Curtonotum campsiphallum Tsacas, 1977

Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. & Wiegmann, Brian M., 2013, <p> <strong> A revision of Afrotropical Quasimodo flies (Diptera: Schizophora; Curtonotidae). Part IV — the continental Afrotropical species of <em> Curtonotum </ em> Macquart, with descriptions of thirteen new species and a combined phylogenetic analysis of the Curtonotidae </ strong> </ p>, Zootaxa 3684 (1), pp. 1-166 : 74-79

Curtonotum campsiphallum Tsacas, 1977

Figs 113 , 137 , 173 , 239, 242, 245 , 296 , 306, 307 , 325 , 326 .

Curtonotum campsiphallum: Tsacas, 1977: 151 ; figs 2 a–b, p. 151. Type locality: [ Democratic Republic of Congo] “ Zaïre: Bumba ”.

Curtonotum campsiphallum: Wirth and Tsacas (1980: 672) .

Curtonotum campsiphallum: Kirk-Spriggs (2008c: 251) .

Redescription: Male (primarily based on field-pinned HT).

Measurements: Overall length unknown; 4.5–5 mm ( Tsacas 1977: 153) (the ♀ measures 4.4 mm; n = 1, N-T); length of head and thorax combined 2.1–2.6 mm; length of thorax and scutellum combined 2.2–3.0 mm; wing length 3.1–3.4 mm (n = 5, N-T).

Head ( Figs 113 , 137 ). Eye height/length ratio: 10:6 (n = 1, N-T); frons ( Fig. 137 ) sides narrowed anteriorly, slightly wider than long, frons length/width ratio: 6:8 (n = 1, N-T), wider at vertex than at ventral margin, ground colour pale dirty yellow, faintly darker at vertex between orbital plates and ocellar triangle and between orbital plates and eye margin, medial vittae inconspicuous, surface with a few minute pale to dark brown setulae; orbital plates and ocellar triangle silver-grey pruinose; ocelli clear grey with 6 minute dark setulae arranged in 2 closelyapproximated regular rows between posterior ocelli; orbital plates extending from vertex of head to 0.8 length of frons, lateral margins with very narrow silver pruinose fascia (adjacent to eye margin), widest at antennal insertions; posterior and anterior orbital setae inserted proximally, the latter inserted beyond ½ length of frons; posterior orbital seta moderately strong, same length as lateral vertical seta, with tiny proclinate medial orbital seta inserted immediately ventral to socket of posterior orbital seta; anterior orbital seta moderately strong, ca. ½ length of ocellar setae; ocellar setae finer, extending 4 / 5 length of frons; lateral vertical seta shorter than medial; postocellar setae strong, cruciate, slightly shorter than lateral vertical seta; antennal scape and pedicel dirty pale brown, silvergrey pruinose, flagellomere 1 concolourous with pedicel basally, darkened apically, silver-grey pruinose, longer than wide, with evenly rounded apex, arista with 9–11 long dorsal branches and 4 or 5 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork; lunule and face uniform silver-grey pruinose throughout, face with broad silver fascia (adjacent to eye margin), facial carina developed as a low ridge, extending ⅔ length of face; clypeus brown, especially laterally; 1 pair moderately strong vibrissae inserted on posterior lateral margin and 8 much finer setae bordering genal groove; occiput yellow to grey pruinose with moderately strong, black postocular setae; gena narrow, eye height/ genal height ratio: 10:1 (n = 1, N-T), silver pruinose, abruptly dirty brown beyond basal angle; palpus black-brown, brown microtrichose.

Thorax ( Fig. 113 ). Silver-grey pruinose, with four narrow parallel chestnut-brown pruinose vittae on dorsal surface, 2 median vittae extending from anterior margin to region of anterior dorsocentral seta socket, 2 lateral vittae shorter, extending from ⅔ length to region of posterior dorsocentral seta socket, 2 pairs of dorsocentral setae, posterior very long and strong (shorter than lateral scutellar seta), anterior shorter and finer (ca. ½ length of posterior); 1 pair acrostichal setae finer, but as long as anterior dorsocentral seta; presutural seta moderately strong, reclinate, as long and strong as anterior notopleural seta; 2 notopleural setae the anterior slightly longer than posterior; 1 strong supra-alar seta slightly exceeding length of posterior dorsocentral seta; 2 postalar setae moderately strong, same size as acrostichal setae; postpronotum dirty yellow-grey pruinose, with 2 strong postpronotal setae, the more dorsal longer and reclinate, the more ventral shorter and proclinate, with 9 finer blackbrown setulae; anepisternum silver-grey pruinose with 3 strong anepisternal setae and 2 moderately strong intermediate setae, surface with 22 fine setulae scattered across surface, 3 arranged in a group in posterior corner; anepimeron, laterotergite and meron silver-grey pruinose, glabrous; katepisternum silver-grey pruinose, with 2 katepisternal setae, the more ventral strong, slightly dorsally-directed, the more dorsal much smaller and finer, ca. 0.4 length of ventral katepisternal setae, surface with 11 short, fine setulae at base and along posterior margin.

