49"E / 20-21.x.1999 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs [T.] Pape [W.] Hauwanga”; 7♂, “ Namibia: WEST CAPRIVI PK. / Kwando River Susuwe / 17°45'37"S 23°20'55"E / 28.ix-02.x.1998 / A.H. Kirk- Spriggs / Malaise trap dry woodland”; 1♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / Matende River / 17°54'46"S 19°35'16"E / 20-21.i.1998 / [E.] Marais & [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs / malaise trap primary forest”; 2♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / 1 km S. of Katara / 17°50'25"S, 18°54'26"E / 22-23.i.1998 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs & [E.] Marais / malaise traps primary forest” [1 head missing]; 1♂, “ Namibia: BWABWATA PARK / Bum Hill campsite (Kwando R.) / 17°46'42"S 23°20'28"E / 10-13.ii.2004 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise trap”; 3♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / Mile 46 / 18°18'39"S 19°15'29"E / 25-27.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / attracted to decomposing fungi”; 1♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / Mile 46 / 18°18'39"S 19°15'29"E / 25-27.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise traps”; 2♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DISTRICT / Mile 46 Agric. Research Sta. / 18°18'22"S 19°15'24"E / 21-24.iv.2001 / [E.] Marais, [S.] Kasch & [K.] Vohland // Acacia dominated interdune / Malaise trap: BIOTA # / 01.101.01.7.04”; 1♂, “ Namibia: KHORIXAS DIST. / Amkarub 269, granite hill at: / 19°49'17"S 14°39'53"E / 24-26.v.2001 / A.H. Kirk- Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise traps”; 1♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / Simanya: Okavango River / 17°33'17"S 18°32'30"E / 23-24.i.1998 / E. Marais & A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise trap primary woodland”; 1♂, “ Namibia: MARIENTAL DIST. / Morester 451 / 24°06'47"S 19°58'37"E / 16.xi-13.xii.1998 / E. Marais / pres. pitfall traps”; 1♂, “ Namibia: BRANDBERG / Mason Shelter / 21°04'39"S, 14°05'43"E / 05-14.iii.2002 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise trap riverbed”; 1♂, “KAUDOM GAME RESERVE / at: 18°56'S 20°57'E / 11-30.I.1991 / E. Marais / Pitfall traps”; 1♂, “Welverdiend 328 / KEETMANSHOOP / SE 2519 Dd / 8–13 Oct.1972 [State Museum staff] // H 9527”; 1♂, “Andara / SE 1821 Ab / KAVANGO / 20–25. Aug 1971 [State Museum staff] // H 3346” [head missing]; 6♂, “ Namibia: OPUWA DIST. / Ekuju / village: Kunene R. / 17°19'30"S 13°48'56"E / 11- 12.x.1999 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs [T.] Pape [W.] Hauwanga / Malaise traps, riverine forest”; 2♂, “ Namibia: OKAHANDJA DIST. / Erichsfelde 44 / 21°35'46"S 16°56'16"E / 20-22.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise traps”; 1♂, “ Namibia: OKAHANDJA DIST. / Omatako Ranch 305 / 21°30'46"S 16°44'00"E / 22-24.iii.2003 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / Malaise traps”; 1♂, “ Namibia: RUNDU DIST. / 20 km E Rundu / 17°55'46"S 19°58'43"E / 17-18.x.1999 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs [T.] Pape [W.] Hauwanga / hanging trap baited feces”; 1♂, same except: “Malaise trap sample”; 3♂, “ Namibia: OPUWA DIST. / 35 km E Epupa: Kunene River / 17°03'37"S 13°29'32"E / 09-11.x.1999 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs [T.] Pape [W.] Hauwanga / Malaise trap shaded woodland”; 2♂, “ Namibia: EENHANA DISTRICT / 29 km E Okongo / 17°37'22"S 17°28'44"E / 14-15.x.1999 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs [T.] Pape [W.] Hauwanga / Malaise traps dry woodland”; 1♂, “ Namibia: TSUMKWE DIST. / Trekkersboom / 19°18'00"S 20°39'42"E / 28.xii.1998 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs / sweeping grasses in wet area”; 1♂, “Hamakari Süd 373 / OTJIWARONGO DISTR. / 20°40'S 17°23'E / 26.X.