Scutellum. Silver-grey pruinose as on mesonotum, with faint medial brown pruinose vitta basally; disk clothed in black, irregular, overlapping setulae; 2 pairs of strong scutellar setae, with variable number of weaker basal and intermediate scutellar setulae.

Legs. Fore coxa silver-yellow pruinose with 2 moderately strong, brown, ventrally-directed preapical setae and comb of finer setulae medially, with 14 brown setulae on anterior surface; mid and hind coxae yellow-grey pruinose, mid-coxa with 2 very strong, lateral, ventrally-directed, black setae and comb of finer setae medially; hind coxa with 1 weaker lateral black seta, 1 brown setula and 1 strong ventral seta; femora, tibia and tarsi uniform dirty yellow; fore tibia with 6 strong setae on lateral margin, the second basal seta usually shorter than other five, with ctenidium of 13–16 short, sharp, black spinules, separated from each other by one or more basal spinule widths.

Wing ( Fig. 173 ). Long, relatively broad, tip evenly-rounded, veins chestnut-brown, membrane very faintly infuscate brown throughout, very slightly darker in region of dm–cu crossvein; costa with prominent costal spines in basal 4 / 5 from costal break; dm–cu crossvein with medial angle; cua 1 relatively long and narrow; anal fold extending less than ½ length of cua 1; halter dirty yellow.

Abdomen. Ground colour of tergites 1–5 silver-yellow to grey pruinose, 1–2 slightly reddish-brown dorsally, clothed in relatively long black, overlapping setulae, arranged in regular rows, those at apical margins longer and stronger; tergite 1 simple, devoid of maculae; tergite 2 with oblique, subquadrate brown-black pruinose dorsolateral macula on either side only; tergites 3–5 with broad, brown median fascia and well developed “Tshaped” brown lateral maculae, those on tergites 4 and 5 merging with median fascia, lateral margin of tergites 2–5 with subtriangular maculae in basal ½; sternite 6 ( Fig. 296 ) laterally expanded, narrowed basally and apically, with deep, subtriangular apical excision, with faint brown maculae laterally, clothed in very short black irregular brown setulae; tergite 6 absent, sternite 7 weakly sclerotised.

Terminalia ( Figs 239, 242, 245 ). Hypandrium ( Fig. 239 , hy) long, with broad-based rounded-truncate dorsobasal lobe, posterior bridge dorsally and ventrally produced (rounded in profile); hypandrial arms narrow basally, expanded apically (viewed laterally), with 2 setulae proximal to postgonite, sclerotised area of medial lobes (viewed dorsally), wide medially, narrowed apically, widely separated; postgonite (pg) free basally, long, as broad as surstylus; epandrium (ep) markedly broader dorsally than ventrally (viewed laterally), evenly-rounded on dorsal margin, posterior margin slightly angled, ventral margin with 1 very long and strong seta and extensive row of smaller, regular to irregular, apically-directed setae; cercus (ce) narrow, usually partially retracted into epandrium, longest setae as long as spine-like seta on ventral margin of epandrium, with elongate fused ventral process; surstylus (ss) widest basally, slightly curved apically; phallus (as in Figs 242 , ph, bp, dp; 245, bp, dp) moderately sclerotised, brown; phallapodeme ( Fig. 242 , ph) fused to basiphallus, subtriangular (viewed laterally), with basal margin developed into 2 broad lateral lobes, bifurcated at point of connection with hypandrium; ejaculatory apodeme (ea) free, duct inserted at junction of phallapodeme and basiphallus; basiphallus ( Figs 242, 245 , bp) broad, expanded apically, with brown, heavily sclerotised subquadrate baso-ventral process with 3 large teeth-like serrations on posterior margin and 1 or 2 smaller serrations on anterior margin; distiphallus (dp) long, scimitar-like (viewed laterally), membranous area broad.