–20.XI.1991 / M. Pusch / Pres. pitf. traps”; 1♂, “Otjivasandu [sic! = Otjovasandu] / 19°15'S 14°30'E / ETOSHA NAT. PK. / 13.v.1986 / E. Griffin / [handwritten]”; 10♂, “ Namibia: GOBABIS DIST. / Somerkoms 521 / 22°00'59"S 19°57'22"E / 06-08.ii.2001 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise trap”; 1♂, same except: “light trap sample”; 1♂, “ Namibia: GOBABIS DIST. / Somerkoms 521 / 22°01'59"S 19°57'22"E / 06-08.ii.2001 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs, [E.] Marais & [M.] Wheeler / 2 McPhail traps baited with Nu / lure & mono-ethylene glycol”; 1♂, “ Namibia: GOBABIS DIST. / Somerkoms 521 / 22°01'59"S 19°57'22"E / 06-08.ii.2001 / M. Wheeler & E. Marais / fogging Terminalia sericea ”; 1♂, same except: “fogging Acacia erioloba ”; 20♂, “ Namibia: OTJINENE DISTRICT / Epukiro River, 3km N at: / 21°22'26"S 20°06'09"E / 09-11.ii.2001 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise trap sample”; 1♂, “ Namibia: OTJINENE DISTRICT / Epukiro River, 3km N at: / 21°22'26"S 20°06'09"E / 09-11.ii.2001 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs, [E.] Marais & [M.] Wheeler / 2 McPhail traps baited with Nu / lure & mono-ethylene glycol”; 37♂, “ Namibia: GOBABIS DIST. / De Hoek 878 / 21°56'26"S 20°58'55"E / 03-06.ii.2001 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise trap samples”; 4♂, “ Namibia: TSUMKWE DISTRICT. / 2 Km W Xawasha pan / 19°09'57"S 20°52'55"E / 26-27.xii.1998 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs, [E.] Marais & [D.J.] Mann / Malaise traps”; 1♂, “ Namibia: TSUMKWE DISTRICT. / Xawasha pan / 19°09'58"S 20°54'40"E / 26-27.xii.1998 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs & [E.] Marais / Malaise trap sample”; 1♂, “Nakatwa / MUDUMU GAME RESERVE / 18°11'S 23°25'E / 08–13.III.1992 / M.Pusch & E.Marais; 1♂, “Takuasa / SE 1720 Cd [= Takwasa] / KAVANGO / 14–19 Aug 1971 [State Museum staff] // H 3029” [head missing]; 15♂, “ Namibia: EENHANA DISTRICT / 29 km E Okongo / 17°37'22"S 17°28'44"E / 14.x.1999 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs // At rest in burrows of / Orycteropus afer (Pallas) / Orycteropidae ”; 1♂, “ Namibia: KARIBIB DISTRICT. / Tsaobismund 85 at: / 22°22'40"S 15°44'58"E / 13-15.iv.2001 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais / Malaise traps”; 2♂, “ Namibia: ETOSHA NAT. PK. / Namutoni EE Centre / 18°48'S 17°02'E / 04-05.iii.1998 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs & [E.] Marais / Malaise trap”; 2♂, “ Namibia: BUSHMANLAND / CDM Camp: Tsumkwe / SE1920Cb / v.1993 / S.V. Green / pittraps”; 1♂, “Buffalo Base / WEST CAPRIVI PARK / 18°08'S 21°41'E / 03– 05.IV.1990 / E.Marais”; 3♂, “ Namibia: MUDUMU GAME / RES. / Nakatwa / 18°11'S 23°25'E / 08–13.iii.1992 / E. Marais & M. Pusch / Malaise trap”; 1♂, “ Namibia: MUDUMU NAT. PK. / at: 18°10'S 23°25'E / 25.xi- 04.xii.1991 / E. Marais / Malaise trap”; 44♂, 49♀, “Arnhem 222 / WINDHOEK / SE 2218 Ca / 23-27 Oct.1972 [State Museum staff] // H 9678”; 6♂, “ Namibia: ETOSHA NAT. PK. / Beiseb / 18°31'S 17°03'E / 13-18.iii.1997 / E. Marais / Malaise trap”; 2♂, “ NAMIBIA: Popa Falls / 18°07'S / 21°35'E / 31.x-2.xi.1997 / leg. F. KOCH”; 4♂, “ NAMIBIA: Mahango Game Res. / 18°14'S / 21°43'E / 31.xi.2001 / leg. F. KOCH”; 17♂, 20♀, “ Namibia: MARIENTAL DIST, / Viljoenskroon 507 / 26°08'39"S 19°57'11"E / 7-9.ii.1998 / [A.H.] Kirk-Spriggs & [E.] Marais / Malaise traps”; 5♂, 5♀, “ Namibia: MARIENTAL DIST, / Viljoenskroon 507 / 25°10'S 19°58'E / 25.iv- 02.v.1999 / G. Olivier / Malaise trap”; same except: 9♂, 1♀, “ 24.i-02.ii.1998 ”; 6♂, 11♀, “ 02-15.ii.1998 ”; 5♂, 5♀, “ 15-22.ii.1998 ”; 18♂, 7♀, “ 22.ii-08.iii.1998 ”; 32♂, 26♀, “ 08-29.iii.1998 ”; 2♂, “ 29.iii-05.iv.1998 ”; 2♀, “ 05- 12.iv.1998 ”; 6♂, 6♀, “ 12-26.iv.1998 ”; 3♂, 5♀, “ 26.iv-02.v.1998 ”; 1♂, 2♀, “ 02-10.v.1998 ”; 5♂, 6♀, “ 10- 17.v.1998 ”; 5♂, 4♀, “ 12-18.xi.1998 ”; 2♂, 1♀, “ 15-18.xi.1998 ”; 2♀, “ 19-25.xi.1998 ”; 3♂, 5♀, “???”; 1♂, 3♀, “ 03-09.xii.1998 ”; 2♂, “ 16-23.xii.1998 ”; 6♂, 2♀, “ 31.xii-06.i.1999 ”; 14♂, 14♀, “ 07-13.i.1999 ”; 2♂, 8♀, “ 13- 21.i.1999 ”; 3♂, 3♀, “ 24-31.i.1999 ”; 12♂, 8♀, “ 30.i-05.ii.1999 ”; 3♂, 2♀, “ 25-28.ii.1999 ”; 2♂, “ 30.v-09.vi.1999 ”; 2♂, “ 24-30.i.1999 ”; 1♂, 2♀, “ 24-30.i.1999 ”; 4♂, 2♀, “ 02-09.v.1999 ” (all NMNW); 1♂, “Okahandja / 25.10.[19]51 [F. Gaerdes] [handwritten] // CURTONOTUM / cuthbertsoni ♂ / ♂ Duda / L. TSACAS DET. 1976 [printed & handwritten]” (NMSA); 2♂, “S.W.AFRICA (31) / Okahandja / 2-4.ii.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972-1 // CURTONOTUM / cuthbertsoni / Duda / L. TSACAS DET. 1975 [printed & handwritten]” (BMNH). SOUTH AFRICA: 1♂, “Kalahari Gemsbok / Natnl. Park, S. Afr. / Exp. 16–24.V.1956 / Strathmore. / H.K. Munro. / sweeping / dry grass. (PPRI); 9♂, “ South Africa: N. Cape / Witsand Nature Reserve / 28°33.615'S 22°29.105'E / 31.i–1.ii.2004, 1160 m / J.G.H. Londt & T. Dikow / Acacia savanna & dune area (all NMSA). ZIMBABWE: 1♂, “ ZIMBABWE: Lake Kyle Dam / 20°13'S / 31°00'E / 7-9.xi.1997 / leg. F. KOCH”.

Additional material examined (labelled “ Curtonotum uncinatum sp. n., det. A.H. Kirk-Spriggs 2011 ”): SOUTH AFRICA: 1♂ , RSA: Free State, Brandfort, Soetdoring Nature Reserve, Kruger’s Drift , 28°51.303'S, 26°02.302'E, 5–6.iv.2009, A . H. & M.K. Kirk-Spriggs , Malaise traps Acacia savanna [in spirit] BMSA (DNA) # 0006 (BMSA).

Distribution. Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe ( Figs 330 , 334 ). Virtually confined to the xeric southwest arid region of southern Africa ( Fig. 334 ), and occurring in the 800–1200 and 1200–1600 mm Potential Evapotranspiration zones ( Fig. 330 ).

Bionomics. Occurring in 9 major habitat types; predominantly in Deserts and Xeric Shrublands, Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands and Flooded Grasslands vegetation types (Appendix III). Sampled at MV-light in Botswana and Namibia and by sweeping dry grass in Botswana. In Malaise and pitfall traps, in hanging traps baited with faeces, and in McPhail traps baited with Nu-lure and mono-ethylene glycol in Namibia. At rest in burrows of the Aardvark (in company with C. bicuspis sp. n. and C. unicuspis sp. n.) in Namibia and attracted to decomposing fungi (in company with C. bicuspis sp. n. and C. unicuspis sp. n.) in Namibia. Fogged from Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. ( Combretaceae ) and Acacia erioloba E.Mey (Fabaceae) in Namibia.