♀ Similar to ♂, except in the following respects: wing length 3.4–4.9 (n = 5, N-T). Postabdomen ( Figs 306, 307 ) sternite 8 (s8) weakly sclerotised and reduced; sternite 10 (s10) laterally flattened proximally, with medial division; tergite 10 (t10+ce) fused to free cerci, with long terminal setulae. The obclavate spermatheca was illustrated by Tsacas (1977: 151, fig. 2b), but given intraspecific variation this has little value in differentiating the species.

Variation. There is some variation in the number and size of teeth-like serrations on the anterior margin of the baso-ventral process of the phallus, other characters are consistent, however, and this is here regarded as intraspecific variation only.

Differential diagnosis. Curtonotum campsiphallum is probably most closely-related to a group of three species having the basiphallus relatively broad and expanded apically and the membranous area of the distiphallus broad ( C. sao , C. hay sp. n. and C. tsacas sp. n.). It is most closely related to the last two named species, both of which share the short plate-like baso-ventral process with a series of teeth-like serrations on the posterior margin. They are separable by use of the above key.

Type material examined. [ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO]: holotype ♂, “ HOLOTYPUS [printed; pink card, black border] // COLL. MUS. CONGO / Bumba / - XII-1939 – I-1940 / H. De Saeger // HOLOTYPE [printed; red card] // CURTONOTUM / campsiphallum / Holotype n.sp. / L. TSACAS DET. 1976 [printed & handwritten] // Curtonotum ♂ / campsiphallum Tsacas, 1977 / A. H. Kirk-Spriggs vidit 2006” ( RMCA). In poor condition, right flagellomere 1, all legs, except left fore tibia and fore tarsus and right hind tibia and hind tarsus missing, most setation on head and thorax missing; originally micro-pinned and double-mounted, but subsequently glued to strip; dissected, abdomen and terminalia in micro-vial pinned beneath specimen . Paratypes (all labelled: “ Curtonotum / campsiphallum ♂ [or ♀] / Tsacas, 1977 / A. H. Kirk-Spriggs vidit 2006”): [ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO]: 1♀, same labels as holotype, except: “// ALLOTYPUS [printed; pink card, black border] // ALLOTYPE [printed; red card] // CURTONOTUM / campsiphallum / Allotype n.sp. / L. TSACAS DET. 1976 [printed & handwritten]”; 1♂, 3♀, same except: “// PARATYPUS [printed; pink card, black border] // PARATYPE [printed; red card] // CURTONOTUM / campsiphallum / Paratype n.sp. / L. TSACAS DET. 1976 [printed & handwritten]” [1♂, 1♀ with additional label “BM [handwritten; pale blue card]” (all RMCA).

Remarks. Tsacas (1977: 253) cited the deposition of the type material as “… I.R.S.N., Bruxelles [IRSNB]. 2 paratypes au Muséum de Paris [MNHN].” All the type material is in fact deposited in RMCA.

Additional material examined (all labelled: “ Curtonotum campsiphallum Tsacas, 1977 ♂ [or ♀] det. A.H. Kirk-Spriggs 2006–2008”): CAMEROON: 5♂, 2♀, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), 14–15.xi.1987, Fini Kaplan ; 5♂, 4♀, same except: A. Freidberg ; 1♂, Cameroon, Rt. N 9, 20 Km E Sangmelima, 7.xi.1987, A. Freidberg (all TAU) ; 1♀, Mission Cameroun, C.N.R.S. RCP 318, Octobre–Novembre 1975, Province de l’Ouest (Foumban), Massif du Nkogam, Plateau de Kounden, Alt. 1400 m, 14–20.x.1975, Solanum aculeastrum , Muséum Paris ( MNHN) . [ CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC]: 1♂, Uamgebiet, Bosum [= Bozoum], 21–30.4.[19]14, Tessmann, S., Zool. Mus. Berlin ; 1♀, same except: 11–20.5.[19]14 (both ZMHB) . CÔTE D’IVOIRE: 1♂, Côte d’Ivoire, Comoé Nat. Park [Komoé National Park], Kakpin camp, 16–18.iv.1989, 08°40'N, 03°12'W, J.G.H. Londt, Malaise and savanna woodland ( NMSA) ; 1♂, Côte d’Ivoire: N’Man, Zogoualé , Cascades Mont la Dent , 7°25'N, 7°34'W, 16.ii.1998, C. Kassebeer & S. Hilger, X1320 –31 ( ZSM) . [ GHANA]: 1♂, Mus. Westerm., Guinea [= Teshi], near Accra, C.R.W. Wiedemann (T. Pape, pers. comm. 2008)] ( ZMUC) .

Distribution. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana ( Figs 325 , 326 ). Records indicate a specific association with the western and central Guineo-Congolian rainforests or their margins ( Fig. 326 ).

Bionomics. Occurring in eight major habitat types; Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests and Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands vegetation types (see Appendix III).

Figures

FIGURE 325. Distribution of continental Afrotropical species of Curtonotum. Topographical: C. angolense, C. campsiphallum, C. freidberg sp. n. and C. hay sp. n.

FIGURE 326. Distribution of continental Afrotropical species of Curtonotum. Major Habitat Types: C. angolense, C. campsiphallum, C. freidberg sp. n. and C. hay sp. n.

FIGURES 112–117. Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 112. C. angolense (PT, Angola, 10 mi. NE Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 113. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 114. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 115. C. hay sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 116. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 117. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). Not to scale.

FIGURES 130–141. Frons of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (male unless stated). 130. C. herrero (N-T, Namibia, Amkarub 269, NMNW). 131. C. maculiventris (N-T, [Zimbabwe], Chipinda Pools, BMNH). 132. C. striatifrons (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 133. C. marriott sp. n. (♀ PT, Cameroon, Kriba (beach), TAU). 134. C. moffatt sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 135. C. platyphallum (♀ N-T, Liberia, 8 mi. NW Zorzor, CAS). 136. C. angolense (PT, Angola, 10 mi. NE Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 137. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 138. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 139. C. hay sp. n. (PT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 140. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mnts., TAU). 141. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). Not to scale.

FIGURES 172–181. Wing of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 172. C. angolense (PT, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 173. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 174. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 175. C. hay sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenje, HNHM). 176. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 177. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 178. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA). 179. C. gonzo sp. n. (HT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM). 180. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Samaru, MNHN). 181. C. simile (N-T, Oman, Ourm, MZLU). Not to scale.

FIGURES 238–246. Male terminalia of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 238–240. Hypandrium and epandrium (lateral view). 238. C. angolense (N-T, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 239. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 240. C. freidberg sp. n. (HT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 241–243. Phallus (right lateral view). 241. C. angolense (same). 242. C. campsiphallum (same). 243. C. freidberg (same). 244–246. Apical section of phallus (left lateral view). 244. C. angolense (same). 245. C. campsiphallum (same). 246. C. freidberg (same). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 295–305. Male sternites of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 295. C. angolense (N-T, Angola, 10 mi. NE of Sá da Bandeira [= Lubango], CAS). 296. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU). 297. C. freidberg sp. n. (PT, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 298. C. hay sp. n. (HT, Uganda, Mujenge, HNHM). 299. C. quinquevittatum (N-T, Malawi, Viphya Mts., TAU). 300. C. sao (N-T, Nigeria, Gadau, BMNH). 301. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, Kenya, Kainuk, TAU). 302. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM). 303. C. saheliense (N-T, Nigeria, Yankari Game Reserve, NMWC). 304. C. simile (N- T, UAE, Wadi Maidan, NMWC). 305. C. uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana, NMNW). Scale bars: 295–301, 303–305 = 0.5 mm; 302 = 0.6 mm.

FIGURES 306–321. Examples of female postabdomen of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. 306. C. campsiphallum (N-T, Cameroon, Limbe (shore), TAU), ventral. 307. Same, lateral. 308. C. tsacas sp. n. (PT, South Africa, Kosi Bay Nature Reserve, BMSA), ventral. 309. Same, lateral. 310. C. gonzo sp. n. (PT, [Ghana], Kwadaso, HNHM), ventral. 311. Same, lateral. 312. C. simile (N-T, UAE, Wadi Maidag, NMWC), ventral. 313. Same, lateral. 314. C. litoralis sp. n. (PT, [Tanzania], Zanzibar, BMNH), ventral. 315. Same, lateral. 316. C. uncinatum sp. n. (N-T, Namibia, Regenstein 32, NMNW), ventral. 317. Same, lateral. 318. C. sakalava (N-T, Madagascar, Berenty Special Reserve, CAS), ventral. 319. Same, lateral. 320. C. balachowskyi (N-T, Madagascar, Ambovamy Belambo, TAU), ventral. 321. Same, lateral. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.