Figures

FIGURE 330. Distribution of continental Afrotropical species of Curtonotum. Major humidity zones of Africa: C. bicuspis sp. n., C. cuthbertsoni, C. uncinatum sp. n. and C. unicuspis sp. n.

FIGURES 124–129. Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 124. C. constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 125. C. cuthbertsoni (N-T, South Africa, Hartbeespoort, TAU). 126. C. litoralis sp. n. (PT, [Tanzania], Zanzibar, BMNH). 127. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju, NMNW). 128. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana camp, NMNW). 129. C. unicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Mile 46, NMNW) [head of C. mcgregor sp. n. missing from HT and PT cannot be illustrated]. Not to scale.

FIGURES 142–153. Frons of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 142. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA). 143. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, Nigeria, River Bagel, NMWC). 144. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Katsina, ZSM). 145. C. simile (PT, Arabia [= South Yemen], S. Othman, MNHN). 146. C. bicuspis sp. n. (HT, Namibia, Salambala campsite, NMNW). 147. C. cimbebas sp. n. (HT, Namibia, Tsaobismund 85, NMNW). 148. C. constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 149. C. cuthbertsoni (N-T, Uganda, Ankole, USNM). 150. C. litoralis sp. n. (HT, Kenya, Muhaka Field Station, NMNW). 151. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ejuju village, NMNW). 152. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala campsite, NMNW). 153. C. unicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Mile 46, NMNW) [head of C. mcgregor sp. n. missing from both HT and PT cannot be illustrated]. Not to scale.

FIGURES 182–190. Wing of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 182. C. bicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala forest, NMNW). 183. C. cimbebas sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Tsams Ost spring, NMNW). 184. C. constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 185. C. cuthbertsoni (N-T, Zimbabwe, Chimana Causeway, ZSM). 186. C. litoralis sp. n. (HT, Kenya, Muhaka Field Station, NMNW). 187. C. mcgregor sp. n. (HT, Nyasaland [= Malawi], Port Herald, BMNH). 188. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju village, NMNW). 189. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala campsite, NMNW). 190. C. unicuspis sp. n. (HT, Salambala campsite, NMNW). Not to scale.

FIGURES 286–294. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 286–288. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 286. C. pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju village, NMNW). 287. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana, NMNW). 288. C. unicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Salambala, NMNW). 289–291. Phallus (right lateral view). 289. C. pauliani (same) [ejaculatory apodeme missing]. 290. C. uncinatum (same). 291. C. unicuspis (same). 292. Junction basiphallus and distiphallus (dorsal view), C. pauliani (same). 293–294. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 293. C. uncinatum (same). 294. C. unicuspis (same). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 295–305. Male sternites of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 295. C. angolense (N-T, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 296. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 297. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 298. C. hay sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenge, HNHM). 299. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 300. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 301. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, Kenya, Kainuk, TAU). 302. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM). 303. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Yankari Game Reserve, NMWC). 304. C. simile (N- T, UAE, Wadi Maidan, NMWC). 305. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana, NMNW). Scale bars: 295–301, 303–305 = 0.5 mm; 302 = 0.6 mm.

FIGURES 306–321. Examples of female postabdomen of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 306. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU), ventral. 307. Same, lateral. 308. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA), ventral. 309. Same, lateral. 310. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM), ventral. 311. Same, lateral. 312. C. simile (N-T, UAE, Wadi Maidag, NMWC), ventral. 313. Same, lateral. 314. C. litoralis sp. n. (PT, [Tanzania], Zanzibar, BMNH), ventral. 315. Same, lateral. 316. C. uncinatum sp. n. (N-T, Namibia, Regenstein 32, NMNW), ventral. 317. Same, lateral. 318. C. sakalava (N-T, Madagascar, Berenty Special Reserve, CAS), ventral. 319. Same, lateral. 320. C. balachowskyi (N-T, Madagascar, Ambovamy Belambo, TAU), ventral. 321. Same, lateral. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 332–335. Distribution of continental Afrotropical species of Curtonotum. 332. Major Habitat Types: C. bicuspis sp. n. 333. C. cuthbertsoni. 334. C. uncinatum sp. n. 335. C. unicuspis sp. n. The implied range of each species indicated with dashed red line.